Información del artículo
Abstract
In recent years, a series of new drugs have been developed through the application of molecular biology. These drugs act by blocking specific molecules of the immune system and have been developed to act on specific targets that play an important role in the pathophysiology of the diseases in which their therapeutic use has now been approved. Over time, experience has been accumulated in the use of these drugs in the treatment of skin diseases for which they have not been approved but in which the pathophysiology suggests that they could also be effective. The use of these drugs is increasing in difficult-to-treat cases of skin diseases for which the drugs are not approved. The second part of this review of off-label use of biologic agents in dermatology considers the use of etanercept, efalizumab, alefacept, rituximab, basiliximab, omalizumab, and cetuximab.
Key words:
biologic agents
dermatosis
off-label use
Resumen
En los últimos años han aparecido una serie de nuevos fármacos desarrollados por biología molecular. Estos medicamentos actúan bloqueando moléculas específicas del sistema inmunológico y se desarrollan para actuar sobre dianas específicas que tienen un papel importante en la fisiopatología de determinadas enfermedades para cuyo tratamiento son aprobadas. Con el tiempo se ha ido adquiriendo experiencia con estos medicamentos en el tratamiento de dermatosis para las que no han sido diseñados, pero para las que, por compartir un mismo mecanismo fisiopatológico, pueden ser útiles. El empleo de estos medicamentos en el tratamiento de casos difíciles de numerosas enfermedades dermatológicas para las cuales no están aprobados es creciente. Esta segunda parte de la revisión analiza el uso, fuera de indicación, en el tratamiento de la dermatosis de los siguientes fármacos biológicos: etanercept, efalizumab, alefacept, rituximab, daclizumab, basiliximab, omalizumab y cetuximab.
Palabras clave:
biológicos
dermatosis
fuera de indicación
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
References
[1.]
J.E. Graves, K. Nunley, M.P. Heffernan.
Off-label uses of biologics in dermatology: rituximab, omalizumab, infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, efalizumab, and alefacept (part 2 of 2).
J Am Acad Dermatol, 56 (2007), pp. e55-e79
[2.]
M.J. Kerns, J.E. Graves, D.I. Smith, M.P. Heffernan.
Off-label uses of biologic agents in dermatology: a 2006 update.
Semin Cutan Med Surg, 25 (2006), pp. 226-240
[3.]
A. Jacobi, B. Manger, G. Schuler, M. Hertl.
Therapeutic application of TNF-alpha inhibitors infliximab and etanercept in inflammatory skin disorders.
J Dtsch Dermatol Ges, 1 (2003), pp. 259-272
[4.]
J.T. Trent, F.A. Kerdel.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors for the treatment of dermatologic diseases.
Dermatol Nurs, 17I 2 (2005), pp. 97-107
[5.]
J.D. Williams, C.E. Griffiths.
Cytokine blocking agents in dermatology.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 27 (2002), pp. 585-590
[6.]
N. Scheinfeld.
The medical uses and side effects of etanercept with a focus on cutaneous disease.
J Drugs Dermatol, 3 (2004), pp. 653-659
[7.]
A.F. Alexis, B.E. Strober.
Off-label dermatologic uses of anti-TNF-α therapies.
J Cutan Med Surg, 9 (2005), pp. 296-302
[8.]
R. Gamo, J.L. López-Estebaranz.
Biologic therapy and psoriasis.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 97 (2006), pp. 1-17
[9.]
S. Nanda, J.M. Bathon.
Etanercept: a clinical review of current and emerging indications.
Expert Opin Pharmacother, 5 (2004), pp. 1175-1186
[10.]
B. Goffe, J.C. Cather.
Etanercept: an overview.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 49 (2003), pp. S105-S111
[11.]
B. Goffe.
Etanercept (Enbrel)—an update.
Skin Therapy Lett, 9 (2004), pp. 9
[13.]
C.D. Hamilton.
Infectious complications of treatment with biologic agents.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 16 (2004), pp. 393-398
[14.]
N.J. Olsen, C.M. Stein.
New drugs for rheumatoid arthritis.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 2167-2179
[15.]
V.J. Swale, C.M. Perrett, C.P. Denton, C.M. Black, M.H. Rustin.
Etanercept-induced systemic lupus erythematosus.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 28 (2003), pp. 604-607
[16.]
N. Shakoor, M. Michalska, C.A. Harris, J.A. Block.
Druginduced systemic lupus erythematosus associated with etanercept therapy.
Lancet, 359 (2002), pp. 579-580
[17.]
C. Richez, P. Blanco, C. Dumoulin, T. Schaeverbeke.
Lupus erythematosus manifestations exacerbated by etanercept therapy in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 23 (2005), pp. 273
[18.]
A. Mor, C. Bingham, L. Barisoni, E. Lydon, H.M. Belmont.
Proliferative lupus nephritis and leukocytoclastic vasculitis during treatment with etanercept.
J Rheumatol, 32 (2005), pp. 740-743
[19.]
L. Lepore, F. Marchetti, S. Facchini, V. Leone, A. Ventura.
Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus associated with etanercept therapy in a child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 21 (2003), pp. 276-277
[20.]
M.J. Kang, Y.H. Lee, J. Lee.
Etanercept-induced systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.
J Korean Med Sci, 21 (2006), pp. 946-949
[21.]
M. Debandt, O. Vittecoq, V. Descamps, X. Le Loet, O. Meyer.
Anti-TNF-alpha-induced systemic lupus syndrome.
Clin Rheumatol, 22 (2003), pp. 56-61
[22.]
M. De Bandt, J. Sibilia, X. Le Loet, S. Prouzeau, B. Fautrel, C. Marcelli, et al.
Systemic lupus erythematosus induced by anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy: a French national survey.
Arthritis Res Ther, 7 (2005), pp. R545-R551
[22.]
E. Carlson, N. Rothfield.
Etanercept-induced lupus-like syndrome in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis Rheum, 48 (2003), pp. 1165-1166
[24.]
A.P. Cairns, M.K. Duncan, A.E. Hinder, A.J. Taggart.
New onset systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient receiving etanercept for rheumatoid arthritis.
Ann Rheum Dis, 61 (2002), pp. 1031-1032
[25.]
G.S. Bleumink, E.J. ter Borg, C.G. Ramselaar, B.H. Ch Stricker.
Etanercept-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 40 (2001), pp. 1317-1319
[26.]
M. Benucci, F. Li Gobbi, F. Fossi, M. Manfredi, A. Del Rosso.
Drug-induced lupus after treatment with infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis.
J Clin Rheumatol, 11 (2005), pp. 47-49
[27.]
R. Norman, R.G. Greenberg, J.M. Jackson.
Case reports of etanercept in inflammatory dermatoses.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. S139-S142
[28.]
B. Fautrel, V. Foltz, C. Frances, P. Bourgeois, S. Rozenberg.
Regression of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with a biologic tumor necrosis factor alpha-blocking agent: comment on the article by Pisetsky and the letter from Aringer et al.
Arthritis Rheum, 46 (2002), pp. 1408-1409
[29.]
H.A. Hall, B. Zimmermann.
Evolution of dermatomyositis during therapy with a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor.
Arthritis Rheum, 55 (2006), pp. 982-984
[30.]
P. Efthimiou, S. Schwartzman, L.J. Kagen.
Possible role for tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in the treatment of resistant dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a retrospective study of eight patients.
Ann Rheum Dis, 65 (2006), pp. 1233-1236
[31.]
F. Iannone, C. Scioscia, P.C. Falappone, M. Covelli, G. Lapadula.
Use of etanercept in the treatment of dermatomyositis: a case series.
J Rheumatol, 33 (2006), pp. 1802-1804
[32.]
M.H.M.P. Ellman, F.A. HAyes.
Etanercept as treatment for diffuse scleroderma: a pilot study.
Arthritis Rheum, 43 (2000), pp. 392
[33.]
