Journal Information
Vol. 101. Issue 3.
Pages 248-256 (April 2010)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 101. Issue 3.
Pages 248-256 (April 2010)
Original Article
Full text access
Male Androgenetic Alopecia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Case-Control Study
Alopecia androgénica masculina y factores de riesgo cardiovascular: estudio de casos y controles
Visits
5857
S. Arias-Santiagoa,
Corresponding author
salvadorarias@hotmail.es

Corresponding author.
, M.T. Gutiérrez-Salmeróna, L. Castellote-Caballerob, A. Buendía-Eismanc, R. Naranjo-Sintesa
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
b Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
c Departamento de Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Background and objectives

The relationship between androgenetic alopecia and cardiovascular disease has been studied by some authors in the past, although the results of epidemiological studies have been variable. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and carotid arteriosclerosis in patients with early-onset androgenetic alopecia.

Patients and methods

Seventy men were studied, 35 with diagnosis of early-onset (before 35 years of age) androgenetic alopecia and 35 control subjects who consulted for other skin conditions. In both groups, the criteria for metabolic syndrome according to the Adult Treatment Panel-III were studied (obesity, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and blood glucose), presence of atheromatous plaques, and carotid intima-media thickness using Doppler ultrasonography. Other cardiovascular risk factors, hormones, and acute-phase reactants were also analyzed.

Results

Criteria for metabolic syndrome were met by 57.1% of the patients with androgenetic alopecia compared to 14.3% of the controls (P<.0001). Thirty-four percent of the patients with androgenetic alopecia had atheromatous plaques compared to 8.6% of the controls (P=.018). In an independent correlation analysis, abdominal obesity, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and blood glucose levels were significantly greater among patients with androgenetic alopecia. Testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin levels were similar in the 2 groups whereas insulin and aldosterone levels were higher in patients with androgenetic alopecia (P<.05).

Conclusions

The high frequency of metabolic syndrome and carotid atheromatous plaques in patients with androgenetic alopecia suggests cardiovascular screening should be done to enable early detection of individuals at risk and initiation of preventive treatment before cardiovascular disease becomes established

Keywords:
Male androgenetic alopecia
Metabolic syndrome
Carotid atheromatous plaque
Intima-media thickness
Insulin
Aldosterone
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

La relación entre la alopecia androgénica (AAG) y la enfermedad cardiovascular ha sido objeto de estudio por parte de algunos autores en las últimas décadas, y se han obtenido diferentes resultados en los distintos estudios epidemiológicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico y de la arteriosclerosis carotídea en los pacientes con AAG de inicio precoz.

Pacientes y métodos

Se han estudiado 70 pacientes varones, 35 diagnosticados de AAG de inicio precoz (antes de los 35 años) y 35 controles atendidos por otras enfermedades dermatológicas. En ambos grupos se estudiaron los criterios de síndrome metabólico que propone la ATP-III (obesidad, trigliceridemia, cHDL, presión arterial sistólica, presión arterial diastólica y glucemia), la presencia de placa de ateroma y el grosor íntimamedia carotídeo mediante ecografía Doppler. También se analizaron otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular, un estudio hormonal y de reactantes de fase aguda.

Resultados

El 57,1% de los pacientes con AAG cumple criterios de síndrome metabólico frente al 14,3% del grupo control (p<0,0001). El 34% de los pacientes con AAG presentó placa de ateroma frente al 8,6% de los controles (p=0,018). Los valores de obesidad abdominal, presión arterial sistólica, trigliceridemia y glucemia analizados de forma independiente fueron estadísticamente superiores en el grupo de pacientes con AAG. Los niveles de testosterona y de la proteína transportadora de hormonas esteroideas fueron similares en ambos grupos; sin embargo, los niveles de insulina y aldosterona resultaron ser mayores en el grupo de pacientes con AAG (p<0,05).

Conclusiones

La elevada frecuencia con la que se presenta el síndrome metabólico y la ateromatosis carotídea en los pacientes con AAG hace necesario un cribado cardiovascular para detectar precozmente a aquellos individuos en riesgo e iniciar tratamiento preventivo antes de que se establezca la enfermedad cardiovascular.

