Original Articles
Estimation of the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in Spain: The Latent study
Estimación de la prevalencia de infección tuberculosa latente en pacientes con psoriasis en placas moderada a grave en España. Estudio Latent
M. Riberaa, A. Zulaicab, C. Pujolc, M.L. Alonsod, I.M. Rodrigueze, C. Garcia-Calvof,
, en representación del Grupo de Estudio Latent
Corresponding author
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari de Sabadell-Corporació Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
c Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
d Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
e Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
f Departamento Médico Pfizer, Madrid, Spain
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"apellidos" => "Garcia-Calvo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "carmen.garciacalvo@pfizer.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "en representación del Grupo de Estudio Latent" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari de Sabadell-Corporació Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento Médico Pfizer, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estimación de la prevalencia de infección tuberculosa latente en pacientes con psoriasis en placas moderada a grave en España. Estudio Latent" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After implementation of the Spanish Society for Rheumatology's 2002 guidelines on managing latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in patients treated with antagonists of tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF agents), the prevalence of active TB fell by 78% in these patients according to a surveillance study of data from the BIOBADASER registry.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Another analysis of the registry found 34 cases of active TB, all in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab; only 2 of them, however, had started treatment after the 2002 recommendations had been implemented.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The use of anti-TNF biologics to treat moderate and severe psoriasis in dermatology began in 2004, so the guidelines of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> had already incorporated the earlier recommendations. In spite of the efficacy of the recommended protocols, recent publications show that these patients continue to have higher risk of active TB than control populations or anti-TNF-naive patients; researchers are therefore emphasizing the need to develop more effective strategies for detecting LTBI in Spain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of active TB in Spain in 2012, at 13.0 cases per 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 person-years,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> was higher than rates in surrounding countries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> Recent research also suggests that psoriasis itself may be an independent risk factor for active TB,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> and in Spain's psoriasis patients seems to be 7- to 10-fold higher than the general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The main objective of this study was to provide additional information on the prevalence of LTBI in Spanish patients who are candidates for anti-TNF therapy for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. LTBI screening was based on tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) and/or interferon (IFN)-γ release assays (IGRAs).</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patients</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This noninterventional, cross-sectional epidemiologic study of cases in 94 dermatology clinics in Spain was carried out in 2011 and 2012. Included were patients at least 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years old with a diagnosis of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Within the 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years prior to enrollment, all the patients had undergone TST screening (a first-step test, Mantoux method, and a second-step test if a booster phenomenon was suspected) and/or an IGRA. There were no exclusion criteria. The study was approved by a Spanish national clinical research ethics committee and patients gave their written informed consent to participation.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variables and Measurement Instruments</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Social and demographic data recorded were age, gender, weight, and country of birth (in the case of immigrants), place of residence, employment and recreational activities, smoking and alcohol intake, concomitant diseases, personal and family history of TB, and personal history of vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Clinical data recorded were date of psoriasis diagnosis, clinical form on presentation, family history of psoriasis, markers of disease activity, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), the body surface area affected, and the Physician Global Assessment (PGA) score. We also collected data relevant to LTBI screening. An initial Mantoux TST<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> result was considered positive<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> if an induration ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm was observed, regardless of whether the patient had or had not been vaccinated with BCG. Patients with a first negative TST result were re-tested to rule out a booster phenomenon 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>to 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>days later, and the results of the second reading were considered definitive. We also recorded the results of IGRAs (QuantiFERON-TB Gold in Tube [QFN-GIT], Cellestis Limited, Carnegie, Victoria, Australia), which detect IFN-γ against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tuberculosis</span> antigens by enzyme linked immunoassay. Posteroanterior and lateral radiographs were also taken if the researcher considered they would be useful. The study protocol did not specify sputum samples. After active TB was ruled out, a patient was considered to have LTBI on the basis of one or both of the following criteria: a)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>an induration ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter on a first- or second-step TST, and/or b)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a positive IGRA finding. LTBI prevalence rates were determined for each Spanish autonomous community. Possible LTBI risk factors were explored.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics of quantitative and qualitative variables were compiled. The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> and the Mann-Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> tests were used to check for statistically significant differences in quantitative variables. For differences in qualitative variables we used Pearson's χ<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test or the Fisher exact test for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 tables and likelihood ratios for m<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>n tables. The level of agreement between qualitative variables was expressed by the κ statistic. Factors associated with the presence of LTBI (the dependent variable) were explored by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Estimates were based on a 95% confidence level using SPSS software (version 17.0).