P.S. Yamauchi, L. Turner, N.J. Lowe, V. Gindi, J.M. Jackson.
Treatment of recurrent Sweet's syndrome with coexisting rheumatoid arthritis with the tumor necrosis factor antagonist etanercept.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. S122-S126
[34.]
V.G. Hubbard, A.C. Friedmann, R. Goldsmith.
Systemic pyoderma gangrenosum responding to infliximab and adalimumab.
Br J Dermatol, 152 (2005), pp. 1059-1061
[35.]
D.B. Roy, E.T. Conte, D.J. Cohen.
The treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum using etanercept.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. S128-S134
[36.]
J.Wt. McGowan, C.A. Johnson, A. Lynn.
Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with etanercept.
J Drugs Dermatol, 3 (2004), pp. 441-444
[37.]
G. Goldenberg, J.L. Jorizzo.
Use of etanercept in treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with autoimmune hepatitis.
J Dermatolog Treat, 16 (2005), pp. 347-349
[38.]
N. Pastor, I. Betlloch, J.C. Pascual, M. Blanes, J. Banuls, J.F. Silvestre.
Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with anti-TNF alpha therapy (etanercept).
Clin Exp Dermatol, 31 (2006), pp. 152-153
[39.]
E. Disla, B. Quayum, G.G. Cuppari, R. Pancorbo.
Successful use of etanercept in a patient with pyoderma gangrenosum complicating rheumatoid arthritis.
J Clin Rheumatol, 10 (2004), pp. 50-52
[40.]
E. Holler, H.J. Kolb, A. Moller, J. Kempeni, S. Liesenfeld, H. Pechumer, et al.
Increased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha precede major complications of bone marrow transplantation.
Blood, 75 (1990), pp. 1011-1016
[41.]
E. Holler, H.J. Kolb, R. Hintermeier-Knabe, J. Mittermuller, S. Thierfelder, M. Kaul, et al.
Role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in acute graft-versus-host disease and complications following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
Transplant Proc, 25 (1993), pp. 1234-1236
[42.]
E. Holler, H.J. Kolb, G. Eissner, W. Wilmanns.
Cytokines in GvH and GvL.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 22 (1998), pp. S3-S6
[43.]
C. Schmaltz, O. Alpdogan, S.J. Muriglan, B.J. Kappel, J.A. Rotolo, E.T. Ricchetti, et al.
Donor T cell-derived TNF is required for graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-tumor activity after bone marrow transplantation.
Blood, 101 (2003), pp. 2440-2445
[44.]
D.A. Jacobsohn, G.B. Vogelsang.
Anti-cytokine therapy for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease.
Curr Pharm Des, 10 (2004), pp. 1195-1205
[45.]
M. Andolina, M. Rabusin, N. Maximova, G. Di Leo.
Etanercept in graft-versus-host disease.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 26 (2000), pp. 929
[46.]
D. Wolff, V. Roessler, B. Steiner, S. Wilhelm, V. Weirich, J. Brenmoehl, et al.
Treatment of steroid-resistant acute graftversus-host disease with daclizumab and etanercept.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 35 (2005), pp. 1003-1010
[47.]
G.A. Kennedy, J. Butler, R. Western, J. Morton, S. Durrant, G.R. Hill.
Combination antithymocyte globulin and soluble TNF-alpha inhibitor (etanercept) +/− mycophenolate mofetil for treatment of steroid refractory acute graft-versus-host disease.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 37 (2006), pp. 1143-1147
[48.]
J.P. Uberti, L. Ayash, V. Ratanatharathorn, S. Silver, C. Reynolds, M. Becker, et al.
Pilot trial on the use of etanercept and methylprednisolone as primary treatment for acute graftversus-host disease.
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 11 (2005), pp. 680-687
[49.]
A. Busca, F. Locatelli, F. Marmont, C. Ceretto, M. Falda.
Recombinant human soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor fusion protein as treatment for steroid refractory graft-versushost disease following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Am J Hematol, 82 (2007), pp. 45-52
[50.]
K.Y. Chiang, S. Abhyankar, K. Bridges, K. Godder, J.P. Henslee-Downey.
Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor fusion protein as complementary treatment for chronic graft-versus-host disease.
Transplantation, 73 (2002), pp. 665-667
[51.]
S. Ogden, T.H. Clayton, M.J. Goodfield.
Recalcitrant hand pompholyx: variable response to etanercept.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 31 (2006), pp. 145-146
[52.]
R.L. Buka, B. Resh, B. Roberts, B.B. Cunningham, S. Friedlander.
Etanercept is minimally effective in 2 children with atopic dermatitis.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 53 (2005), pp. 358-359
[53.]
P.S. Yamauchi, N.J. Lowe, V. Gindi.
Treatment of coexisting bullous pemphigoid and psoriasis with the tumor necrosis factor antagonist etanercept.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. S121-S122
[54.]
C. Sacher, A. Rubbert, C. Konig, K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, T. Krieg, N. Hunzelmann.
Treatment of recalcitrant cicatricial pemphigoid with the tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist etanercept.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 46 (2002), pp. 113-115
[55.]
S. Prey, P.Y. Robert, M. Drouet, A. Sparsa, C. Roux, J.M. Bonnetblanc, et al.
Treatment of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid with the tumour necrosis factor alpha antagonist etanercept.
Acta Derm Venereol, 87 (2007), pp. 74-75
[56.]
M.J. Canizares, D.I. Smith, M.S. Conners, K.J. Maverick, M.P. Heffernan.
Successful treatment of mucous membrane pemphigoid with etanercept in 3 patients.
Arch Dermatol, 142 (2006), pp. 1457-1461
[57.]
M.H. Lin, C.K. Hsu, J.Y. Lee.
Successful treatment of recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus vegetans with etanercept and carbon dioxide laser.
Arch Dermatol, 141 (2005), pp. 680-682
[58.]
B. Berookhim, H.D. Fischer, J.M. Weinberg.
Treatment of recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris with the tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist etanercept.
Cutis, 74 (2004), pp. 245-247
[59.]
E. Gubinelli, F. Bergamo, B. Didona, G. Annessi, F. Atzori, D. Raskovic.
Pemphigus foliaceus treated with etanercept.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 55 (2006), pp. 1107-1108
[60.]
J.P. Utz, A.H. Limper, S. Kalra, U. Specks, J.P. Scott, Z. Vuk-Pavlovic, et al.
Etanercept for the treatment of stage II and III progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis.
Chest, 124 (2003), pp. 177-185
[61.]
R.P. Baughman, E.E. Lower, D.A. Bradley, L.A. Raymond, A. Kaufman.
Etanercept for refractory ocular sarcoidosis: results of a double-blind randomized trial.
Chest, 128 (2005), pp. 1062-1147
[62.]
D. Khanna, M.R. Liebling, J.S. Louie.
Etanercept ameliorates sarcoidosis arthritis and skin disease.
J Rheumatol, 30 (2003), pp. 1864-1867
[63.]
C. Tuchinda, H.K. Wong.
Etanercept for chronic progressive cutaneous sarcoidosis.
J Drugs Dermatol, 5 (2006), pp. 538-540
[64.]
M.A. González-López, R. Blanco, M.C. González-Vela, H. Fernández-Llaca, V. Rodríguez-Valverde.
Development of sarcoidosis during etanercept therapy.
Arthritis Rheum, 55 (2006), pp. 817-820
[65.]
A. Kudrin, E.R. Chilvers, A. Ginawi, B.L. Hazleman, M.H. Griffiths, S. Thiru, et al.
Sarcoid-like granulomatous disease following etanercept treatment for RA.
J Rheumatol, 34 (2007), pp. 648-649
[66.]
K. Verschueren, E. Van Essche, P. Verschueren, V. Taelman, R. Westhovens.
Development of sarcoidosis in etanercepttreated rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Clin Rheumatol, 26 (2007), pp. 1969-1971
[67.]
J. Shupack, K. Siu.
Resolving granuloma annulare with etanercept.
