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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El diagn&#243;stico de las lesiones pigmentadas puede ser complejo&#46; La dermatoscopia ha demostrado aumentar la precisi&#243;n diagn&#243;stica del melanoma &#40;MM&#41;&#44; pero es habitual enfrentarse a lesiones pigmentadas equ&#237;vocas&#47;dif&#237;ciles&#46; La microscopia confocal de reflectancia &#40;MCR&#41; es una herramienta diagn&#243;stica no invasiva&#44; consistente en un l&#225;ser coherente de baja potencia proyectado a trav&#233;s de un sistema de lentes&#44; que permite la visualizaci&#243;n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> de estructuras en 2 dimensiones&#44; con resoluci&#243;n celular y una profundidad de hasta unos 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m &#40;dermis superficial&#41;&#46; El diagn&#243;stico de MM mediante MCR se fundamenta en la identificaci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas pagetoides en la epidermis&#44; nidos at&#237;picos en la uni&#243;n dermoepid&#233;rmica&#44; papilas sin contorno&#44; c&#233;lulas con n&#250;cleos at&#237;picos&#44; neoangiog&#233;nesis o infiltrado inflamatorio en la dermis superficial&#44; entre otros hallazgos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Dos metaan&#225;lisis recientes han estimado que la MCR superar&#237;a a la dermatoscopia en sensibilidad y especificidad para el diagn&#243;stico del MM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En junio del 2022 se public&#243; el primer ensayo cl&#237;nico con MCR hasta la fecha&#44; incluyendo a 3&#46;165 pacientes con lesiones pigmentadas equ&#237;vocas&#47;dif&#237;ciles&#44; con una media de seguimiento de 9&#44;6 meses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Fueron aleatorizados en 2 grupos&#58; el primero se somet&#237;a a examen cl&#237;nico y dermatoscopia&#44; y en el segundo&#44; se a&#241;ad&#237;a tambi&#233;n la MCR&#46; En funci&#243;n de los hallazgos se decid&#237;a extirpaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n o seguimiento&#46; El grupo con MCR obtuvo un mayor valor predictivo positivo para MM en las lesiones extirpadas &#40;33&#44;3 vs&#46; 18&#44;9&#41;&#44; una menor raz&#243;n benigno&#47;maligno &#40;1&#44;8 vs&#46; 3&#44;7&#41; y una disminuci&#243;n de un 43&#44;4&#37; del n&#250;mero necesario de extirpaciones &#40;NNE&#41; para diagnosticar un MM &#40;3&#44;0 vs&#46; 5&#44;3&#41; respecto al grupo sin MCR&#46; Ninguna lesi&#243;n del grupo sin MCR bajo seguimiento result&#243; ser maligna&#44; pero se detect&#243; un 1&#44;8&#37; de melanomas durante el seguimiento del grupo con MCR&#46; El &#237;ndice de Breslow de estos no super&#243; los 0&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; El estudio tambi&#233;n constat&#243; que la experiencia del equipo m&#233;dico en el uso de MCR se correlacionaba con una mayor precisi&#243;n diagn&#243;stica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seg&#250;n estos resultados&#44; la evidencia de mayor calidad disponible hasta la fecha&#44; la instauraci&#243;n de la MCR dentro del algoritmo diagn&#243;stico de lesiones pigmentadas equ&#237;vocas&#47;dif&#237;ciles permitir&#237;a reducir las extirpaciones a casi la mitad&#46; Podr&#237;a implicar una menor lista de espera quir&#250;rgica y priorizar los pacientes con MM&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; conllevar&#237;a menor iatrogenia y costes&#46; En este sentido&#44; un an&#225;lisis retrospectivo de costes compar&#243; los datos del Hospital Universitario de M&#243;dena&#44; donde realizan MCR en las lesiones pigmentadas equ&#237;vocas&#44; con los de otros centros de la regi&#243;n que no la utilizan&#46; Con un NNE de 6&#44;25 vs&#46; 19&#44;41&#44; respectivamente&#44; se estim&#243; un ahorro de unos 262&#46;000 &#8364; por mill&#243;n de habitantes&#47;a&#241;o con MCR&#44; excluyendo costes indirectos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; se deben contemplar los falsos negativos de la MCR&#44; que supuso en el ensayo cl&#237;nico demorar la extirpaci&#243;n de 15 MM&#44; aunque ninguno super&#243; el estadio IA&#46; La diferencia en la proporci&#243;n de lesiones analizadas histol&#243;gicamente entre ambos grupos puede conducir a un sesgo de informaci&#243;n y al infradiagn&#243;stico de MM&#44; especialmente en el grupo con MCR&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; es recomendable el seguimiento de estos pacientes y la realizaci&#243;n de estudios cl&#237;nicos con un largo periodo de seguimiento&#44; para intentar evaluar el impacto en la supervivencia&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La MCR es una t&#233;cnica complementaria a la dermatoscopia&#44; que ha demostrado aumentar la precisi&#243;n diagn&#243;stica en el MM y&#44; posiblemente&#44; reducir costes&#46; No obstante&#44; existen limitaciones en cuanto a su disponibilidad y falsos negativos&#46;</p></span>"
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FORO DE RESIDENTES
FR - Microscopia confocal de reflectancia en el diagnóstico de lesiones pigmentadas equívocas
RF - Reflectance Confocal Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Equivocal Pigmented Lesions
L. Corbella-Bagot, M. Luque-Luna, D. Morgado-Carrasco
Corresponding author