</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found data for 440 evaluable patients; 67.4%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(293/435) were men. The mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(SD) age was 6.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(13.3)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years, the mean weight was 80.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(16.3)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg, and 95.9%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(418/436) were Caucasian. Psoriasis was moderate in 50.8%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(223/439) and severe in 36.4%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(160/439) at the time of the baseline visit; the mean time since onset of disease was 18.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(11.0) years. Most patients had plaque psoriasis (90.7%,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>399/440). Mean clinical scores and data were as follows: PASI,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(10.1); affected body surface area, 25.3%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(22.0%); and PGA score,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(1.6). At the time of screening for LTBI, 59.5%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(262/440) were employed, 5.0%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(22/440) were immigrants, and 59.9%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(263/439) lived in a city or greater metropolitan area. At least 1 concomitant disease was recorded for 43.4%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(191/440) of the patients, 32.4%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(188/435) were current smokers, and 33.0%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(142/430) drank alcohol regularly.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A family history of psoriasis was reported by 56.0%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(235/420) of the patients (in parents in 45.1%,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>106/235), and 1.1%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(5/439) had a personal history of TB. Active TB was present in 1.3%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(5/396). One of the 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(20%) had pulmonary TB, and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(40%) had pleural TB at the time of screening. Prior BCG vaccination was reported by 16.5%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(57/288) of the patients; a mean of 36.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(10.1)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years had passed since vaccination. A trip abroad had been taken in the year prior to LTBI screening by 14.8%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(65/440), and 1.8% (8/434) had lived with a relative or worked with someone with active TB (bacilliferous individuals); 3.5%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(14/403) had had contact with persons who might have had TB. A chest radiograph was obtained for 88.0% (387/440) of the patients. Signs suggestive of old TB disease were seen in 2.1% (8/386). The most commonly seen signs were calcified hilar lymph nodes (37.5%, 3/8 patients) and pleural thickening with or without calcification (25%, 2/8 patients).</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LTBI was screened for by means of only a first-step TST in 97.7% (430/440). In 23% (99/430) of the cases, the result was positive (induration ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm). A second-step TST (for a booster phenomenon) was performed in 71.9% (238/331) of the patients who had had negative first-step TST results, and the second test was positive in 5%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(12/238) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). For 16.8% of the patients (73/440), IGRA results were also available (positive for 20.5%, 15/73). Two of these patients with positive IGRA results had had a negative TST, and 4 of them had not undergone TST screening (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The level of agreement between the TST and IGRA results was moderate (κ,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.516, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). The prevalence of LTBI was significantly higher in men (31.7%,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>93/293) than in women (15.5%,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22/142) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001). It was also higher in BCG-vaccinated patients (35.1%,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20/57) than in unvaccinated ones (21.5%,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>62/288) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05). These percentages for vaccinated and unvaccinated patients, respectively, by screening test, were as follows: first TST, 29.6% and 16.6% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.100); second TST to check for a booster effect, 8.8% and 2.5% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.076); and IGRA, 25% and 14.9% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.358). The levels of agreement between the TST and IGRA results were not significantly different between the total population and the subpopulation of BCG-vaccinated patients (κ,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.409; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.067) or the subpopulation of unvaccinated patients (κ,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.599; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.0001). The overall prevalence of LTBI in our series, considering those with either a positive TST or IGRA screening result was 26.6% (117/440). Factors that were statistically significantly related to a finding of LTBI in the multivariate regression analysis are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. The prevalence by Spanish autonomous community is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> for those communities with information for more than 20 patients in the study.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of LTBI we have estimated for Spain (26.6%) is consistent with rates previously published.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,13</span></a> The estimate based on the BIOBADADERM registry was 20%, and 17% of the patients with the diagnosis had not been screened according to recommendations; failure to order a second TST to rule out a booster effect was the most common type of noncompliance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The prevalence of a diagnosis of LTBI increased by 5% in our study after a second-step TST. The higher prevalence (29%) reported by Sánchez-Moya and Dauden<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> can be attributed to the stricter compliance with guidelines in their study, and their rate probably more accurately reflects the reality in our dermatology practices. Ours is the first multicenter study in Spain to estimate the prevalence of LTBI based on combined results of 2-step TST and IGRA screening. A recent single-center Spanish study screened for LTBI in 103 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis who were on a systemic immunosuppressant or about to initiate treatment with one. Screening was accomplished with 2 IGRAS (the QFN-GIT and the T-SPOT.TB kit) and the TST. Prevalence rates were 16.5%, 17.5%, and 8.7% with the 3 techniques, respectively, and rose to 24.3% when the results for all of them were combined.