ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Corticosteroid Hypersensitivity Studies in a Skin Allergy Unit
Estudio de sensibilización a corticoides en una consulta de alergia cutánea
L. Berbegal
, F.J. DeLeon, J.F. Silvestre
Corresponding author
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Berbegal, F.J. DeLeon, J.F. Silvestre" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Berbegal" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "lauraberbegal@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F.J." "apellidos" => "DeLeon" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.F." "apellidos" => "Silvestre" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estudio de sensibilización a corticoides en una consulta de alergia cutánea" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1267 "Ancho" => 1626 "Tamanyo" => 81989 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of positive results with various corticosteroids from the modified standard series. It is noteworthy that in 4 cases, the result for budesonide was negative. Of these 4 cases, 1 had a positive result to hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and the remaining 3 to tixocortol pivalate.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroids are widely used in dermatology. They were introduced as topical agents in 1952,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and, although they have proven very efficacious, they are not free from adverse effects. Despite their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, corticosteroids can also behave—albeit paradoxically—as allergens and cause mainly delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroid-induced allergic contact dermatitis is increasingly common, and prevalence ranges from 0.2% to 5%. Attempts have been made to classify corticosteroids into groups in order to better define sensitization to them. In 1989, corticosteroids were classified into 4 groups, namely, A, B, C, and D,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> which in 2000 was subdivided into D1 and D2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> depending on chemical structure and cross-reactivity patterns. The drugs with the greatest sensitizing capacity were in groups A and D2. Subsequently, it was observed that cross-reactions were occasionally not as predicted or expected according to the classification, which was then modified. In 2009, Baeck et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> studied molecular models of corticosteroids and patch test results from 315 corticosteroid-sensitized patients. In 2011, they proposed a new, simpler classification that divided corticosteroids into 3 groups (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a> Group 1 comprises those drugs that most commonly produce allergic reactions, and group 3 those that have the lowest sensitizing capacity and produce the fewest cross-reactions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The authors also classified patients into 2 profiles depending on whether they were sensitized to 1 or more groups; therefore, patients with profile 1 only react to a single group and those with profile 2 react to several groups.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of the present study was to analyze the clinical and demographic characteristics of corticosteroid-sensitized patients followed at the skin allergy unit of our dermatology service during the last 11 years. The secondary objectives were to compare these characteristics with those of the other study patients and to group patients according to the new classification.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study Design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was performed in the Skin Allergy Unit of the Dermatology Department of Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain and took the form of a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with delayed-type sensitivity reactions to corticosteroids between January 2004 and December 2014.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study Population</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included all study patients who underwent patch testing and were sensitized to a corticosteroid. The clinical data recorded for each patient were age and sex, profession, history of atopy, location of skin lesions, and subsequent use of corticosteroids. The results recorded from the patch tests were positivity to corticosteroids, positivity to the patient's own commercially available creams, and cosensitization to other allergens. We used the MOAHLFA index to compare clinical data from these patients with those of the other patients on whom we performed skin tests during the study period. The data were retrieved from the electronic database at the clinic.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Method and Patch Test Readings</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients underwent patch testing with the standard series of the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC), which includes budesonide and tixocortol 21-pivalate as markers of allergy to corticosteroids. Furthermore, patients assessed from October 2008 onward (20 patients in total) also underwent patch testing with hydrocortisone 17-butyrate. Budesonide was applied at 0.01% in petrolatum (pet), tixocortol 21-pivalate at 0.1% pet, and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate in 1% alcohol (all supplied by Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB). Patients with positive results to one of these markers were assessed using a specific corticosteroid series (Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB), which, in addition to the corticosteroids from our standard series, included triamcinolone acetonide (1.0% pet), dexamethasone 21-phosphate (1.0% pet), clobetasol 17-proprionate (1.0% pet), betamethasone 17-valerate (1.0% pet), and alclometasone 17,21-diproprionate (1.0% pet). Many patients underwent testing with their own commercially available corticosteroid-containing cream or a cream that was available at the clinic. The patches were prepared using adhesive Finn chamber strips (SmartPractice), which were stuck to the patient's back for 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours. Test results were read at 48 and 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours according to the criteria of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (+, ++, and +++).