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para un valor de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#44;05&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los trabajadores de la obra &#40;95&#41; respondieron al cuestionario&#59; la media de edad fue de 42 a&#241;os&#59; el 88&#37; eran hombres&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los trabajadores de educaci&#243;n primaria eran los que desarrollaban m&#225;s actividades al aire libre &#40;97&#37; vs&#46; 64&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; mientras trabajaban en el exterior padec&#237;an m&#225;s quemaduras solares &#40;36&#37; vs&#46; 13&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; y eran menos proclives a ser explorados de c&#225;ncer de piel &#40;10&#37; vs&#46; 28&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> 0&#44;024&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de los trabajadores&#44; independientemente de su nivel educativo&#44; no asociaban la queratosis act&#237;nica con el riesgo de c&#225;ncer de piel&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los trabajadores universitarios sab&#237;an que un alto &#237;ndice de radiaci&#243;n UV no implica alta temperatura &#40;95&#37; vs&#46; 44&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; sin embargo&#44; &#250;nicamente la mitad sab&#237;an lo que es la escala de &#237;ndice ultravioleta &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; estos n&#250;meros son m&#225;s altos que los registrados en otros estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El presente estudio&#44; a pesar de sus limitaciones &#40;un solo lugar de construcci&#243;n&#44; datos autoinformados&#41;&#44; muestra resultados interesantes&#46; Los trabajadores de educaci&#243;n primaria y secundaria tienen una baja alfabetizaci&#243;n en lesiones de c&#225;ncer de piel&#44; as&#237; como de radiaci&#243;n UV&#44; informaron de mayor exposici&#243;n solar en el lugar de trabajo y fueron menos propensos a ser examinados para detectar c&#225;ncer de piel&#46; Tan s&#243;lo el 19&#37; de todos los trabajadores pose&#237;an antecedentes de quemaduras solares en el ejercicio de su trabajo&#44; y el 40&#37; recordaba haber tenido una quemadura solar mientras disfrutaba de su tiempo libre&#46; No hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto a la exposici&#243;n solar durante el tiempo libre entre grupos&#44; sin embargo y como se recogen otros estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; en este escenario&#44; las quemaduras solares fueron m&#225;s frecuentes entre los trabajadores con educaci&#243;n universitaria&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medidas organizativas como realizar trabajos al aire libre durante las horas de menor &#237;ndice UV o el sombreado del lugar de trabajo no son&#44; a menudo&#44; posibles en la industria de la construcci&#243;n&#46; Por seguridad laboral&#44; deber&#237;a ser una obligaci&#243;n establecer un programa de cribado de trabajadores expuestos de manera cr&#243;nica a radiaci&#243;n UV y medidas preventivas estandarizadas&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El comportamiento ante la exposici&#243;n solar y la alfabetizaci&#243;n en c&#225;ncer de piel es escaso&#44; en especial entre los trabajadores al aire libre con un nivel formativo de educaci&#243;n primaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Este grupo en particular deber&#237;a ser un objetivo para la intervenci&#243;n de las empresas constructoras&#44; ya que la protecci&#243;n de sus trabajadores es una oportunidad de inversi&#243;n con gran rentabilidad&#44; ya que mejora su salud&#44; reduce el absentismo laboral y minimiza los costos inherentes a las enfermedades&#46;</p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de inter&#233;s&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores agradecen a la Asociaci&#243;n Portuguesa de C&#225;ncer de Piel&#44; 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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actividades al aire libre en el tiempo libre</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;192<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#44;001</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;&#44; 1-2 veces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quemaduras de sol en el tiempo libre</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;056<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;&#44; &#8805; 3 veces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No recuerda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Detecci&#243;n de c&#225;ncer de piel realizada</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#44;024</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Autoexamen peri&#243;dico de la piel</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;202<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vacaciones en el tr&#243;pico</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#44;003</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Los siguientes padecimientos est&#225;n relacionados con el c&#225;ncer de piel</span>&#58;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Queratosis act&#237;nica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;116<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Carcinoma de c&#233;lulas basales</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conoce el &#237;ndice UV</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#237;&#44; &#191;cu&#225;l es la escala&#63;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#44;766</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44; 15&#44; 20&#44; 30&#44; 40&#44; 50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 a 11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cuando el &#237;ndice UV es alto&#44; la temperatura siempre es alta</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#44;001</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Falso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribuci&#243;n del comportamiento y la alfabetizaci&#243;n de los participantes del estudio &#40;n &#61; 95&#41; seg&#250;n el nivel educativo&#46; Los valores se presentan como frecuencias absolutas &#40;n&#41; y relativas &#40;&#37;&#41;</p>"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Interventions to decrease skin cancer risk in outdoor workers&#58; update to a 2007 systematic review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Horsham"