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Those rates were consistent with the previously mentioned reports and with our findings. The rates we report are higher than those seen in other European countries in which IGRAs were used.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> However, given the heterogeneity of the published literature (regarding screening techniques and geographic variability), it is difficult to compare prevalence rates.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A major problem of TST screening is low specificity, given that results are positive in individuals who have been vaccinated with BCG as well as those who have become sensitized from exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria. In addition, the TST has low sensitivity in patients with altered cellular immunity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Yet another problem is high interindividual variability in the interpretation of results. In contrast, IGRAs are unaffected by BCG and most environmental mycobacteria, and their interpretation is invariable.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Unlike the TST, IGRAs seem to have higher sensitivity, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or populations with high rates of BCG-vaccinated individuals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> The QFN-GIT IGRA was used in 16.8% of the patients in our study and 20.5% of them had positive results for LTBI. Two of the patients with positive IGRA results had negative TST findings. We saw moderate agreement between the 2 screening tools (κ,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.516; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001). That level of agreement was slightly lower than the one reported by Prignano et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> in a series of 267 dermatology patients (κ,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.69; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.0001) but higher than the level reported by Gisondi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> (κ,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.15). We concur with most of the literature we reviewed in thinking that IGRAs might be the first-choice technique for LTBI screening in these patients. However, given the higher prevalence of LTBI in our series, in which patients had a history of BCG vaccination, as well as the moderate agreement we observed in both the overall series and the subgroups with and without a vaccination history, it seems advisable to recommend the combination of TST and IGRA screening in our psoriasis patients who are candidates for anti-TNF therapy, as suggested elsewhere.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21,22</span></a> Our multivariate regression analysis revealed that LTBI was associated with being an immigrant or having had contact with persons with possibly active TB in the year before screening, and we emphasize the need to record this information when taking a patient's medical history. We have only reported LTBI data for 8 of Spain's autonomous communities, specifically those for which information for at least 20 patients was available. Even so, given the small samples for the communities we do report, we are unable to compare our results with the 2012 data reported in 2013 by the Spanish center for epidemiological statistics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relevant limitations to bear in mind when interpreting this study include especially the lack of information from patient follow-up after anti-TNF therapy was started. Since information on the prophylactic treatment prescribed is unknown, we cannot evaluate the incidence of active TB in the years following start of therapy. The inclusion of data from a large number of centers is also a limitation that affects the evaluation of TST results, given high variability in how centers interpreted those results. We have no information on when the results were read in each center or the type of commercial preparation used. The centers’ methods for implementing IGRA analyses are also unknown. We have no information about the sequence of TST and IGRA screening in patients who had results from both tests. Information about the immunocompetence of patients or their possible use of immunosuppressants at the time of screening is also missing. A better understanding of these variables would undoubtedly contribute to explaining at least partially the moderate level of agreement between the 2 screening tests.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With these limitations in mind, we conclude that the prevalence of LTBI can be estimated to be about 26.6% based on the combined results of TST and IGRA (QFN-GIT) screening of a large series of 440 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis who were candidates for biologic therapy. This prevalence is consistent with previous reports for the situation in Spain.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Data confidentiality</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they followed their hospitals’ regulations regarding the publication of patient information and that written informed consent for voluntary participation was obtained for all patients.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the informed consent of the patients and/or subjects referred to in this article. The signed forms are in the possession of the corresponding author.</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Funding</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was sponsored by Pfizer España.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">M. Ribera declares that he has received research grants and payments, consultancy fees, and training fees from the following companies: Abbott, Janssen, LEO Pharma, MSD, Novartis, and Pfizer. Ander Zulaica declares that he has received fees from the following companies for participating in clinical trials, giving training conferences, or consulting: Abbvie, Pfizer, Janssen, MSD, and Novartis. Conrad Pujol declares that he has received fees from the following companies for participating in clinical trials, giving training conferences, or consulting: Abbvie, Pfizer, Janssen, MSD, and Novartis. Maria Luisa Alonso declares that she has received fees for serving as an expert consultant, for participating in clinical trials, or giving conferences for Pfizer. Isabel Maria Rodríguez declares that she has received fees from the following companies for participating in clinical trials, giving training conferences, or consulting: Abbvie, Pfizer, Janssen, and MSD. Carmen García Calvo works as a consultant to the medical department of Pfizer España.