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indicated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercoralis</span> infestation&#44; which was treated with oral ivermectin &#40;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;d for 2 days&#41; in February 2013&#46; Direct parasitological stool examination and stool cultures performed in triplicate were negative before and after treatment&#46; One year later&#44; during follow-up&#44; the patient was screened for Chagas disease&#44; with positive findings in blood tests &#40;enzyme immunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence&#41; and polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41;&#46; Organ involvement was ruled out by a standardized test and the disease stage was classified as indeterminate&#46; Because of the risk of reactivation&#44; etanercept was withdrawn and treatment was initiated with oral benznidazole &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d for 60 days&#41; and biologic therapy was subsequently resumed&#46; In the past 18 months&#44; no reactivation of the infection has been observed &#40;PCR remains negative and serology is positive with lower titers&#41; despite ongoing treatment with etanercept&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chagas disease&#44; caused by the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trypanosoma cruzi</span> parasite&#44; affects approximately 10 million people worldwide&#44; especially in South America&#44; where it causes thousands of deaths each year&#46; In recent decades&#44; because of migratory flows&#44; the disease has spread to nonendemic areas such as Spain&#44; where the use of biologic therapy is on the rise&#46; In our area&#44; most patients are diagnosed with Chagas disease of indeterminate stage &#40;positive serology&#44; fluctuating parasitemia&#44; and absence of symptoms&#41; and can remain in that stage indefinitely or progress to the symptomatic chronic stage after 10 to 30 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Immunosuppression alters the natural history of the disease&#44; facilitating reactivation and progression to advanced stages&#46; Reactivation is defined as an increase in parasitemia that can be detected by PCR&#44; with the methods of choice being quantitative PCR &#40;a mode not available in our case&#41; or direct examination&#46; The disease can be associated with severe symptoms of organ involvement&#44; such as myocarditis or meningoencephalitis&#44; or it can be asymptomatic&#46; Reactivation has been widely reported in patients with human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41; infection&#44; transplant recipients&#44; and patients receiving conventional immunosuppressive therapy&#46; Currently&#44; there is no evidence that corticosteroids at immunosuppressive doses increase the risk of reactivation&#46; In immunosuppressed patients&#44; treatment with benznidazole or nifurtimox is indicated &#40;recommendation grade BII&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Criteria of cure are not well defined&#44; although the patient is assumed to be cured if successive PCR tests are negative after treatment&#46; Serologic testing is not useful because it can take years to achieve negative seroconversion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anti-TNF agents have been associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infections&#46; In the French RATIO registry of nontuberculous opportunistic infections in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy&#44; 45 cases of such infections were detected over a 3-year period&#46; The risk of infection was not statistically significant with any drug&#44; although it was higher with infliximab and adalimumab than with etanercept&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This risk is still being assessed and more data on reactivation rates of parasitic infections are needed&#46; Only 2 cases of reactivation of Chagas disease in patients receiving biologic therapy have been reported&#59; both patients had psoriasis and were receiving treatment with infliximab and adalimumab&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Little information is available on the need for serologic screening for Chagas disease before the initiation of biological treatment&#46; Salvador et al&#46; recommend screening patients from endemic areas and performing prior treatment with benznidazole in infected patients&#46; During follow-up&#44; the authors recommend closely monitoring patients with PCR for early detection of reactivation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of infection with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S stercoralis</span>&#44; a human intestinal nematode&#44; has also increased in recent years in Spain&#46; The infestation is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions&#44; but there are also endemic areas in Spain&#44; especially on the Mediterranean coast&#46; Diagnosis is made by stool culture on agar plate and&#47;or serologic testing&#46; Immunosuppressed patients are at risk of hyperinfestation syndrome&#44; which is associated with high mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Four cases have been reported in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a> In patients from endemic areas&#44; it appears that screening for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S stercoralis</span> before the start of biologic therapy would be advisable and&#44; in the event of infestation&#44; treatment should be initiated with oral ivermectin &#40;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;d for 2 consecutive days&#41;&#44; which has been shown to be the most effective therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we consider that pre-screening for Chagas disease and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides</span> infestation&#44; as is already established for detection of latent tuberculosis infection in international clinical guidelines for biologic therapy&#44; is necessary in patients from endemic areas or who have lived in endemic areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The aim of this screening is to decrease the morbidity and mortality that these diseases could bring to our area in the coming years&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case&#47;Year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&#47;Age&#44; y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Country&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary Disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Biologic Agent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Concomitant Immunosuppressive Treatments&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Interval<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Management&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;2015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Argentina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Psoriatic erythroderma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Infliximab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methylprednisolone 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Benznidazole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None reported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2&#47;2015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chile&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Psoriasis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adalimumab 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg twice weekly&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Benznidazole 5-7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adalimumab treatment was resumed&#46; No reactivation in 1 year&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Present case&#47;2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bolivia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Psoriasis<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>psoriatic arthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etanercept 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;wk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methotrexate 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;wk&#44; prednisone 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Benznidazole 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etanercept treatment was resumed&#46; No reactivation in 2 years&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Time elapsed from the start of biologic therapy to the diagnosis of the infection&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reported Cases of Reactivation of Chagas Disease in Patients Receiving Biologic Therapy and Management&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; F&#44; female&#59; M&#44; male&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case&#47;Year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&#47;Age&#44; y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Country&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary Disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Biologic Agent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Concomitant Immunosuppressive Treatments&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Interval<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;2005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Spent time in Vietnam and Mississippi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rheumatoid arthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etanercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prednisone 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 wk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Intravenous ivermectin 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;d <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2&#47;2007<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Philippines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rheumatoid arthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adalimumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methotrexate 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;wk and prednisone 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ivermectin 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;d<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3&#47;2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ecuador&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rheumatoid arthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etanercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 and 30 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Albendazole 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; followed by ivermectin 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg &#40;single dose&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4&#47;2013<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None reported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ankylosing spondylitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Infliximab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Oral corticosteroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Albendazole 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Present case&#47;2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bolivia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Psoriasis<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>psoriatic arthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etanercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methotrexate 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;wk&#44; prednisone 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Oral ivermectin 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;d<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reported Cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercoralis</span> Infestation in Patients Receiving Biologic Therapy and Treatment&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviation&#58; PCR&#44; polymerase chain reaction&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Infectious Agent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diagnostic Methods&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercoralis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Direct stool examination&#44; stool culture&#44; serologic testing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trypanosoma cruzi</span> &#40;Chagas disease&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 different blood tests&#46; PCR &#40;only if serology is positive&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plasmodium falciparum</span> &#40;if the patient has been in Spain<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 y&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Peripheral blood smear&#44; immunochromatography&#44; PCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Entamoeba histolytica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Endemic mycoses &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Histoplasma&#44; Coccidioides&#44; Paracoccidioides&#44; Blastomyces&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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Case and Research Letter
Need to Screen for Chagas Disease and Strongyloides Infestation in Non-endemic Countries Prior to Treatment With Biologics
Necesidad de cribado de enfermedad de Chagas y de infestación por Strongyloides previo a inicio de terapia biológica en países no endémicos
J. González-Ramosa,
Corresponding author
gnzalezramosjessica@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M.L. Alonso-Pachecoa, M. Mora-Rillob, P. Herranz-Pintoa
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
b Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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      "titulo" => "Pilot Study to Evaluate Postsurgical Dehiscence After Continuous Suture by Tissue Planes"
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    "titulo" => "Need to Screen for Chagas Disease and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides</span> Infestation in Non-endemic Countries Prior to Treatment With Biologics"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We describe the case of a 54-year-old Bolivian woman who had lived in Spain for 14 years&#46; The patient a history of hypertension&#44; asthma&#44; and urticaria with chronic angioedema that had first appeared 6 years earlier&#59; she had been assessed and treated for the urticaria and angioedema at another care facility&#46; In March 2012&#44; the patient started receiving subcutaneous etanercept &#40;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;wk&#41; for treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis that had not responded to treatment with methotrexate and oral corticosteroids&#46; After 3 months&#44; complete response was achieved in the skin and partial response was achieved in the joints&#46; Because of persistent peripheral blood eosinophilia &#40;&#62; 1000&#47;&#956;L&#41;&#44; the patient underwent screening for associated diseases&#46; The serologic findings &#40;enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive for IgG&#41; indicated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercoralis</span> infestation&#44; which was treated with oral ivermectin &#40;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;d for 2 days&#41; in February 2013&#46; Direct parasitological stool examination and stool cultures performed in triplicate were negative before and after treatment&#46; One year later&#44; during follow-up&#44; the patient was screened for Chagas disease&#44; with positive findings in blood tests &#40;enzyme immunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence&#41; and polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41;&#46; Organ involvement was ruled out by a standardized test and the disease stage was classified as indeterminate&#46; Because of the risk of reactivation&#44; etanercept was withdrawn and