                            1 => "J&#46; Auster"
                            2 => "M&#46;C&#46; Sendall"
                            3 => "M&#46; Stoneham"
                            4 => "P&#46; Youl"
                            5 => "P&#46; Crane"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Res Notes&#46;"
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              "identificador" => "bib0050"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comprehensive outreach&#44; prevention education&#44; and skin cancer screening for Utah ski resorts"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Varedi"
                            1 => "A&#46;M&#46; Secrest"
                            2 => "G&#46; Harding"
                            3 => "L&#46; Maness"
                            4 => "D&#46; Branson"
                            5 => "K&#46; Smith"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Dermatol Online J&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "numero" => "2&#46;"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29906016"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                    ]
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              "etiqueta" => "3"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Skin cancer prevention and detection campaign at golf courses on Spain&#39;s Costa del Sol"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; del Boz"
                            1 => "T&#46; Fernandez-Morano"
                            2 => "L&#46; Padilla-Espana"
                            3 => "M&#46; Aguilar-Bernier"
                            4 => "F&#46; Rivas-Ruiz"
                            5 => "M&#46; de Troya-Martin"
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                      ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr&#46;"
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                        "volumen" => "106"
                        "paginaInicial" => "51"
                        "paginaFinal" => "60"
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              ]
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Minimum standards on prevention&#44; diagnosis and treatment of occupational and work-related skin diseases in Europe - position paper of the COST Action StanDerm &#40;TD 1206&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;H&#46; Alfonso"
                            1 => "A&#46; Bauer"
                            2 => "L&#46; Bensefa-Colas"
                            3 => "A&#46; Boman"
                            4 => "M&#46; Bubas"
                            5 => "L&#46; Constandt"
                          ]
                        ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/jdv.14319"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "31"
                        "paginaFinal" => "43"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28656728"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                    ]
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                ]
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Outdoor workers&#8217; perceptions of the risks of excess sun-exposure"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46;P&#46; McCool"
                            1 => "A&#46;I&#46; Reeder"
                            2 => "E&#46;M&#46; Robinson"
                            3 => "K&#46;J&#46; Petrie"
                            4 => "D&#46;F&#46; Gorman"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Occup Health&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "51"
                        "paginaInicial" => "404"
                        "paginaFinal" => "411"
                      ]
                    ]
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge of outdoor workers on the effects of natural UV radiation and methods of protection against exposure"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Hault"
                            1 => "H&#46; Ronsch"
                            2 => "S&#46; Beissert"
                            3 => "P&#46; Knuschke"
                            4 => "A&#46; Bauer"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "34"
                        "paginaFinal" => "37"
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              ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence of sunbed use&#44; and characteristics and knowledge of sunbed users&#58; results from the French population-based Edifice Melanoma survey"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Grange"
                            1 => "L&#46; Mortier"
                            2 => "A&#46; Crine"
                            3 => "C&#46; Robert"
                            4 => "B&#46; Sassolas"
                            5 => "C&#46; Lebbe"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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Journal Information
Vol. 111. Issue 6.
Pages 531-533 (July - August 2020)
Vol. 111. Issue 6.
Pages 531-533 (July - August 2020)
CARTA CIENTÍFICO-CLÍNICA
Open Access
Cáncer de piel y alfabetización sobre UV: estudio en trabajadores al aire libre
Skin Cancer and UV Literacy - Outdoor Workers Study
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4927
A.F. Duartea,b,
Corresponding author
duarte.af.t30@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, I. Motac, M. Camposd, O. Correiaa,b,e,f
a Centro de Dermatología Epidermis, Instituto CUF, Oporto, Portugal
b Asociación Portuguesa de Cáncer de Piel, Oporto, Portugal
c Fundação Manuel António da Mota, Oporto, Portugal
d Departamento de Calidad, Medio Ambiente y Seguridad, Mota-Engil - Engenharia e Construção, S.A., Oporto, Portugal
e CINTESIS - Centro de Investigación de Tecnología y Servicios de Salud, Oporto, Portugal
f Unidad de Inmunología Básica y Clínica, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
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Tables (1)
Tabla 1. Distribución del comportamiento y la alfabetización de los participantes del estudio (n = 95) según el nivel educativo. Los valores se presentan como frecuencias absolutas (n) y relativas (%)
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Sr. Director:

La radiación ultravioleta (UV) es la causa evitable más importante de cáncer de piel, siendo los trabajadores al aire libre un grupo de alto riesgo1–3. El cáncer de piel ocupacional inducido por radiación UV ha sido reconocido como una enfermedad laboral, sin embargo, las medidas preventivas destinadas a los trabajadores al aire libre siguen siendo poco frecuentes en el sector de la construcción4.

Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en una construcción en el exterior para evaluar el comportamiento ante la exposición solar, el cáncer de piel y la alfabetización en radiación UV de los trabajadores de una compañía de construcción, teniendo en cuenta su nivel de educación. Una vez hecha la revisión de la literatura5, se adaptó un cuestionario integrado por 23 preguntas. Se investigaron los siguientes aspectos: Factores demográficos, constitucionales y socioeconómicos, comportamiento ante la exposición solar y la alfabetización en temas de lesiones de cáncer de piel y radiación UV. El nivel de educación se definió como educación primaria (cuatro a seis años de escolarización, educación secundaria, nueve a años de escolarización, educación universitaria, grado universitario). Se hicieron tablas de contingencia y test de independencia de X2. La significación estadística se estableció para un valor de p < 0,05.

Todos los trabajadores de la obra (95) respondieron al cuestionario; la media de edad fue de 42 años; el 88% eran hombres.

Los trabajadores de educación primaria eran los que desarrollaban más actividades al aire libre (97% vs. 64%, p < 0,001), mientras trabajaban en el exterior padecían más quemaduras solares (36% vs. 13%, p < 0,001), y eran menos proclives a ser explorados de cáncer de piel (10% vs. 28%, p 0,024).

La mayoría de los trabajadores, independientemente de su nivel educativo, no asociaban la queratosis actínica con el riesgo de cáncer de piel. La mayoría de los trabajadores universitarios sabían que un alto índice de radiación UV no implica alta temperatura (95% vs. 44%, p < 0,001), sin embargo, únicamente la mitad sabían lo que es la escala de índice ultravioleta (tabla 1). Sin embargo, estos números son más altos que los registrados en otros estudios6.

Tabla 1.

Distribución del comportamiento y la alfabetización de los participantes del estudio (n = 95) según el nivel educativo. Los valores se presentan como frecuencias absolutas (n) y relativas (%)