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres586254" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602117" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres586253" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602118" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and Methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Patients" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Variables and Measurement Instruments" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Ethical Disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Data confidentiality" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack197187" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-10-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-08-02" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602117" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Moderate to severe plaque psoriasis" 1 => "Latent tuberculosis infection" 2 => "Anti-TNF therapy" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602118" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Psoriasis en placas moderada a grave" 1 => "Infección tuberculosa latente" 2 => "Anti-TNF" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for moderate to severe psoriasis can increase the risk of active tuberculosis in patients who have latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The main objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of LTBI in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis being treated in dermatology clinics in Spain.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Non-interventional, cross-sectional, national epidemiological study conducted in Spain in 2011-2012. Patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis were included if they had undergone at least one tuberculin skin test (TST) and/or been evaluated with an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (QuantiFERON TB Gold In-Tube) in the 2 years preceding the study.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data for 440 patients were valid for analysis. In total, 97.7% of the patients had undergone a TST, with a positive result in 23%. Of the 238 patients in whom the initial result was negative, 5% converted to positive on re-testing for a booster effect. IGRA results were available for 16.8%, 20.5% of them positive. Two of the patients with positive IGRA results had a negative TST. The prevalence of LTBI in the whole sample was 26.6%. The degree of concordance between the TST and the IGRA was moderate (κ<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.516; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of LTBI in this study was similar to previous estimates for Spain.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción y objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los agentes biológicos anti-TNF usados para el tratamiento de la psoriasis moderada y grave pueden incrementar el riesgo de desarrollar tuberculosis activa en pacientes con infección tuberculosa latente. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de infección tuberculosa latente en pacientes con psoriasis en placas moderada y grave en consultas de dermatología en España.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y método</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio epidemiológico, no intervencionista, de corte transversal y ámbito nacional, realizado en España en 2011-2012. Se incluyeron pacientes con psoriasis en placas moderada y grave, a los que se les había realizado en los 2 años previos a su inclusión en el estudio al menos una prueba de tuberculina y/o una prueba de liberación de IFN-γ mediante la técnica de ELISA QuantiFERON<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>-TB gold In Tube.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 440 pacientes evaluables. Se había realizado una prueba de tuberculina al 97,7% de los pacientes, resultando positiva en el 23%. En 238 pacientes con una primera prueba negativa se realizó un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">booster</span>, que fue positivo en el 5%. Se realizó la determinación del QuantiFERON<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>-TB al 16,8% de los pacientes, resultando positivo en el 20,5%; en 2 de estos pacientes la prueba de la tuberculina había sido negativa. En el total de la muestra, la prevalencia de infección tuberculosa latente fue del 26,6%. El grado de concordancia entre la prueba de tuberculina y el QuantiFERON<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>-TB fue medio (índice Kappa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,516; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,001).</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de infección tuberculosa latente estimada en este estudio fue similar a la comunicada previamente en España.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">Please cite this article as: Ribera M, Zulaica A, Pujol C, Alonso ML, Rodriguez IM, Garcia-Calvo C, et al. Estimación de la prevalencia de infección tuberculosa latente en pacientes con psoriasis en placas moderada a grave en España. Estudio Latent. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2015;106:823–829.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary Data" "identificador" => "sec0080" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations: IGRA, interferon-γ release assay; TST, tuberculin skin test (Mantoux method).</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Positive</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Negative</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TST</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1st test,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99/430 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">331/430 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2nd test (for booster effect), ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12/238 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">226/238 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IGRA</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15/73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58/73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TST and/or IGRA</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">117/440 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">323/440 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">73.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab957303.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Of the 99 patients with positive first-step TST results, the indurations were ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and <<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm for 28.3%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(28/99), ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and <<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm for 31.3%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(31/99), and ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm for 40.4%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(40/99).</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Two patients with positive IGRA results had had negative TST results. No screening TST had been performed in 4 patients with positive IGRA results.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estimated Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection, According to Screening Test.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations: IGRA, interferon-γ release assay; TST, tuberculin skin test.