morgadodaniel8@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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    "titulo" => "FR - Microscopia confocal de reflectancia en el diagn&#243;stico de lesiones pigmentadas equ&#237;vocas"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El diagn&#243;stico de las lesiones pigmentadas puede ser complejo&#46; La dermatoscopia ha demostrado aumentar la precisi&#243;n diagn&#243;stica del melanoma &#40;MM&#41;&#44; pero es habitual enfrentarse a lesiones pigmentadas equ&#237;vocas&#47;dif&#237;ciles&#46; La microscopia confocal de reflectancia &#40;MCR&#41; es una herramienta diagn&#243;stica no invasiva&#44; consistente en un l&#225;ser coherente de baja potencia proyectado a trav&#233;s de un sistema de lentes&#44; que permite la visualizaci&#243;n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> de estructuras en 2 dimensiones&#44; con resoluci&#243;n celular y una profundidad de hasta unos 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m &#40;dermis superficial&#41;&#46; El diagn&#243;stico de MM mediante MCR se fundamenta en la identificaci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas pagetoides en la epidermis&#44; nidos at&#237;picos en la uni&#243;n dermoepid&#233;rmica&#44; papilas sin contorno&#44; c&#233;lulas con n&#250;cleos at&#237;picos&#44; neoangiog&#233;nesis o infiltrado inflamatorio en la dermis superficial&#44; entre otros hallazgos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Dos metaan&#225;lisis recientes han estimado que la MCR superar&#237;a a la dermatoscopia en sensibilidad y especificidad para el diagn&#243;stico del MM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En junio del 2022 se public&#243; el primer ensayo cl&#237;nico con MCR hasta la fecha&#44; incluyendo a 3&#46;165 pacientes con lesiones pigmentadas equ&#237;vocas&#47;dif&#237;ciles&#44; con una media de seguimiento de 9&#44;6 meses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Fueron aleatorizados en 2 grupos&#58; el primero se somet&#237;a a examen cl&#237;nico y dermatoscopia&#44; y en el segundo&#44; se a&#241;ad&#237;a tambi&#233;n la MCR&#46; En funci&#243;n de los hallazgos se decid&#237;a extirpaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n o seguimiento&#46; El grupo con MCR obtuvo un mayor valor predictivo positivo para MM en las lesiones extirpadas &#40;33&#44;3 vs&#46; 18&#44;9&#41;&#44; una menor raz&#243;n benigno&#47;maligno &#40;1&#44;8 vs&#46; 3&#44;7&#41; y una disminuci&#243;n de un 43&#44;4&#37; del n&#250;mero necesario de extirpaciones &#40;NNE&#41; para diagnosticar un MM &#40;3&#44;0 vs&#46; 5&#44;3&#41; respecto al grupo sin MCR&#46; Ninguna lesi&#243;n del grupo sin MCR bajo seguimiento result&#243; ser maligna&#44; pero se detect&#243; un 1&#44;8&#37; de melanomas durante el seguimiento del grupo con MCR&#46; El &#237;ndice de Breslow de estos no super&#243; los 0&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; El estudio tambi&#233;n constat&#243; que la experiencia del equipo m&#233;dico en el uso de MCR se correlacionaba con una mayor precisi&#243;n diagn&#243;stica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seg&#250;n estos resultados&#44; la evidencia de mayor calidad disponible hasta la fecha&#44; la instauraci&#243;n de la MCR dentro del algoritmo diagn&#243;stico de lesiones pigmentadas equ&#237;vocas&#47;dif&#237;ciles permitir&#237;a reducir las extirpaciones a casi la mitad&#46; Podr&#237;a implicar una menor lista de espera quir&#250;rgica y priorizar los pacientes con MM&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; conllevar&#237;a menor iatrogenia y costes&#46; En este sentido&#44; un an&#225;lisis retrospectivo de costes compar&#243; los datos del Hospital Universitario de M&#243;dena&#44; donde realizan MCR en las lesiones pigmentadas equ&#237;vocas&#44; con los de otros centros de la regi&#243;n que no la utilizan&#46; Con un NNE de 6&#44;25 vs&#46; 19&#44;41&#44; respectivamente&#44; se estim&#243; un ahorro de unos 262&#46;000 &#8364; por mill&#243;n de habitantes&#47;a&#241;o con MCR&#44; excluyendo costes indirectos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; se deben contemplar los falsos negativos de la MCR&#44; que supuso en el ensayo cl&#237;nico demorar la extirpaci&#243;n de 15 MM&#44; aunque ninguno super&#243; el estadio IA&#46; La diferencia en la proporci&#243;n de lesiones analizadas histol&#243;gicamente entre ambos grupos puede conducir a un sesgo de informaci&#243;n y al infradiagn&#243;stico de MM&#44; especialmente en el grupo con MCR&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; es recomendable el seguimiento de estos pacientes y la realizaci&#243;n de estudios cl&#237;nicos con un largo periodo de seguimiento&#44; para intentar evaluar el impacto en la supervivencia&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La MCR es una t&#233;cnica complementaria a la dermatoscopia&#44; que ha demostrado aumentar la precisi&#243;n diagn&#243;stica en el MM y&#44; posiblemente&#44; reducir costes&#46; No obstante&#44; existen limitaciones en cuanto a su disponibilidad y falsos negativos&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cl&#237;nica &#43; dermatoscopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Lesiones extirpadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> &#40;&#37; del total de lesiones analizadas&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1556 &#40;98&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">836 &#40;52&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">294 &#40;18&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">278 &#40;33&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Valor predictivo positivo para melanoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Raz&#243;n benigno&#47;melanoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;0&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">853 &#40;53&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Extirpaciones durante el seguimiento &#40;&#37; del total de lesiones en seguimiento&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">116 &#40;13&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;1&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Melanoma in situ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;53&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;46&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 00017310
Original language: Spanish
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