</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were processed using SPSS. Qualitative variables were analyzed using the chi-square test. When the conditions for application of the chi-square test were not met, we used the Fisher exact test. Statistical significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05. The results were analyzed, interpreted, and compared with those obtained from similar studies.</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Clinical Characteristics of Corticosteroid-Sensitized Patients and Comparison With Data From the Total Population Studied and With Data From the Series of Baeck et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patch testing was performed on 2857 patients, of whom 33 had a positive result to 1 or more corticosteroids (sensitization rate of 1.16%). The clinical and demographic characteristics of these patients, those of the rest of the study population, and those of patients from the series of Baeck et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. It is noteworthy that the hands were less commonly involved in corticosteroid-allergic patients than in the rest of the study population and that as many as 7 of the 33 patients (21.2%) had generalized eczema. No cases of occupational allergy were detected among the corticosteroid-allergic patients. It is striking that only 9.5% of the corticosteroid-allergic patients had underlying atopic dermatitis, in contrast with 37% in the rest of the study population.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Result of Patch Testing in Corticosteroid-Sensitized Patients</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Testing with markers of corticosteroid allergy in our standard series yielded positive results in 33 patients. The prevalence of allergy to budesonide was 87.9% (29/33), that of tixocortol pivalate was 18.2% (6/33), and that of hydrocortisone 17-butyrate was 45% (9/20) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> shows the distribution of positive results with the corticosteroids from the standard series. Of note, only 4 patients had a negative result for budesonide; 3 were detected with tixocortol pivalate and 1 with hydrocortisone 17-butyrate. The results for the specific corticosteroid series are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>. The specific series made it possible to detect 14 patients who, in addition to being allergic to group 1 corticosteroids, were also allergic to those from group 2 or 3. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a> shows the distribution of patients according to the new classification of Baeck et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed patch testing with commercially available corticosteroid creams in 21/33 patients (63.6%). However, we observed no reactions in 13 of these patients (61.9%) after testing with a cream that contained a corticosteroid from the group to which the patient was allergic. The clinical history revealed that after the diagnosis of corticosteroid allergy was made, 5 patients had been prescribed a topical corticosteroid from the same group to which they were sensitized, without ever having presented a reaction. It also revealed that no reactions were recorded in a further 5 patients who had taken oral prednisone. Only 1 patient (allergic to corticosteroids from all 3 groups) presented a generalized reaction after application of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide to treat a nasal polyp, although no reaction was observed after inhalation of fluocinolone acetonide.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty patients (90.9%) were cosensitized to other allergens. Of note, 8 patients (24.2%) were allergic to fragrances. This frequency was higher than that of the rest of the study population, among whom 8.3% were sensitized to fragrances. It is also noteworthy that 6 patients (18.2%) were cosensitized to ethylenediamine dihydrochloride and 3 (9.1%) to neomycin.</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of sensitization to corticosteroids in the present study (1.16%) reflects that reported in other Spanish series,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13–15</span></a> including a similar study performed at our hospital between 2004 and 2007. However, these values are lower than those reported in studies from Europe (2.6%),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> the United States (4.6%),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and Asia (3.29%),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> probably because of the lower corticosteroid concentrations used in patch tests in Europe. In addition, compared with the rest of Europe, it is possible that the corticosteroids used in Spain are less potent, treatment is administered earlier, or treatment schedules are shorter.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroid-allergic patients have specific demographic characteristics. Thus, in our series, we did not find as high a percentage of women as in the rest of the population that underwent patch testing, although the differences are not statistically significant. Similarly, we did not find as high a percentage of women as in other series (51.8% compared with 76%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> We were surprised by the lower percentage of atopic dermatitis, given that patients with this condition more frequently use aerosols with corticosteroids and apply topical corticosteroids to their skin. These findings are not consistent with those of Baeck et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>—much larger than ours—in which 34% of patients were atopic; therefore, it remains unclear whether atopy is a risk factor for developing corticosteroid allergy. The distribution by anatomical site affected is also interesting, since the allergy is usually generalized or diffuse, mainly on the trunk, and its presentation as hand eczema is much less common than in the rest of the study population. We are unable to provide an explanation for this finding, since hand eczema tends to be chronic, with subsequent long-term use of corticosteroids. It may be because the corticosteroids used (clobetasol 17-propionate, mometasone furoate) are highly potent group 2 and 3 agents. As expected, we found no occupational cases, since reporting of this condition is exceptional in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The GEIDAC standard series only contains budesonide and tixocortol pivalate but not hydrocortisone 17-butyrate. In our series, it is striking that most corticosteroid-allergic patients were detected with budesonide, consistent with previous data from Spanish series.