treatment was initiated with oral benznidazole &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d for 60 days&#41; and biologic therapy was subsequently resumed&#46; In the past 18 months&#44; no reactivation of the infection has been observed &#40;PCR remains negative and serology is positive with lower titers&#41; despite ongoing treatment with etanercept&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chagas disease&#44; caused by the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trypanosoma cruzi</span> parasite&#44; affects approximately 10 million people worldwide&#44; especially in South America&#44; where it causes thousands of deaths each year&#46; In recent decades&#44; because of migratory flows&#44; the disease has spread to nonendemic areas such as Spain&#44; where the use of biologic therapy is on the rise&#46; In our area&#44; most patients are diagnosed with Chagas disease of indeterminate stage &#40;positive serology&#44; fluctuating parasitemia&#44; and absence of symptoms&#41; and can remain in that stage indefinitely or progress to the symptomatic chronic stage after 10 to 30 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Immunosuppression alters the natural history of the disease&#44; facilitating reactivation and progression to advanced stages&#46; Reactivation is defined as an increase in parasitemia that can be detected by PCR&#44; with the methods of choice being quantitative PCR &#40;a mode not available in our case&#41; or direct examination&#46; The disease can be associated with severe symptoms of organ involvement&#44; such as myocarditis or meningoencephalitis&#44; or it can be asymptomatic&#46; Reactivation has been widely reported in patients with human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41; infection&#44; transplant recipients&#44; and patients receiving conventional immunosuppressive therapy&#46; Currently&#44; there is no evidence that corticosteroids at immunosuppressive doses increase the risk of reactivation&#46; In immunosuppressed patients&#44; treatment with benznidazole or nifurtimox is indicated &#40;recommendation grade BII&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Criteria of cure are not well defined&#44; although the patient is assumed to be cured if successive PCR tests are negative after treatment&#46; Serologic testing is not useful because it can take years to achieve negative seroconversion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anti-TNF agents have been associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infections&#46; In the French RATIO registry of nontuberculous opportunistic infections in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy&#44; 45 cases of such infections were detected over a 3-year period&#46; The risk of infection was not statistically significant with any drug&#44; although it was higher with infliximab and adalimumab than with etanercept&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This risk is still being assessed and more data on reactivation rates of parasitic infections are needed&#46; Only 2 cases of reactivation of Chagas disease in patients receiving biologic therapy have been reported&#59; both patients had psoriasis and were receiving treatment with infliximab and adalimumab&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Little information is available on the need for serologic screening for Chagas disease before the initiation of biological treatment&#46; Salvador et al&#46; recommend screening patients from endemic areas and performing prior treatment with benznidazole in infected patients&#46; During follow-up&#44; the authors recommend closely monitoring patients with PCR for early detection of reactivation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of infection with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S stercoralis</span>&#44; a human intestinal nematode&#44; has also increased in recent years in Spain&#46; The infestation is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions&#44; but there are also endemic areas in Spain&#44; especially on the Mediterranean coast&#46; Diagnosis is made by stool culture on agar plate and&#47;or serologic testing&#46; Immunosuppressed patients are at risk of hyperinfestation syndrome&#44; which is associated with high mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Four cases have been reported in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a> In patients from endemic areas&#44; it appears that screening for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S stercoralis</span> before the start of biologic therapy would be advisable and&#44; in the event of infestation&#44; treatment should be initiated with oral ivermectin &#40;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;d for 2 consecutive days&#41;&#44; which has been shown to be the most effective therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we consider that pre-screening for Chagas disease and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides</span> infestation&#44; as is already established for detection of latent tuberculosis infection in international clinical guidelines for biologic therapy&#44; is necessary in patients from endemic areas or who have lived in endemic areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The aim of this screening is to decrease the morbidity and mortality that these diseases could bring to our area in the coming years&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Gonz&#225;lez-Ramos J&#44; Alonso-Pacheco ML&#44; Mora-Rillo M&#44; Herranz-Pinto P&#46; Necesidad de cribado de enfermedad de Chagas y de infestaci&#243;n por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides</span> previo a inicio de terapia biol&#243;gica en pa&#237;ses no end&#233;micos&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2017&#59;108&#58;373&#8211;375&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; F&#44; female&#59; M&#44; male&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case&#47;Year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Management&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;2015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Argentina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Psoriatic erythroderma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Infliximab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methylprednisolone 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Benznidazole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None reported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adalimumab 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg twice weekly&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Benznidazole 5-7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adalimumab treatment was resumed&#46; No reactivation in 1 year&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bolivia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case&#47;Year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&#47;Age&#44; y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Country&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary Disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Biologic Agent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Concomitant Immunosuppressive Treatments&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Interval<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;2005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Spent time in Vietnam and Mississippi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rheumatoid arthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etanercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prednisone 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 wk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Intravenous ivermectin 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;d <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2&#47;2007<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Philippines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rheumatoid arthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adalimumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methotrexate 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;wk and prednisone 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ivermectin 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;d<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3&#47;2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ecuador&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rheumatoid arthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etanercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 and 30 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Albendazole 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; followed by ivermectin 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg &#40;single dose&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4&#47;2013<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&#47;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None reported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ankylosing spondylitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Infliximab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Oral corticosteroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Albendazole 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Present case&#47;2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F&#47;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bolivia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Psoriasis<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>psoriatic arthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etanercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methotrexate 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;wk&#44; prednisone 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Oral ivermectin 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;d<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reported Cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercoralis</span> Infestation in Patients Receiving Biologic Therapy and Treatment&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviation&#58; PCR&#44; polymerase chain reaction&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Infectious Agent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diagnostic Methods&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercoralis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Direct stool examination&#44; stool culture&#44; serologic testing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trypanosoma cruzi</span> &#40;Chagas disease&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 different blood tests&#46; PCR &#40;only if serology is positive&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plasmodium falciparum</span> &#40;if the patient has been in Spain<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 y&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Peripheral blood smear&#44; immunochromatography&#44; PCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Entamoeba histolytica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Endemic mycoses &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Histoplasma&#44; Coccidioides&#44; Paracoccidioides&#44; Blastomyces&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Screening for Nontuberculous Opportunistic Infections Recommended in Patients From Endemic Areas Before Initiation of Biologic Therapy&#46;</p>"
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Chagas&#8217; disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Bern"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMra1410150"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "373"
                        "paginaInicial" => "456"
                        "paginaFinal" => "466"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26222561"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Immunosuppression and Chagas disease&#58; A management challenge"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;J&#46; Pinazo"
                            1 => "G&#46; Espinosa"
                            2 => "C&#46; Cortes-Lletget"
                            3 => "E&#46; de J&#46; Posada"
                            4 => "E&#46; Aldasoro"
                            5 => "I&#46; Oliveira"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pntd.0001965"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PLoS Negl Trop Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e1965"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349998"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Uncommon infections to consider when prescribing biological agents"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Rivera"
                            1 => "F&#46; Vanaclocha"
                            2 => "M&#46; Lizasoa&#237;n"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Piel &#40;Barc&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "28"
                        "paginaInicial" => "31"
                        "paginaFinal" => "36"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Valledor A&#44; Fernandez V&#44; Stanek V&#44; Barcan L&#46; Primer reporte de reactivaci&#243;n de enfermedad de Chagas asociado a infliximab&#46; Communication presented at XV Congreso Argentino de la Sociedad Argentina de Infectolog&#237;a&#46; Buenos Aires&#44; May 28&#8211;30&#44; 2015&#46; Sociedad Argentina de Infectolog&#237;a&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Use of tumor necrosis factor alpha &#40;TNF-&#945;&#41; antagonists in a patient with psoriasis and Chagas disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Navarrete-Dechent"
                            1 => "D&#46; Majerson"
                            2 => "M&#46; Torres"
                            3 => "D&#46; Armijo"
                            4 => "M&#46; Patel"
                            5 => "A&#46; Menter"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153538"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "An Bras Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "90"
                        "numero" => "S 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "171"
                        "paginaFinal" => "174"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312707"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Immunosuppression and Chagas disease&#59; experience from a non-endemic country"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Salvador"
                            1 => "A&#46; S&#225;nchez-Montalv&#225;"
                            2 => "L&#46; Valerio"
                            3 => "N&#46; Serre"
                            4 => "S&#46; Roure"
                            5 => "B&#46; Trevi&#241;o"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.033"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Microbiol Infect"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "854"
                        "paginaFinal" => "860"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26055418"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical infection with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercoralis</span> following etanercept use for rheumatoid arthritis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;D&#46; Boatright"
                            1 => "B&#46;W&#46; Wang"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/art.20882"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arthritis Rheum"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "52"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1336"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1337"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15818680"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
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Article information
ISSN: 15782190
Original language: English
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Idiomas
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