Arch Dermatol, 142 (2006), pp. 394-395
[68.]
A. Kreuter, P. Altmeyer, T. Gambichler.
Failure of etanercept therapy in disseminated granuloma annulare.
Arch Dermatol, 142 (2006), pp. 1236-1237
[69.]
D.L. Cummins, K.M. Hiatt, D. Mimouni, C.A. Vander Kolk, B.A. Cohen, C.H. Nousari.
Generalized necrobiosis lipoidica treated with a combination of split-thickness autografting and immunomodulatory therapy.
Int J Dermatol, 43 (2004), pp. 852-854
[70.]
J.A. Zeichner, D.W. Stern, M. Lebwohl.
Treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica with the tumor necrosis factor antagonist etanercept.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. S120-S121
[71.]
F.R. Pasternack, L.P. Fox, D.E. Engler.
Silicone granulomas treated with etanercept.
Arch Dermatol, 141 (2005), pp. 13-15
[72.]
A.M. Desai, J. Browning, T. Rosen.
Etanercept therapy for silicone granuloma.
J Drugs Dermatol, 5 (2006), pp. 894-896
[73.]
M.J. Rapaport.
Silicone granulomas treated with etanercept.
Arch Dermatol, 141 (2005), pp. 1171
[74.]
J.H. Lin, M. Liebhaber, R.L. Roberts, Z. Dyer, E.R. Stiehm.
Etanercept treatment of cutaneous granulomas in common variable immunodeficiency.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 117 (2006), pp. 878-882
[75.]
M. Melikoglu, I. Fresko, C. Mat, Y. Ozyazgan, F. Gogus, S. Yurdakul, et al.
Short-term trial of etanercept in Behcet's disease: a double blind, placebo controlled study.
J Rheumatol, 32 (2005), pp. 98-105
[76.]
A. Sommer, P. Altmeyer, A. Kreuter.
A case of mucocutaneous Behcet's disease responding to etanercept.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 52 (2005), pp. 717-719
[77.]
F. Atzeni, P. Sarzi-Puttini, F. Capsoni, M. Mecchia, M.G. Marrazza, M. Carrabba.
Successful treatment of resistant Behcet's disease with etanercept.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 23 (2005), pp. 729
[78.]
C. Estrach, S. Mpofu, R.J. Moots.
Behcet's syndrome: response to infliximab after failure of etanercept.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 41 (2002), pp. 1213-1214
[79.]
J.H. Stone, M.L. Uhlfelder, D.B. Hellmann, S. Crook, N.M. Bedocs, G.S. Hoffman.
Etanercept combined with conventional treatment in Wegener's granulomatosis: a six-month openlabel trial to evaluate safety.
Arthritis Rheum, 44 (2001), pp. 1149-1154
[80.]
Wegener's granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) Research Group.
Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis.
N Engl J Med, 352 (2005), pp. 351-361
[81.]
J. Kleinert, M. Lorenz, W. Kostler, W. Horl, G. Sunder-Plassmann, A. Soleiman.
[Refractory Wegener's granulomatosis responds to tumor necrosis factor blockade].
Wien Klin Wochenschr, 116 (2004), pp. 334-338
[82.]
J. Feinstein, R. Arroyo.
Successful treatment of childhood onset refractory polyarteritis nodosa with tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade.
J Clin Rheumatol, 11 (2005), pp. 219-222
[83.]
B.T. Kovach, K.T. Calamia, J.S. Walsh, W.W. Ginsburg.
Treatment of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with etanercept.
Arch Dermatol, 140 (2004), pp. 919-921
[84.]
K. Lovelace, A. Loyd, D. Adelson, N. Crowson, J.R. Taylor, R. Cornelison.
Etanercept and the treatment of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis.
Arch Dermatol, 141 (2005), pp. 1167-1168
[85.]
C. Matejicka, G.J. Morgan, J.G. Schlegelmilch.
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis treated successfully with an anti-tumor necrosis factor agent: comment on the article by Gorman et al.
Arthritis Rheum, 48 (2003), pp. 864-866
[86.]
T.A. Chave, N.J. Mortimer, M.J. Sladden, A.P. Hall, P.E. Hutchinson.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis: current evidence, practical management and future directions.
Br J Dermatol, 153 (2005), pp. 241-253
[87.]
G. Famularo, B. Di Dona, F. Canzona, C.R. Girardelli, G. Cruciani.
Etanercept for toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Ann Pharmacother, 41 (2007), pp. 1083-1084
[88.]
E. Campione, A.M. Mazzotta, L. Bianchi, S. Chimenti.
Severe acne successfully treated with etanercept.
Acta Derm Venereol, 86 (2006), pp. 256-257
[89.]
E. Cortis, F. De Benedetti, A. Insalaco, S. Cioschi, F. Muratori, L.E. D’Urbano, et al.
Abnormal production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)—alpha and clinical efficacy of the TNF inhibitor etanercept in a patient with PAPA syndrome [corrected].
J Pediatr, 145 (2004), pp. 851-855
[90.]
C. Cusack, C. Buckley.
Etanercept: effective in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa.
Br J Dermatol, 154 (2006), pp. 726-729
[91.]
R.L. Henderson Jr.
Case reports: treatment of atypical hidradenitis suppurativa with the tumor necrosis factor receptor-Fc fusion protein etanercept.
J Drugs Dermatol, 5 (2006), pp. 1010-1011
[92.]
N.D. Robinson, J. Guitart.
Recalcitrant, recurrent aphthous stomatitis treated with etanercept.
Arch Dermatol, 139 (2003), pp. 1259-1262
[93.]
B.E. Strober, K. Siu, A.F. Alexis, G. Kim, K. Washenik, A. Sinha, et al.
Etanercept does not effectively treat moderate to severe alopecia areata: an open-label study.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 52 (2005), pp. 1082-1084
[94.]
W. Abramovits, M. Losornio.
Failure of two TNF-alpha blockers to influence the course of alopecia areata.
Skinmed, 5 (2006), pp. 177-181
[95.]
W. Posten, J. Swan.
Recurrence of alopecia areata in a patient receiving etanercept injections.
Arch Dermatol, 141 (2005), pp. 759-760
[96.]
J. Minni, R. Sarro.
A novel therapeutic approach to erythema annulare centrifugum.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. S134-S135
[97.]
M.A. Hussein, J.V. Juturi, L. Rybicki, S. Lutton, B.R. Murphy, M.A. Karam.
Etanercept therapy in patients with advanced primary amyloidosis.
Med Oncol, 20 (2003), pp. 283-290
[98.]
C. Querfeld, J. Guitart, T.M. Kuzel, S. Rosen.
Successful treatment of recalcitrant, erythroderma-associated pruritus with etanercept.
Arch Dermatol, 140 (2004), pp. 1539-1540
[99.]
A.M. Tsimberidou, F.J. Giles, M. Duvic, R. Kurzrock.
Pilot study of etanercept in patients with relapsed cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 51 (2004), pp. 200-204
[100.]
M.A. Bogle, J.M. Sobell, J.S. Dover.
Successful treatment of a widespread inflammatory verrucous epidermal nevus with etanercept.
Arch Dermatol, 142 (2006), pp. 401-402
[101.]
A.D. Wagner, J. Andresen, M.C. Jendro, J.L. Hulsemann, H. Zeidler.
Sustained response to tumor necrosis factor alpha-blocking agents in two patients with SAPHO syndrome.
Arthritis Rheum, 46 (2002), pp. 1965-1968
[102.]
C. van Noesel, F. Miedema, M. Brouwer, M.A. de Rie, L.A. Aarden, R.A. van Lier.
Regulatory properties of LFA-1 alpha and beta chains in human T-lymphocyte activation.
Nature, 333 (1988), pp. 850-852
[103.]
N.H. Shear, R.G. Langley, V. Ho.
Efalizumab, a reversible T-cell modulator for psoriasis.