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13–15</span></a> In the United States, however, most patients were detected with tixocortol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>; in Europe, sensitization rates for budesonide, tixocortol, and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate seem to be similar.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> We believe these discrepancies are due to factors such as national prescription habits and to the diagnostic tests used (budesonide and tixocortol are applied in higher concentrations [0.1% and 1%, respectively] in the American standard series). As for the usefulness of these substances as markers of corticosteroid allergy, it is thought that 90% of corticosteroid-allergic patients are detected with budesonide and tixocortol.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> We do not think it is necessary to add hydrocortisone 17-butyrate to the GEIDAC standard series. We did not detect allergy to group 2 or 3 corticosteroids separately, since all the markers in the standard series are from group 1. We believe that group 2 and 3 corticosteroids should be temporarily added to the standard series in order to determine the prevalence of allergy to the drugs they contain.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study of the specific corticosteroid series and commercially available creams was extremely useful, because it enabled us to detect 14 patients who were sensitized to drugs from groups 2 and 3 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). We believe that the best approach would be to have a specific series that reflected the use of corticosteroids in a particular country. We recommend patch testing with the patient's own commercially available corticosteroid-containing cream, since we can then choose the corticosteroids the patient will be able to use. It is not unusual for a patient to tolerate corticosteroids belonging to a group to which he/she is, in theory, allergic. Therefore, even though the recent classification by Baeck et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> has made it possible to better reclassify corticosteroids according to their chemical structure and patients according to whether they are allergic to corticosteroids from 1 or more groups, it is not ideal, since many of the patients subsequently do not present reactions after using topical corticosteroids from the group they are sensitized to. Similarly, it does not seem useful to recommend inhaled or systemic corticosteroids.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroid-allergic patients are cosensitized to multiple allergens, the most commonly involved being neomycin sulfate and ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. Cosensitization has been attributed to the presence of these allergens in a single pharmaceutical cream. In our series, the high percentage of cosensitization with fragrances is noteworthy. We do not know if this cosensitization is due to the presence of fragrances in topical treatments or to the use of perfumed products by patients with chronic eczema.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusions</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroid-induced allergic contact dermatitis represents a major restriction for the patient and a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the dermatologist. At present, the GEIDAC standard series has 2 good markers that serve to detect allergy to group 1 corticosteroids. However, these do not seem likely to be useful for detecting allergy to corticosteroids from other groups; therefore, our standard series should include, at least temporarily, representatives of groups 2 and 3. Testing the specific corticosteroid series and the products of patients with positive results to any of the markers from the standard series is highly recommended, since it provides information on the patient's sensitivity profile. Nevertheless, the many inconsistencies between real-life results for patch testing and patient tolerance to the various commercially available corticosteroid-containing creams complicate therapy and hamper recommendations. In the meantime, it seems prudent to advise corticosteroid-allergic patients to avoid corticosteroids from the group they are allergic to. Furthermore, it would be appropriate to perform patch testing or test with the drugs the patient is likely to use. An alternative would be to use calcineurin inhibitors and reserve corticosteroids as the therapeutic option of last resort. The use of oral corticosteroids should also be restricted, especially in patients sensitized to corticosteroids from several groups, although most of the patients in the present series did not experience problems after use.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Protection of Persons and Animals</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that this research did not involve experiments performed on humans or animals.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Confidentiality of Data</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data are disclosed in this article.</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Right to Privacy and Informed Consent</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data are disclosed in this article.</p></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres586248" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602111" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres586247" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602112" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and Methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study Design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Study Population" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Method and Patch Test Readings" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Clinical Characteristics of Corticosteroid-Sensitized Patients and Comparison With Data From the Total Population Studied and With Data From the Series of Baeck et al." ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Result of Patch Testing in Corticosteroid-Sensitized Patients" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Ethical Disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Protection of Persons and Animals" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of Data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Right to Privacy and Informed Consent" ] ] ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack197183" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-05-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-07-12" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602111" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Allergic contact dermatitis" 1 => "Patch tests" 2 => "Standard series" 3 => "Corticosteroids" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602112" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Dermatitis de contacto alérgica" 1 => "Pruebas epicutáneas" 2 => "Batería estándar" 3 => "Corticoides" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroids can cause hypersensitivity reactions, particularly delayed-type allergic reactions. A new classification system for testing hypersensitivity to corticosteroids distributes the drugs into 3 groups according to molecular structure; patients are classified according to whether they are allergic to agents in 1 or more of the groups. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of corticosteroid-allergic patients treated at our clinic and apply the new classification system to them; we also compared these patients’ characteristics to those of others treated at our clinic.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective study of cases of delayed-type corticosteroid hypersensitivity treated in the skin allergy clinic of a tertiary level hospital over an 11-year period.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We reviewed the records of 2857 patients, finding 33 with at least one positive patch test result showing corticosteroid hypersensitivity. Atopic dermatitis and hand involvement were less common in our corticosteroid-allergic patients. All were allergic to a group 1 corticosteroid (most often, budesonide, the culprit in 87.9%). Testing with a specific corticosteroid series revealed that 14 (42.4%) were also allergic to corticosteroids in group 2 and/or group 3. None were allergic exclusively to group 2 or group 3 agents. Twenty-one patients were exposed to a corticosteroid cream from a group their patch test results indicated allergy to; 13 of them (61.9%) did not develop a hypersensitivity reaction.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Spanish standard series only contains group 1 corticosteroids. In the interest of improving allergy management, we recommend testing with a specific corticosteroid series and a patient's own creams whenever patch testing with a standard series reveals a hypersensitivity reaction to corticosteroids.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los corticoides pueden producir reacciones de hipersensibilidad, sobre todo retardadas. Se ha propuesto una nueva clasificación para el estudio de la alergia a corticoides que los divide en 3 grupos según su estructura molecular y establece 2 perfiles de pacientes según estén sensibilizados a uno o varios grupos. Los objetivos de este estudio son describir las características clínicas de nuestros pacientes alérgicos a corticoides, compararlas con las del resto de la población estudiada y analizar su distribución según la nueva clasificación.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo de 11 años que incluye los casos de pacientes con reacciones de hipersensibilidad retardada a corticoides en la Unidad de Alergia Cutánea del Servicio de Dermatología de un hospital terciario.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudiamos a 2.857 pacientes, de los cuales 33 presentaron uno o más parches positivos a los corticoides. Estos pacientes presentaron menos dermatitis atópica y menor afectación de las manos. Todos fueron alérgicos a algún corticoide del grupo 1 y la budesonida fue el más frecuente (87,9%). Con la batería específica de corticoides observamos que 14 (42,4%) eran, además, alérgicos a corticoides del grupo 2 o 3. Ninguno fue alérgico solo a corticoides del grupo 2 o 3. El 61,9% (13/21) de los pacientes que fueron testados con cremas con un corticoide del grupo al cual era alérgicos no presentó reacción a aquellas.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La batería estándar española tiene solo marcadores para la alergia a corticoides del grupo 1. Recomendamos aplicar una batería específica de corticoides y los fármacos propios si los marcadores son positivos para poder clasificarlos mejor y adecuar su manejo terapéutico.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as: Berbegal L, DeLeon FJ, Silvestre JF. Estudio de sensibilización a corticoides en una consulta de alergia cutánea. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2015;106:816–822.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1267 "Ancho" => 1626 "Tamanyo" => 81989 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of positive results with various corticosteroids from the modified standard series. It is noteworthy that in 4 cases, the result for budesonide was negative. Of these 4 cases, 1 had a positive result to hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and the remaining 3 to tixocortol pivalate.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1436 "Ancho" => 1662 "Tamanyo" => 93756 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of patients according to the classification of Baeck et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> All patients were sensitized to group 1 corticosteroids. Sensitization was to group 1 only in 19 cases (57.6%) and to more than 1 group in 14 cases (42.4%), as follows: 2 patients (6.1%) were sensitized to groups 1 and 2; 8 patients (24.2%) were sensitized to groups 1 and 3; and 4 patients (12.1%) were sensitized to groups 1, 2, and 3.