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Two-Step TST<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> (Mantoux method)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IGRA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Both Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Both Negative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No. of patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9/63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43/63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">κ statistic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.516 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value for κ statistic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab957304.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Initial TST, followed by a second TST if the first was negative (testing for a booster phenomenon).</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">The IGRA used was the QuantiFERON TB Gold In-Tube.</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Data are number of patients/total of 63 patients for whom results of both screening tests were available.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Level of Agreement Between TST and IGRA Screening.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95% CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age, yr \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.032 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.013–1.051 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Male sex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.054 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.703–5.475 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Immigrant status \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.806 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.457–9.942 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Contact<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.466 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.430–13.949 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab957302.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Contact with persons who might have had active tuberculosis in the year prior to screening.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factors Positively Associated With Presence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Multivariate Regression Analysis.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Community \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. of Patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence, %<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Madrid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21/70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Catalonia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16/66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Andalusia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20/64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Valencia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5/35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Galicia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13/34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Castile-Leon \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6/29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Castile-La Mancha \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10/21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">47.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Murcia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2/20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab957305.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0035" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Data in the second column are number of patients with latent tuberculosis infections/the total number of patients with information from the autonomous community named. Prevalence rates were calculated for communities with ≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 patients included in the analysis. By way of comparison, the rates reported for these communities in 2012 were as follows<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>: Madrid, 12.2%; Catalonia, 16.8%; Andalusia, 10.7%; Valencia, 10.1%; Galicia, 24.6%; Castile-Leon, 14.3%; Castile-La Mancha, 8.4%; and Murcia, 10.1%.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection, by Spanish Autonomous Community.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.docx" "ficheroTamanyo" => 17695 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effectiveness of recommendations to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "colaboracion" => "BIOBADASER Group" "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 October | 66 | 51 | 117 |
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| 2023 October | 39 | 19 | 58 |
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| 2023 August | 26 | 14 | 40 |
| 2023 July | 54 | 32 | 86 |
| 2023 June | 64 | 22 | 86 |
| 2023 May | 75 | 21 | 96 |
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| 2023 March | 65 | 28 | 93 |
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| 2022 December | 54 | 36 | 90 |
| 2022 November | 28 | 25 | 53 |
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| 2021 December | 27 | 44 | 71 |
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| 2020 December | 33 | 14 | 47 |
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| 2020 October | 26 | 16 | 42 |
| 2020 September | 39 | 22 | 61 |
| 2020 August | 23 | 17 | 40 |
| 2020 July | 27 | 19 | 46 |
| 2020 June | 37 | 33 | 70 |
| 2020 May | 36 | 14 | 50 |
| 2020 April | 41 | 20 | 61 |
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| 2020 February | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 December | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2019 November | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 September | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2019 August | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 July | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2019 June | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2019 May | 6 | 23 | 29 |
| 2019 April | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2019 March | 8 | 4 | 12 |
| 2019 February | 8 | 0 | 8 |
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| 2018 December | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 November | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| 2018 October | 15 | 0 | 15 |
| 2018 September | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2018 February | 21 | 3 | 24 |
| 2018 January | 27 | 4 | 31 |
| 2017 December | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2017 November | 29 | 6 | 35 |
| 2017 October | 26 | 11 | 37 |
| 2017 September | 11 | 5 | 16 |
| 2017 August | 26 | 10 | 36 |
| 2017 July | 16 | 9 | 25 |
| 2017 June | 25 | 9 | 34 |
| 2017 May | 23 | 8 | 31 |
| 2017 April | 22 | 11 | 33 |
| 2017 March | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| 2017 February | 14 | 9 | 23 |
| 2017 January | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2016 December | 24 | 10 | 34 |
| 2016 November | 35 | 8 | 43 |
| 2016 October | 23 | 20 | 43 |
| 2016 September | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2016 August | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2016 July | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2016 June | 3 | 7 | 10 |
| 2016 May | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2016 April | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2016 March | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 2016 February | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 2016 January | 0 | 3 | 3 |
Show all