J Cutan Med Surg, 9 (2006), pp. 4-9
[104.]
http://emea.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/raptiva/raptiva.htm Accessed June 30, 2007.
[105.]
R.G. Langley, W.P. Carey, E.S. Rafal, S.K. Tyring, I. Caro, X. Wang, et al.
Incidence of infection during efalizumab therapy for psoriasis: analysis of the clinical trial experience.
Clin Ther, 27 (2005), pp. 1317-1328
[106.]
B.S. Goffe.
Disseminated granuloma annulare resolved with the T-cell modulator efalizumab.
Arch Dermatol, 140 (2004), pp. 1287-1288
[107.]
A. Cheng, C. Mann.
Oral erosive lichen planus treated with efalizumab.
Arch Dermatol, 142 (2006), pp. 680-682
[108.]
M.P. Heffernan, D.I. Smith, D. Bentley, M. Tabacchi, J.E. Graves.
A single-center, open-label, prospective pilot study of subcutaneous efalizumab for oral erosive lichen planus.
J Drugs Dermatol, 6 (2007), pp. 310-314
[109.]
M. Bohm, T.A. Luger.
Lichen planus responding to efalizumab.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 56 (2007), pp. S92-S93
[110.]
J.M. Weinberg, E.C. Siegfried.
Successful treatment of severe atopic dermatitis in a child and an adult with the T-cell modulator efalizumab.
Arch Dermatol, 14 (2006), pp. 555-558
[111.]
A.S. Hassan, U. Kaelin, L.R. Braathen, N. Yawalkar.
Clinical and immunopathologic findings during treatment of recalcitrant atopic eczema with efalizumab.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 5 6 (2007), pp. 217-221
[112.]
R. Takiguchi, S. Tofte, B. Simpson, E. Harper, A. Blauvelt, J. Hanifin, et al.
Efalizumab for severe atopic dermatitis: a pilot study in adults.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 56 (2007), pp. 222-227
[113.]
A. Huber, E. Gaffal, T. Bieber, T. Tuting, J. Wenzel.
Treatment of recalcitrant dermatomyositis with efalizumab.
Acta Derm Venereol, 86 (2006), pp. 254-255
[114.]
R.L. Dedrick, P. Walicke, M. Garovoy.
Anti-adhesion antibodies efalizumab, a humanized anti-CD11a monoclonal antibody.
Transpl Immunol, 9 (2002), pp. 181-186
[115.]
A.J. McMichael.
The new biologics in psoriasis: possible treatments for alopecia areata.
J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 8 (2003), pp. 217-218
[116.]
U. Kaelin, A.S. Hassan, L.R. Braathen, N. Yawalkar.
Treatment of alopecia areata partim universalis with efalizumab.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 55 (2006), pp. 529-532
[117.]
A. Tosti, M. Pazzaglia, M. Starace, S. Bellavista, C. Vincenzi, G. Tonelli.
Alopecia areata during treatment with biologic agents.
Arch Dermatol, 142 (2006), pp. 1653-1654
[118.]
T.H. Clayton, S. Ogden, M.D. Goodfield.
Treatment of refractory subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with efalizumab.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. 892-895
[119.]
D.D. Bentley, J.E. Graves, D.I. Smith, M.P. Heffernan.
Efalizumab-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. S242-S243
[120.]
N.G.M. Usmani.
Efalizumab in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus.
Arch Dermatol, 143 (2007), pp. 873-877
[121.]
http://www.fda.gov/cder/biologics/products/alefbio013003.htm Accessed June 30, 2007.
[122.]
E. Hodak, M. David.
Alefacept: a review of the literature and practical guidelines for management.
Dermatol Ther, 17 (2004), pp. 383-392
[123.]
D.P. Fivenson, B. Mathes.
Treatment of generalized lichen planus with alefacept.
Arch Dermatol, 142 (2006), pp. 151-152
[124.]
M.P. Heffernan, M.Y. Hurley, K.S. Martin, D.I. Smith, M.J. Anadkat.
Alefacept for alopecia areata.
Arch Dermatol, 141 (2005), pp. 1513-1516
[125.]
J. García-Zuazaga, N.J. Korman.
Cutaneous sarcoidosis successfully treated with alefacept.
J Cutan Med Surg, 10 (2006), pp. 300-303
[126.]
G.C. Chi, F.S. Hsu, C.C. Yang, J.C. Wei.
Scleroderma and failed response to alefacept.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 44 (2005), pp. 1328-1330
[127.]
M.Y. Shapira, I.B. Resnick, M. Bitan, A. Ackerstein, P. Tsirigotis, B. Gesundheit, et al.
Rapid response to alefacept given to patients with steroid resistant or steroid dependent acute graft-versus-host disease: a preliminary report.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 36 (2005), pp. 1097-1101
[128.]
A.J. Grillo-López, C.A. White, C. Varns, D. Shen, A. Wei, A. McClure, et al.
Overview of the clinical development of rituximab: first monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of lymphoma.
Semin Oncol, 26 (1999), pp. 66-73
[130.]
D.G. Maloney, A.J. Grillo-López, D.J. Bodkin, C.A. White, T.M. Liles, I. Royston, et al.
IDEC-C2B8: results of a phase I multiple-dose trial in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
J Clin Oncol, 15 (1997), pp. 3266-3274
[131.]
D.G. Maloney, A.J. Grillo-López, C.A. White, D. Bodkin, R.J. Schilder, J.A. Neidhart, et al.
IDEC-C2B8 (Rituximab) anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Blood, 90 (1997), pp. 2188-2195
[132.]
J. Golay, L. Zaffaroni, T. Vaccari, M. Lazzari, G.M. Borleri, S. Bernasconi, et al.
Biologic response of B lymphoma cells to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in vitro: CD55 and CD59 regulate complement-mediated cell lysis.
Blood, 95 (2000), pp. 3900-3908
[133.]
J.M. Foran, A.Z. Rohatiner, D. Cunningham, R.A. Popescu, P. Solal-Celigny, M. Ghielmini, et al.
European phase II study of rituximab (chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) for patients with newly diagnosed mantle-cell lymphoma and previously treated mantle-cell lymphoma, immunocytoma, and small B-cell lymphocytic lymphoma.
J Clin Oncol, 18 (2000), pp. 317-324
[134.]
H. Schulz, J.F. Bohlius, S. Trelle, N. Skoetz, M. Reiser, T. Kober, et al.
Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and overall survival in patients with indolent or mantle cell lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Natl Cancer Inst, 99 (2007), pp. 706-714
[135.]
A. Mohrbacher.
B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: rituximab safety experience.
Arthritis Res Ther, 7 (2005), pp. S19-S25
[136.]
S. Pérez-Gala, Y. Delgado-Jiménez, R. Goiriz, J. Fraga, A. García-Díez, J. Fernández-Herrera.
Cytokine-release syndrome related to rituximab limited to lesions and excision scars of lesions of primary cutaneous lymphoma.
Arch Dermatol, 142 (2006), pp. 1516-1517
[137.]
L.M. Heinzerling, M. Urbanek, J.O. Funk, S. Peker, O. Bleck, K. Neuber, et al.
Reduction of tumor burden and stabilization of disease by systemic therapy with anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) in patients with primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.
Cancer, 89 (2000), pp. 1835-1844
[138.]
P. Emery, R. Fleischmann, A. Filipowicz-Sosnowska, J. Schechtman, L. Szczepanski, A. Kavanaugh, et al.
The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial.
Arthritis Rheum, 54 (2006), pp. 1390-1400
[139.]
R.J. Looney, J.H. Anolik, D. Campbell, R.E. Felgar, F. Young, L.J. Arend, et al.
B cell depletion as a novel treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase I/II dose-escalation trial of rituximab.
Arthritis Rheum, 50 (2004), pp. 2580-2589
[140.]
G. Cambridge, M.J. Leandro, M. Teodorescu, J. Manson, A. Rahman, D.A. Isenberg, et al.
B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: effect on autoantibody and antimicrobial antibody profiles.