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 706 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 178270 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient diagnosed with Hailey-Hailey disease sensitized to all 3 groups of corticosteroids. The standard series revealed positive results for budesonide, tixocortol pivalate, and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate. A reading at 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours with the patients’ own corticosteroids revealed the following results: Adventan (methylprednisolone) +++, Elocom (mometasone furoate) +++, Clovate (clobetasol propionate) ++, Diproderm (betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diprogenta (betamethasone)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fucibet (fusidic acid and betamethasone valerate)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peitel (prednicarbate) ++. With the corticosteroid series the results were as follows: clobetasol propionate +++, dexamethasone 21-phosphate +++, betamethasone 17-valerate ++, triamcinolone acetonide ++, and alclometasone dipropionate ++.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nonmethylated nonhalogenated molecules \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Halogenated molecules (except*) with a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cis</span>-ketal or diol structure in C16/C17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Halogenated methylated molecules in C16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Correspond to budesonide and group A and group D2 of the classification of Coopman et al.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Correspond to group B of the classification of Coopman et al. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Correspond to group C and group D1 of the classification of Coopman et al. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx1"></elsevierMultimedia></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx2"></elsevierMultimedia></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx3"></elsevierMultimedia></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BudesonideCloprednolCortisone acetateDichlorisone acetateDifluprednateFludrocortisone acetateFluorometholoneFluprednisolone acetateHydrocortisoneHydrocortisone aceponateHydrocortisone acetateHydrocortisone 17-butyrateHydrocortisone 21-butyrateHydrocortisone hemisuccinateIsofluprednone acetateMazipredoneMedrysoneMethylprednisolone acetateMethylprednisolone aceponateMethylprednisolone hemisuccinatePrednicarbatePrednisolonePrednisolone caproatePrednisolone pivalatePrednisolone sodium metasulfobenzoatePrednisolone succinatePrednisoneTixocortol pivalate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TriamcinoloneAmcinonideDesonide*FluchloronideFlumoxonideFlunisolideFluocinolone acetonideFluocinonideHalcinonide*Triamcinolone acetonideTriamcinolone benetonideTriamcinolone diacetateTriamcinolone hexacetonide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Alclometasone dipropionateBeclomethasone dipropionateBetamethasoneBetamethasone 17-valerateBetamethasone dipropionateBetamethasone sodium phosphateClobetasol propionateClobetasone butyrateDesoximetasoneDexamethasoneDexamethasone acetateDexamethasone sodium phosphateDiflucortolone valerateDiflorasone diacetateFlumethasone pivalateFluocortin butylFluocortoloneFluocortolone caprylateFluocortolone pivalateFluocortolone acetateFluprednidene acetateHalometasoneMeprednisoneFluticasone propionateMometasone furoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab957292.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification of Corticosteroids According to Baeck et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients Allergic to Corticosteroids \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Remaining Patients Studied \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients From the Series of Baeck et al. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.824 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">315 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Men \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">48.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36.8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.166 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Occupational dermatitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.044 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Atopic dermatitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">37% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.013 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">34% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hand involvement \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31.7% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.016 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Limb involvement \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.210 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Face involvement \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.648 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59.4% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59.6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.979 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab957289.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Value not specified in the article.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Patients Sensitized to Corticosteroids in our Series, of the Other Patients Studied Using Patch Testing in our Department, and of Patients From the Series of Baeck et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Using the MOAHLFA Index.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patch Tests \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Budesonide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tixocortol pivalate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Positive result \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Percentage in patients sensitized to corticosteroids \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">87.9 (29/33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.2 (6/33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">45 (9/20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Percentage in the total number of patients who underwent patch tests \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.02 (29/2.857) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.21 (6/2.857) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.56 (9/1596) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab957291.