Palabras clave:
Alopecia androgénica masculina
Síndrome metabólico
Placa de ateroma carotídea
Grosor íntima-media
Insulina
Aldosterona
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
S.G. Cotton, J.M. Nixon, R.G. Carpenter, D.W. Evans.
Factors discriminating men with coronary heart disease from healthy controls.
Br Heart J, 34 (1972), pp. 458-464
[2.]
P. Hirsso, U. Rajala, L. Hiltunen, J. Jokelainen, S. Keinänen- Kiukaanniemi, S. Näyhä.
Obesity and low-grade inflammation among young Finnish men with early-onset alopecia.
Dermatology, 214 (2007), pp. 125-129
[3.]
J.A. Ellis, M. Stebbing, S.B. Harrap.
Male pattern baldness is not associated with established cardiovascular risk factors in the general population.
Clin Sci, 100 (2001), pp. 401-404
[4.]
S.M. Lesko, L. Rosenberg, S. Shapiro.
A case-control study of baldness in relation to myocardial infarction in men.
JAMA, 269 (1993), pp. 998-1003
[5.]
P.A. Lotufo, C.U. Chae, U.A. Ajani, C.H. Hennekens, J.E. Manson.
Male pattern baldness and coronary heart disease: The Physician's Health Study.
Arch Intern Med, 160 (2000), pp. 165-177
[6.]
I.I. Adult Treatment Panel.
Executive Summary on the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NECP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III).
JAMA, 285 (2001), pp. 2486-2497
[7.]
G. Assmann, H. Schulte, U. Seedorf.
Cardiovascular risk assessment in the metabolic syndrome: Results from the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) Study.
Int J Obes (Lond), 32 (2008), pp. S11-S16
[8.]
K.M. Choi, S.M. Kim, Y.E. Kim, D.S. Choi, S.H. Baik, J. Lee.
International Diabetes Federation. Prevalence and cardiovascular disease risk of the metabolic syndrome using National Cholesterol Education Program and International Diabetes Federation definitions in the Korean population.
Metabolism, 56 (2007), pp. 552-558
[9.]
D. Lameira, S. Lejeune, J.J. Mourad.
Metabolic syndrome: Epidemiology and its risks.
Ann Dermatol Venereol, 135 (2008), pp. S249-S253
[10.]
L.B. Salaroli, G.C. Barbosa, J.G. Mill, M.C. Molina.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in population-based study, Vitória, ESBrazil.
Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 51 (2007), pp. 1143-1152
[11.]
J. Martínez Candela, J. Franch Nadal, J. Romero Ortiz, C. Cánovas Domínguez, A. Gallardo Martín, M.L. López Yepes.
Capacidad predictiva de los criterios diagnósticos del síndrome metabólico sobre la resistencia a la insulina y el riesgo coronario.
Med Clin (Barc), 129 (2007), pp. 601-606
[12.]
J.M. Calbo Mayo, I. Terrancle de Juan, P. Fernández Jiménez, M.J. Rodríguez Martín, V. Martínez Díaz, Y. Santisteban López, et al.
Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en la provincia de Albacete.
Rev Clin Esp, 2072 (2007), pp. 64-68
[13.]
V. Matilainen, P. Koskela, S. Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi.
Early androgenetic alopecia as a marker of insulin resistance.
Lancet, 356 (2000), pp. 1165-1166
[14.]
P. Klemp, K. Peters, B. Hansted.
Subcutaneous blood flow in early male pattern baldness.
J Invest Dermatol, 92 (1989), pp. 725-726
[15.]
B.E. Goldman, D.M. Fisher, S.L. Ringler.
Transcutaneous PO2 of the scalp in male pattern baldness: A new piece to the puzzle.
Plast Reconstr Surg, 97 (1996), pp. 1109-1116
[16.]
S. Ahouansou, P. Le Toumelin, B. Crickx, V. Descamps.
Association of androgenetic alopecia and hypertension.
Eur J Dermatol, 17 (2007), pp. 220-222
[17.]
Y. Sainte Marie, A. Toulon, R. Paus, E. Maubec, A. Cherfa, M. Grossin, et al.
Targeted skin overexpression of the mineralocorticoid receptor in mice causes epidermal atrophy, premature skin barrier formation, eye abnormalities, and alopecia.
Am J Pathol, 171 (2007), pp. 846-860
[18.]
S. Arias-Santiago, M.T. Gutiérrez-Salmerón, L. Castellote-Caballero, R. Naranjo-Sintes.
Elevated aldosterone levels in patients with androgenetic alopecia.
Br J Dermatol, 161 (2009), pp. 1196-1198
[19.]
P. Hirsso, M. Laakso, V. Matilainen, L. Hiltunen, U. Rajala, J. Jokelainen, et al.
Association of insulin resistance linked diseases and hair loss in elderly men. Finnish population-based study.
Cent Eur J Public Health, 14 (2006), pp. 78-81
[20.]
V.A. Matilainen, P.K. Mäkinen, S.M. Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi.
Early onset of androgenetic alopecia associated with early severe coronary heart disease: A population-based, case-control study.
J Cardiovasc Risk, 8 (2001), pp. 147-151
[21.]
A.R. Sharrett, P.D. Sorlie, L.E. Chambless, A.R. Folsom, R.G. Hutchinson, G. Heiss, et al.
Relative importance of various risk factors for asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis versus coronary heart disease incidence: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.
Am J Epidemiol, 149 (1999), pp. 843-852
[22.]
E. Shahar, G. Heiss, W.D. Rosamond, M. Szklo.
Baldness and myocardial infarction in men: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study.
Am J Epidemiol, 167 (2008), pp. 676-683
[23.]
S.H. Johnsen, E.B. Mathiesen, O. Joakimsen, E. Stensland, T. Wilsgaard, M.L. Løchen, et al.
Carotid atherosclerosis is a stronger predictor of myocardial infarction in women than in men: A 6-year follow-up study of 6,226 persons: The Tromsø Study.
Stroke, 38 (2007), pp. 2873-2880
[24.]
A.C. Dogramaci, D.D. Balci, A. Balci, S. Karazincir, N. Savas, C. Topaloglu, et al.
Is androgenetic alopecia a risk for atherosclerosis?.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 23 (2009), pp. 673-677
[25.]
M. Junyent, R. Gilabert, I. Núñez, E. Corbella, M. Vela, D. Zambón, et al.
Ecografía carotídea en la evaluación de la ateroesclerosis preclínica. Distribución de valores de grosor íntima-media y frecuencia de placas de ateroma en una cohorte comunitaria española.
Med Clin, 125 (2005), pp. 770-774
[26.]
J.S. Yudkin, C.D. Stehouwer, J.J. Emeis, SW. Coppack.
C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: A potencial role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue?.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 19 (1999), pp. 972-978
[27.]
R. Fujimoto, I. Morimoto, E. Morita, H. Sugimoto, Y. Ito, S. Eto.
Androgen receptors, 5-alpha-reductase activity and androgen-dependent proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 50 (1994), pp. 169-174

Juan de Azúa Prize 2009.

Copyright © 2010. Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología and Elsevier España, S.L.
Idiomas
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?