Arthritis Rheum, 54 (2006), pp. 3612-3622
[141.]
R.J. Looney, J. Anolik, I. Sanz.
B cells as therapeutic targets for rheumatic diseases.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 16 (2004), pp. 180-185
[142.]
R.J. Looney.
B cells as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 44 (2005), pp. ii13-ii17
[143.]
R.J. Looney.
B cell-targeted therapy in diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis.
J Rheumatol Suppl, 73 (2005), pp. 25-28
[144.]
R.J. Looney, J. Anolik, I. Sanz.
Treatment of SLE with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody.
Curr Dir Autoimmun, 8 (2005), pp. 193-205
[145.]
H. Tahir, J. Rohrer, A. Bhatia, W.A. Wegener, D.A. Isenberg.
Humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody in the treatment of severe resistant systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with antibodies against rituximab.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 44 (2005), pp. 561-562
[146.]
S. Lehembre, A. Macario-Barrel, P. Musette, P. Carvalho, P. Joly.
Rituximab treatment for immune thrombocytopenia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Ann Dermatol Venereol, 133 (2006), pp. 53-55
[147.]
Y. Tanaka, K. Yamamoto, T. Takeuchi, N. Nishimoto, N. Miyasaka, T. Sumida, et al.
A multicenter phase I/II trial of rituximab for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus.
Mod Rheumatol, 17 (2007), pp. 191-197
[148.]
F. Sabugo, C. Llanos, L. Soto, J. Gutiérrez, M. Cuchacovich.
Rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: report of one case.
Rev Med Chil, 133 (2005), pp. 681-684
[149.]
K. Saito, M. Nawata, S. Iwata, M. Tokunaga, Y. Tanaka.
Extremely high titer of anti-human chimeric antibody following re-treatment with rituximab in a patient with active systemic lupus erythematosus.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 44 (2005), pp. 1462-1464
[150.]
B. Van den Bergh, D. Selleslag, J.R. Boelaert, E.G. Matthys, M. Schurgers, S. Vandecasteele, et al.
Management of therapyresistant systemic lupus erythematosus with rituximab: report of a case and review of the literature.
Acta Clin Belg, 60 (2005), pp. 102-105
[151.]
C. Kneitz, M. Wilhelm, H.P. Tony.
Effective B cell depletion with rituximab in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Immunobiology, 206 (2002), pp. 519-527
[156.]
M. Tokunaga, K. Fujii, K. Saito, S. Nakayamada, S. Tsujimura, M. Nawata, et al.
Down-regulation of CD40 and CD80 on B cells in patients with life-threatening systemic lupus erythematosus after successful treatment with rituximab.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 44 (2005), pp. 176-182
[153.]
K. Saigal, I.C. Valencia, J. Cohen, F.A. Kerdel.
Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis with angioedema, a rare presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus: rapid response to rituximab.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 49 (2003), pp. S283-S285
[154.]
S.A. Greenberg, A.A. Amato.
Uncertainties in the pathogenesis of adult dermatomyositis.
Curr Opin Neurol, 17 (2004), pp. 359-364
[155.]
T.D. Levine.
Rituximab in the treatment of dermatomyositis: an open-label pilot study.
Arthritis Rheum, 52 (2005), pp. 601-607
[156.]
L. Chung, M.C. Genovese, D.F. Fiorentino.
A pilot trial of rituximab in the treatment of patients with dermatomyositis.
Arch Dermatol, 143 (2007), pp. 763-767
[157.]
H.V. Dinh, C. McCormack, S. Hall, H.M. Prince.
Rituximab for the treatment of the skin manifestations of dermatomyositis: a report of 3 cases.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 56 (2007), pp. 148-153
[158.]
E.H. Noss, D.L. Hausner-Sypek, M.E. Weinblatt.
Rituximab as therapy for refractory polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
J Rheumatol, 33 (2006), pp. 1021-1026
[159.]
N. Chiappetta, J. Steier, B. Gruber.
Rituximab in the treatment of refractory dermatomyositis.
J Clin Rheumatol, 11 (2005), pp. 264-266
[160.]
K.A. Keogh, M.E. Wylam, J.H. Stone, U. Specks.
Induction of remission by B lymphocyte depletion in eleven patients with refractory antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.
Arthritis Rheum, 52 (2005), pp. 262-268
[161.]
R. Eriksson.
Nine patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis successfully treated with rituximab.
J Intern Med, 257 (2005), pp. 540-548
[162.]
A.J. Ferraro, C.J. Day, M.T. Drayson, C.O. Savage.
Effective therapeutic use of rituximab in refractory Wegener's granulomatosis.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 20 (2005), pp. 622-625
[163.]
U. Specks, F.C. Fervenza, T.J. McDonald, M.C. Hogan.
Response of Wegener's granulomatosis to anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody therapy.
Arthritis Rheum, 44 (2001), pp. 2836-2840
[164.]
B. Memet, A. Rudinskaya, T. Krebs, D. Oelberg.
Wegener granulomatosis with massive intracerebral hemorrhage: remission of disease in response to rituximab.
J Clin Rheumatol, 11 (2005), pp. 314-318
[165.]
C.M. Cheung, P.I. Murray, C.O. Savage.
Successful treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis associated scleritis with rituximab.
Br J Ophthalmol, 89 (2005), pp. 1542
[166.]
R. Omdal, K. Wildhagen, T. Hansen, R. Gunnarsson, G. Kristoffersen.
Anti-CD20 therapy of treatment-resistant Wegener's granulomatosis: favourable but temporary response.
Scand J Rheumatol, 34 (2005), pp. 229-232
[167.]
C. Bachmeyer, J.F. Cadranel, R. Demontis.
Rituximab is an alternative in a case of contraindication of cyclophosphamide in Wegener's granulomatosis.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 20 (2005), pp. 1274
[168.]
N. Tamura, R. Matsudaira, M. Hirashima, M. Ikeda, M. Tajima, M. Nawata, et al.
Two cases of refractory Wegener's granulomatosis successfully treated with rituximab.
Intern Med, 46 (2007), pp. 409-414
[169.]
M. Kallenbach, H. Duan, T. Ring.
Rituximab induced remission in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis.
Nephron Clin Pract, 99 (2005), pp. 92-96
[170.]
M.G. Tektonidou, F.N. Skopouli.
Sustained 3-year remission after rituximab treatment in a patient with refractory Wegener's granulomatosis.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 24 (2006), pp. S103
[171.]
R. Stasi, E. Stipa, G. Del Poeta, S. Amadori, A.C. Newland, D. Provan.
Long-term observation of patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis treated with rituximab.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 45 (2006), pp. 1432-1436
[172.]
J.C. Henes, J. Fritz, S. Koch, R. Klein, M. Horger, T. Risler, et al.
Rituximab for treatment-resistant extensive Wegener's granulomatosis-additive effects of a maintenance treatment with leflunomide.
Clin Rheumatol, 26 (2007), pp. 1711-1715
[173.]
K.A. Keogh, S.R. Ytterberg, F.C. Fervenza, K.A. Carlson, D.R. Schroeder, U. Specks.
Rituximab for refractory Wegener's granulomatosis: report of a prospective, open-label pilot trial.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 173 (2006), pp. 180-187
[174.]
P.M. Aries, B. Hellmich, J. Voswinkel, M. Both, B. Nolle, K. Holl-Ulrich, et al.
Lack of efficacy of rituximab in Wegener's granulomatosis with refractory granulomatous manifestations.
Ann Rheum Dis, 65 (2006), pp. 853-858
[175.]
P.M. Aries, P. Lamprecht, W.L. Gross.
Rituximab in refractory Wegener's granulomatosis: Favorable or not?.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 173 (2006), pp. 815-816
[176.]