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Data from its inclusion in 2008 in the modified standard series used in our service.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequency of Positive Results With Markers of Allergy to Corticosteroids From the Standard Series.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Corticosteroids From the Specific Series \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. of Positive Results \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triamcinolone acetonide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dexamethasone 21-phosphate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Clobetasol 17-propionate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Betamethasone 17-valerate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Alclometasone 17,21-dipropionate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab957290.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Data from before its inclusion in 2008 in the modified standard series used in our service.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequency of Positive Results With the Corticosteroids Studied in the Specific Series in Patients With Allergic Contact Dermatitis to the Corticosteroids in Our Series.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effect of topically applied compound F in selected dermatoses" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.B. Sulzberger" 1 => "V.H. Witten" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Invest Dermatol" "fecha" => "1952" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "101" "paginaFinal" => "102" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14955641" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Contact dermatitis due to hydrocortisone ointment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "W.M. Sams" 1 => "G.J. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 5 | 9 | 14 |
| 2024 October | 79 | 43 | 122 |
| 2024 September | 124 | 34 | 158 |
| 2024 August | 138 | 61 | 199 |
| 2024 July | 91 | 43 | 134 |
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| 2024 May | 86 | 71 | 157 |
| 2024 April | 81 | 46 | 127 |
| 2024 March | 75 | 36 | 111 |
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| 2023 December | 92 | 34 | 126 |
| 2023 November | 70 | 26 | 96 |
| 2023 October | 68 | 25 | 93 |
| 2023 September | 80 | 31 | 111 |
| 2023 August | 56 | 31 | 87 |
| 2023 July | 66 | 55 | 121 |
| 2023 June | 72 | 30 | 102 |
| 2023 May | 72 | 34 | 106 |
| 2023 April | 77 | 23 | 100 |
| 2023 March | 95 | 46 | 141 |
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| 2022 December | 93 | 38 | 131 |
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| 2022 July | 35 | 37 | 72 |
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| 2022 May | 54 | 41 | 95 |
| 2022 April | 70 | 41 | 111 |
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| 2022 February | 61 | 60 | 121 |
| 2022 January | 46 | 48 | 94 |
| 2021 December | 60 | 33 | 93 |
| 2021 November | 55 | 43 | 98 |
| 2021 October | 76 | 52 | 128 |
| 2021 September | 64 | 34 | 98 |
| 2021 August | 64 | 53 | 117 |
| 2021 July | 34 | 30 | 64 |
| 2021 June | 50 | 39 | 89 |
| 2021 May | 64 | 27 | 91 |
| 2021 April | 85 | 60 | 145 |
| 2021 March | 77 | 33 | 110 |
| 2021 February | 54 | 28 | 82 |
| 2021 January | 34 | 21 | 55 |
| 2020 December | 40 | 17 | 57 |
| 2020 November | 51 | 26 | 77 |
| 2020 October | 32 | 17 | 49 |
| 2020 September | 59 | 19 | 78 |
| 2020 August | 40 | 29 | 69 |
| 2020 July | 33 | 22 | 55 |
| 2020 June | 58 | 32 | 90 |
| 2020 May | 24 | 20 | 44 |
| 2020 April | 47 | 27 | 74 |
| 2020 March | 39 | 22 | 61 |
| 2020 February | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2020 January | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 December | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2019 November | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 2019 October | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2019 September | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 2019 August | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2019 July | 4 | 11 | 15 |
| 2019 June | 4 | 10 | 14 |
| 2019 May | 6 | 16 | 22 |
| 2019 April | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2019 March | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2019 February | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2019 January | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2018 December | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 November | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 October | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 September | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2018 August | 0 | 9 | 9 |
| 2018 July | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| 2018 June | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2018 May | 0 | 17 | 17 |
| 2018 April | 0 | 9 | 9 |
| 2018 March | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2018 February | 34 | 10 | 44 |
| 2018 January | 27 | 15 | 42 |
| 2017 December | 40 | 14 | 54 |
| 2017 November | 26 | 8 | 34 |
| 2017 October | 22 | 16 | 38 |
| 2017 September | 22 | 13 | 35 |
| 2017 August | 28 | 22 | 50 |
| 2017 July | 15 | 19 | 34 |
| 2017 June | 33 | 13 | 46 |
| 2017 May | 31 | 27 | 58 |
| 2017 April | 22 | 17 | 39 |
| 2017 March | 15 | 24 | 39 |
| 2017 February | 20 | 15 | 35 |
| 2017 January | 13 | 15 | 28 |
| 2016 December | 27 | 23 | 50 |
| 2016 November | 28 | 31 | 59 |
| 2016 October | 24 | 35 | 59 |
| 2016 September | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2016 August | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2016 July | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| 2016 June | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2016 May | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2016 March | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2016 January | 0 | 8 | 8 |
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