  Educación
  Primaria(n = 33; 34%)Secundaria(n = 24, 25%)Universidad(n = 39; 41%) 
  (%)  (%)  (%)  P 
Sexo<0,001** 
Hombre  32  (97)  24  (100)  26  (68)   
Tipo de piel0,596** 
(13)  (5)  (3)   
II  (29)  (20)  15  (39)   
III  (33)  (40)  15  (39)   
IV  (25)  (30)  (16)   
(0)  (5)  (3)   
Actividades al aire libre en el trabajo<0,001* 
Sí  32  (97)  22  (92)  25  (64)   
Actividades al aire libre en el tiempo libre0,192* 
Sí  24  (75)  22  (92)  34  (87)   
Quemaduras de sol mientras trabaja al aire libre<0,001** 
Sí, 1-2 veces  (18)  (8)  (13)   
Sí, ≥ 3 veces  (18)  (0)  (0)   
No recuerda  (15)  (0)  (0)   
Quemaduras de sol en el tiempo libre0,056** 
Sí, 1-2 veces  (25)  (25)  14  (36)   
Sí, ≥ 3 veces  (13)  (4)  (15)   
No recuerda  (13)  (0)  (0)   
Detección de cáncer de piel realizada
Sí  (10)  (4)  11  (28)  0,024** 
Autoexamen periódico de la piel
Sí  (28)  (35)  19  (49)  0,202* 
Vacaciones en el trópico
Sí  10  (31)  (13)  21  (54)  0,003* 
Los siguientes padecimientos están relacionados con el cáncer de piel:
Queratosis actínica              0,116* 
Sí  (23)  (50)  13  (59)   
Carcinoma de células basales              0,004** 
Sí  (62)  (50)  26  (96)   
Carcinoma de células escamosas              0,004** 
Sí  (50)  (50)  25  (93)   
Melanoma              0,001** 
Sí  (60)  (50)  29  (97)   
Suele consultar información de IPMA(www.ipma.pt)              0,874* 
Sí  13  (50)  (43)  19  (49)   
Conoce el índice UV              0,027** 
Sí  17  (59)  12  (52)  32  (82)   
Sí, ¿cuál es la escala?              0,766* 
1, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50  (54)  (58)  13  (46)   
1 a 11  (46)  (42)  15  (54)   
Cuando el índice UV es alto, la temperatura siempre es alta              <0,001* 
Falso  11  (44)  (29)  37  (95)   
*

Prueba del X2.

**

Prueba exacta de Fisher.

El presente estudio, a pesar de sus limitaciones (un solo lugar de construcción, datos autoinformados), muestra resultados interesantes. Los trabajadores de educación primaria y secundaria tienen una baja alfabetización en lesiones de cáncer de piel, así como de radiación UV, informaron de mayor exposición solar en el lugar de trabajo y fueron menos propensos a ser examinados para detectar cáncer de piel. Tan sólo el 19% de todos los trabajadores poseían antecedentes de quemaduras solares en el ejercicio de su trabajo, y el 40% recordaba haber tenido una quemadura solar mientras disfrutaba de su tiempo libre. No hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto a la exposición solar durante el tiempo libre entre grupos, sin embargo y como se recogen otros estudios7, en este escenario, las quemaduras solares fueron más frecuentes entre los trabajadores con educación universitaria.

Medidas organizativas como realizar trabajos al aire libre durante las horas de menor índice UV o el sombreado del lugar de trabajo no son, a menudo, posibles en la industria de la construcción. Por seguridad laboral, debería ser una obligación establecer un programa de cribado de trabajadores expuestos de manera crónica a radiación UV y medidas preventivas estandarizadas.

El comportamiento ante la exposición solar y la alfabetización en cáncer de piel es escaso, en especial entre los trabajadores al aire libre con un nivel formativo de educación primaria8. Este grupo en particular debería ser un objetivo para la intervención de las empresas constructoras, ya que la protección de sus trabajadores es una oportunidad de inversión con gran rentabilidad, ya que mejora su salud, reduce el absentismo laboral y minimiza los costos inherentes a las enfermedades.

Conflicto de intereses

Los autores declaran no tener ningún conflicto de interés.

Financiación

Los autores agradecen a la Asociación Portuguesa de Cáncer de Piel, a su presidente Dr. António Picoto, y a Orquídea Ribeiro por el análisis estadístico.

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