B. Brihaye, A. Aouba, C. Pagnoux, P. Cohen, F. Lacassin, L. Guillevin.
Adjunction of rituximab to steroids and immunosuppressants for refractory/relapsing Wegener's granulomatosis: a study on 8 patients.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 25 (2007), pp. S23-S27
[177.]
D. Chu, M. Stevens, D.E. Gladstone.
Severe, refractory, nonmalignant type I cryoglobulinemia treated with alemtuzumab.
Rheumatol Int, 27 (2007), pp. 1173-1175
[178.]
H. Nehme-Schuster, A.S. Korganow, J.L. Pasquali, T. Martin.
Rituximab inefficiency during type I cryoglobulinaemia.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 44 (2005), pp. 410-411
[179.]
S. Mantha, M.I. Jacobs, D.G. Savage.
Unusual leukemia presentations. Case 3. Type I IgGlambda cryoglobulinemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
J Clin Oncol, 23 (2005), pp. 5841-5843
[180.]
D. Sansonno, V. De Re, G. Lauletta, F.A. Tucci, M. Boiocchi, F. Dammacco.
Monoclonal antibody treatment of mixed cryoglobulinemia resistant to interferon alpha with an anti-CD20.
Blood, 101 (2003), pp. 3818-3826
[181.]
F. Zaja, S. De Vita, C. Mazzaro, S. Sacco, D. Damiani, G. De Marchi, et al.
Efficacy and safety of rituximab in type II mixed cryoglobulinemia.
Blood, 101 (2003), pp. 3827-3834
[182.]
F. Zaja, S. De Vita, D. Russo, A. Michelutti, R. Fanin, G. Ferraccioli, et al.
Rituximab for the treatment of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia.
Arthritis Rheum, 46 (2002), pp. 2252-2254
[183.]
F. Zaja, D. Russo, G. Fuga, F. Patriarca, A. Ermacora, M. Baccarani.
Rituximab for the treatment of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia.
Haematologica, 84 (1999), pp. 1157-1158
[184.]
K. Arzoo, S. Sadeghi, H.A. Liebman.
Treatment of refractory antibody mediated autoimmune disorders with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab).
Ann Rheum Dis, 61 (2002), pp. 922-924
[185.]
F.Z. Cai, M. Ahern, M. Smith.
Treatment of cryoglobulinemia associated peripheral neuropathy with rituximab.
J Rheumatol, 33 (2006), pp. 1197-1198
[186.]
E. Ghijsels, E. Lerut, Y. Vanrenterghem, D. Kuypers.
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) treatment for hepatitis C-negative therapy-resistant essential mixed cryoglobulinemia with renal and cardiac failure.
Am J Kidney Dis, 43 (2004), pp. e34-e38
[187.]
M. Koukoulaki, S.C. Abeygunasekara, K.G. Smith, D.R. Jayne.
Remission of refractory hepatitis C-negative cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis after rituximab and infliximab.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 20 (2005), pp. 213-216
[188.]
P. Lamprecht, C. Lerin-Lozano, H. Merz, R.H. Dennin, A. Gause, J. Voswinkel, et al.
Rituximab induces remission in refractory HCV associated cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis.
Ann Rheum Dis, 62 (2003), pp. 1230-1233
[189.]
H. Cohen, S. Green, S. Jones, N. Amos, B.D. William.
Lack of efficacy of rituximab in a patient with essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 46 (2007), pp. 366-367
[190.]
T.G. Salopek, S. Logsetty, E.E. Tredget.
Anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody (rituximab) for the treatment of recalcitrant, life-threatening pemphigus vulgaris with implications in the pathogenesis of the disorder.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 47 (2002), pp. 785-788
[191.]
L. Virgolini, V. Marzocchi.
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Successful result in refractory Pemphigus vulgaris: report of a case.
Haematologica, 88 (2003), pp. 24
[192.]
H.L. Cooper, E. Healy, J.M. Theaker, P.S. Friedmann.
Treatment of resistant pemphigus vulgaris with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab).
Clin Exp Dermatol, 28 (2003), pp. 366-368
[193.]
G. Herrmann, N. Hunzelmann, A. Engert.
Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab).
Br J Dermatol, 148 (2003), pp. 602-603
[194.]
L.H. Morrison.
Therapy of refractory pemphigus vulgaris with monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab).
J Am Acad Dermatol, 51 (2004), pp. 817-819
[195.]
A. Espana, M. Fernández-Galar, P. Lloret, A. Sánchez-Ibarrola, C. Panizo.
Long-term complete remission of severe pemphigus vulgaris with monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody therapy and immunophenotype correlations.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 50 (2004), pp. 974-976
[196.]
A. Dupuy, M. Viguier, C. Bedane, F. Cordoliani, S. Blaise, F. Aucouturier, et al.
Treatment of refractory pemphigus vulgaris with rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody).
Arch Dermatol, 140 (2004), pp. 91-96
[197.]
R. Cecchi, U. Gasperini.
Severe pemphigus vulgaris treated with rituximab (Mabthera).
J Dermatol, 32 (2005), pp. 862-864
[198.]
H.H. Kong, N.S. Prose, R.E. Ware, R.P. Hall 3rd.
Successful treatment of refractory childhood pemphigus vulgaris with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab).
Pediatr Dermatol, 22 (2005), pp. 461-464
[199.]
M.J. Arin, A. Engert, T. Krieg, N. Hunzelmann.
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) in the treatment of pemphigus.
Br J Dermatol, 153 (2005), pp. 620-625
[200.]
E. Schmidt, S. Herzog, E.B. Brocker, D. Zillikens, M. Goebeler.
Long-standing remission of recalcitrant juvenile pemphigus vulgaris after adjuvant therapy with rituximab.
Br J Dermatol, 153 (2005), pp. 449-451
[201.]
J. Wenzel, R. Bauer, T. Bieber, T. Tuting.
Successful rituximab treatment of severe pemphigus vulgaris resistant to multiple immunosuppressants.
Acta Derm Venereol, 85 (2005), pp. 185-186
[202.]
A.R. Ahmed, Z. Spigelman, L.A. Cavacini, M.R. Posner.
Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with rituximab and intravenous immune globulin.
N Engl J Med, 355 (2006), pp. 1772-1779
[203.]
I. Domínguez-Fernández, S. Pérez-Gala, R. Goiriz, J. Sánchez-Pérez, J. Fernández-Herrera.
[Pemphigus vulgaris treated with rituximab].
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 97 (2006), pp. 221-222
[204.]
A. Niedermeier, P. Worl, S. Barth, G. Schuler, M. Hertl.
Delayed response of oral pemphigus vulgaris to rituximab treatment.
Eur J Dermatol, 16 (2006), pp. 266-270
[205.]
M. Esposito, E. Capriotti, A. Giunta, L. Bianchi, S. Chimenti.
Long-lasting remission of pemphigus vulgaris treated with rituximab.
Acta Derm Venereol, 86 (2006), pp. 87-89
[206.]
G. Pitarch, J.L. Sánchez-Carazo, J. Pardo, A. Torrijos, E. Roche, J.M. Fortea.
[Treatment of severe refractory pemphigus vulgaris with rituximab].
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 97 (2006), pp. 48-51
[207.]
A.S. Belgi, M. Azeez, C. Hoyle, R.E. Williams.
Response of pemphigus vulgaris to anti-CD20 antibody therapy (rituximab) may be delayed.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 31 (2006), pp. 143
[208.]
A. Antonucci, M. Negosanti, M. Tabanelli, C. Varotti.
Treatment of refractory pemphigus vulgaris with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab): Five cases.
J Dermatolog Treat, 18 (2007), pp. 178-183
[209.]
A.V. Marzano, D. Fanoni, L. Venegoni, E. Berti, R. Caputo.
Treatment of refractory pemphigus with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab).
Dermatology, 214 (2007), pp. 310-318
[210.]
M.S. Goh, C. McCormack, H.V. Dinh, B. Welsh, P. Foley, H.M. Prince.
Rituximab in the adjuvant treatment of pemphigus vulgaris: a prospective open-label pilot study in five patients.
Br J Dermatol, 156 (2007), pp. 990-996
[211.]
C. Borel, F. Launay, C. Garrouste, L. Astudillo, J. Bazex, P. Arlet, et al.
[Rituximab induced remission of pemphigus vulgaris: 2 cases].
Rev Med Interne, 28 (2007), pp. 266-268
[212.]
E. Schmidt, C.S. Seitz, S. Benoit, E.B. Brocker, M. Goebeler.
Rituximab in autoimmune bullous diseases: mixed responses and adverse effects.
Br J Dermatol, 156 (2007), pp. 352-356
[213.]
M. Heizmann, P. Itin, M. Wernli, L. Borradori, M.J. Bargetzi.
Successful treatment of paraneoplastic pemphigus in follicular NHL with rituximab: report of a case and review of treatment for paraneoplastic pemphigus in NHL and CLL.
Am J Hematol, 66 (2001), pp. 142-144
[214.]
L. Borradori, T. Lombardi, J. Samson, C. Girardet, J.H. Saurat, A. Hugli.
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) for refractory erosive stomatitis secondary to CD20(+) follicular lymphoma-associated paraneoplastic pemphigus.
Arch Dermatol, 137 (2001), pp. 269-272
[215.]
L. Gergely, L. Varoczy, G. Vadasz, E. Remenyik, A. Illes.
Successful treatment of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemiaassociated severe paraneoplastic pemphigus with cyclosporin A.
Acta Haematol, 109 (2003), pp. 202-205
[216.]
M.M. Rossum, N.T. Verhaegen, M.F. Jonkman, M.A. Mackenzie, A. Koster, P.G. Van Der Valk, et al.
Follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with refractory paraneoplastic pemphigus: case report with review of novel treatment modalities.
Leuk Lymphoma, 45 (2004), pp. 2327-2332
[217.]
O. Imataki, Y. Tamai, Y. Abe, I. Ito, S. Yoshikawa, K. Kawakami.
[A case of follicular lymphoma complicated with lethal pemphigus].
Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 33 (2006), pp. 1677-1680
[218.]
M. Barnadas, E. Roe, S. Brunet, P. García, P. Bergua, L. Pimentel, et al.
Therapy of paraneoplastic pemphigus with Rituximab: a case report and review of literature.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 20 (2006), pp. 69-74
[219.]
S.R. Hoque, M.M. Black, S. Cliff.
Paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with CD20-positive follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with rituximab: a third case resistant to rituximab therapy.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 32 (2007), pp. 172-175
[220.]
A.R. Taintor, K.M. Leiferman, T. Hashimoto, N. Ishii, J.J. Zone, C.M. Hull.
A novel case of IgA paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 56 (2007), pp. S73-S76
[221.]
M. Goebeler, S. Herzog, E.B. Brocker, D. Zillikens.
Rapid response of treatment-resistant pemphigus foliaceus to the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab.
Br J Dermatol, 149 (2003), pp. 899-901
[222.]
E.A. Connelly, C. Aber, G. Kleiner, C. Nousari, C. Charles, L.A. Schachner.
Generalized erythrodermic pemphigus foliaceus in a child and its successful response to rituximab treatment.
Pediatr Dermatol, 24 (2007), pp. 172-176
[223.]
J.L. McGinness, M.M. Bivens, K.E. Greer, J.W. Patterson, F.T. Saulsbury.
Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) associated with pemphigoid nodularis: a case report and review of the literature.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 55 (2006), pp. 143-148
[224.]
S.M. Crichlow, N.J. Mortimer, K.E. Harman.
A successful therapeutic trial of rituximab in the treatment of a patient with recalcitrant, high-titre epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
Br J Dermatol, 156 (2007), pp. 194-196
[225.]
A. Niedermeier, R. Eming, M. Pfutze, C.R. Neumann, C. Happel, K. Reich, et al.
Clinical response of severe mechanobullous epidermolysis bullosa acquisita to combined treatment with immunoadsorption and rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies).
Arch Dermatol, 143 (2007), pp. 192-198
[226.]
E. Schmidt, S. Benoit, E.B. Brocker, D. Zillikens, M. Goebeler.
Successful adjuvant treatment of recalcitrant epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with anti-CD20 antibody rituximab.
Arch Dermatol, 142 (2006), pp. 147-150
[227.]
K. Bhol, K. Natarajan, N. Nagarwalla, A. Mohimen, V. Aoki, A.R. Ahmed.
Correlation of peptide specificity and IgG subclass with pathogenic and nonpathogenic autoantibodies in pemphigus vulgaris: a model for autoimmunity.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 92 (1995), pp. 5239-5243
[228.]
M.B. Schadlow, G.J. Anhalt, A.A. Sinha.
Using rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) in a patient with paraneoplastic pemphigus.
J Drugs Dermatol, 2 (2003), pp. 564-567
[229.]
V. Ratanatharathorn, L. Ayash, C. Reynolds, S. Silver, P. Reddy, M. Becker, et al.
Treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease with anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody.
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 9 (2003), pp. 505-511
[230.]
A.M. Rouquette-Gally, D. Boyeldieu, A.C. Prost, E. Gluckman.
Autoimmunity after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. A study of 53 long-term-surviving patients.
Transplantation, 46 (1988), pp. 238-240
[231.]
E. Saito, M. Fujimoto, M. Hasegawa, K. Komura, Y. Hamaguchi, Y. Kaburagi, et al.
CD19-dependent B lymphocyte signaling thresholds influence skin fibrosis and autoimmunity in the tight-skin mouse.
J Clin Invest, 109 (2002), pp. 1453-1462
[232.]
M.R. Canninga-van Dijk, H.M. van der Straaten, R. Fijnheer, C.J. Sanders, J.G. van den Tweel, L.F. Verdonck.
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment in 6 patients with therapyrefractory chronic graft-versus-host disease.
Blood, 104 (2004), pp. 2603-2606
[233.]
M. Okamoto, A. Okano, S. Akamatsu, E. Ashihara, T. Inaba, H. Takenaka, et al.
Rituximab is effective for steroid-refractory sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease.
Leukemia, 20 (2006), pp. 172-173
[234.]
C. Cutler, D. Miklos, H.T. Kim, N. Treister, S.B. Woo, D. Bienfang, et al.
Rituximab for steroid-refractory chronic graftversus-host disease.
Blood, 108 (2006), pp. 756-762
[235.]
F. Zaja, A. Bacigalupo, F. Patriarca, M. Stanzani, M.T. Van Lint, C. Fili, et al.
Treatment of refractory chronic GVHD with Rituximab: a GITMO study.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 40 (2007), pp. 273-277
[236.]
R. Kamble, M. Oholendt, G. Carrum.
Rituximab responsive refractory acute graft-versus-host disease.
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 12 (2006), pp. 1201-1202
[237.]
V. Ratanatharathorn, E. Carson, C. Reynolds, L.J. Ayash, J. Levine, G. Yanik, et al.
Anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody treatment of refractory immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in a patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease.
Ann Intern Med, 133 (2000), pp. 275-279
[238.]
P. Szabolcs, M. Reese, K.B. Yancey, R.P. Hall, J. Kurtzberg.
Combination treatment of bullous pemphigoid with anti-CD20 and anti-CD25 antibodies in a patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 30 (2002), pp. 327-329
[239.]
A.M. Carella, S. Biasco, S. Nati, A. Congiu, E. Lerma.
Rituximab is effective for extensive steroid-refractory chronic graft-vs.-host-disease.
Leuk Lymphoma, 48 (2007), pp. 623-624
[240.]
H. Milgrom, R.B. Fick Jr., J.Q. Su, J.D. Reimann, R.K. Bush, M.L. Watrous, et al.
Treatment of allergic asthma with monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. rhuMAb-E25 Study Group.
N Engl J Med, 341 (1999), pp. 1966-1973
[241.]
http://emea.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/xolair/xolair.htm Accessed June 30, 2007.
[242.]
F. Leynadier, O. Doudou, H. Gaouar, V. Le Gros, I. Bourdeix, L. Guyomarch-Cocco, et al.
Effect of omalizumab in health care workers with occupational latex allergy.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 113 (2004), pp. 360-361
[243.]
T.B. Casale, J. Condemi, C. LaForce, A. Nayak, M. Rowe, M. Watrous, et al.
Effect of omalizumab on symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial.
Jama, 286 (2001), pp. 2956-2967
[244.]
M.A. Kaliner.
Omalizumab and the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
Curr Allergy Asthma Rep, 4 (2004), pp. 237-244
[245.]
K. Okubo, S. Ogino, T. Nagakura, T. Ishikawa.
Omalizumab is effective and safe in the treatment of Japanese cedar polleninduced seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Allergol Int, 55 (2006), pp. 379-386
[246.]
Y.M. Deniz, N. Gupta.
Safety and tolerability of omalizumab (Xolair), a recombinant humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody.
Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 29 (2005), pp. 31-48
[247.]
D.H. Dreyfus, C.C. Randolph.
Characterization of an anaphylactoid reaction to omalizumab.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 96 (2006), pp. 624-627
[248.]
B.Q. Lanier.
Unanswered questions and warnings involving anti-immunoglobulin E therapy based on 2-year observation of clinical experience.
Allergy Asthma Proc, 26 (2005), pp. 435-439
[249.]
N. Scheinfeld.
Omalizumab: a recombinant humanized monoclonal IgE-blocking antibody.
Dermatol Online J, 11 (2005), pp. 2
[250.]
M. Soler, J. Matz, R. Townley, R. Buhl, J. O’Brien, H. Fox, et al.
The anti-IgE antibody omalizumab reduces exacerbations and steroid requirement in allergic asthmatics.
Eur Respir J, 18 (2001), pp. 254-261
[251.]
http://emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/Xolair/H-606-PI-es.pdf Accessed June 30, 2007.
[252.]
J. Schmitt, K. Schakel.
Omalizumab as a therapeutic option in atopic eczema. Current evidence and potential benefit.
Hautarzt, 58 (2007), pp. 130-132
[253.]
S.G. Johansson, T. Haahtela, P.M. O’Byrne.
Omalizumab and the immune system: an overview of preclinical and clinical data.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 89 (2002), pp. 132-138
[254.]
E.L. Simpson, J.M. Hanifin.
Atopic dermatitis.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 53 (2005), pp. 115-128
[255.]
L.A. Beck, S. Saini.
Wanted: A study with omalizumab to determine the role of IgE-mediated pathways in atopic dermatitis.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 55 (2006), pp. 540-541
[256.]
R.A. Krathen, S. Hsu.
Failure of omalizumab for treatment of severe adult atopic dermatitis.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 53 (2005), pp. 338-340
[257.]
J.E. Lane, J.M. Cheyney, T.N. Lane, D.E. Kent, D.J. Cohen.
Treatment of recalcitrant atopic dermatitis with omalizumab.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. 68-72
[258.]
P.G. Vigo, K.R. Girgis, B.L. Pfuetze, M.E. Critchlow, J. Fisher, I. Hussain.
Efficacy of anti-IgE therapy in patients with atopic dermatitis.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 55 (2006), pp. 168-170
[259.]
M.C. Carter, J.A. Robyn, P.B. Bressler, J.C. Walker, G.G. Shapiro, D.D. Metcalfe.
Omalizumab for the treatment of unprovoked anaphylaxis in patients with systemic mastocytosis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 119 (2007), pp. 1550-1551
[260.]
V.S. Mankad, A.W. Burks.
Omalizumab: other indications and unanswered questions.
Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 29 (2005), pp. 17-30
[261.]
http://emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/Zenapax/H-198-PI-es.pdf Accessed June 30, 2007.
[262.]
M. Mockenhaupt, M. Grosber, J. Norganer.
Daclizumab: a novel therapeutic option in severe bullous pemphigoid.
Acta Derm Venereol, 85 (2005), pp. 65-66
[263.]
A. Renkl, M. Mockenhaupt, K. Technau, Y. Herouy, J. Norgauer.
A novel therapeutic option in pemphigus vulgaris: humanized monoclonal anti-CD25 antibody.
Br J Dermatol, 150 (2004), pp. 1220-1222
[264.]
C.A. Egan, M. Brown, J.D. White, K.B. Yancey.
Treatment of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with the humanized anti-Tac mAb daclizumab.
Clin Immunol, 101 (2001), pp. 146-151
[265.]
G.E. Osborne, A. Pagliuca, A. Ho, A.W. du Vivier.
Novel treatment of Sezary-like syndrome due to adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma with daclizumab (humanized antiinterleukin-2 receptor alpha antibody).
Br J Dermatol, 155 (2006), pp. 617-620
[266.]
J.G. Krueger, I.B. Walters, M. Miyazawa, P. Gilleaudeau, J. Hakimi, S. Light, et al.
Successful in vivo blockade of CD25 (highaffinity interleukin 2 receptor) on T cells by administration of humanized anti-Tac antibody to patients with psoriasis.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 43 (2000), pp. 448-458
[267.]
J. Wohlrab, M. Fischer, K.M. Taube, W.C. Marsch.
Treatment of recalcitrant psoriasis with daclizumab.
Br J Dermatol, 144 (2001), pp. 209-210
[268.]
S. Dichmann, U. Mrowietz, E. Schopf, J. Norgauer.
Humanized monoclonal anti-CD25 antibody as a novel therapeutic option in HIV-associated psoriatic erythroderma.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 47 (2002), pp. 635-636
[269.]
http://emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/Simulect/H-207-PI-es.pdf Accessed June 30, 2007.
[270.]
M.G. Haufs, E. Haneke.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita treated with basiliximab, an interleukin-2 receptor antibody.
Acta Derm Venereol, 81 (2001), pp. 72
[271.]
J. Bagel, W.T. Garland, D. Breneman, M. Holick, T.W. Littlejohn, D. Crosby, et al.
Administration of DAB389IL-2 to patients with recalcitrant psoriasis: a double-blind, phase II multicenter trial.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 38 (1998), pp. 938-944
[272.]
C.M. Owen, P.V. Harrison.
Successful treatment of severe psoriasis with basiliximab, an interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 25 (2000), pp. 195-197
[273.]
H.K. Bell, R.A. Parslew.
Use of basiliximab as a cyclosporinsparing agent in palmoplantar pustular psoriasis with myalgia as an adverse effect.
Br J Dermatol, 147 (2002), pp. 606-607
[274.]
U. Mrowietz, K. Zhu, E. Christophers.
Treatment of severe psoriasis with anti-CD25 monoclonal antibodies.
Arch Dermatol, 136 (2000), pp. 675-676
[275.]
A. Salim, R.M. Emerson, K.L. Dalziel.
Successful treatment of severe generalized pustular psoriasis with basiliximab (interleukin-2 receptor blocker).
Br J Dermatol, 143 (2000), pp. 1121-1122
[276.]
A. Rebora, A. Parodi, G. Murialdo.
Basiliximab is effective for erosive lichen planus.
Arch Dermatol, 138 (2002), pp. 1100-1101
[277.]
G. Guhl, A. González-de Arriba, E. Dauden.
[Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors side effects].
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 97 (2006), pp. 296-310
[278.]
http://emea.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/erbitux/erbitux.htm Accessed June 30, 2007.
[279.]
http://emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/erbitux/H-558-PI-es.pdf Accessed June 30, 2007.
[280.]
J.K. Suen, L. Bressler, S.S. Shord, M. Warso, J.L. Villano.
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma responding serially to single-agent cetuximab.
Anticancer Drugs, 18 (2007), pp. 827-829
[281.]
J.E. Bauman, K.D. Eaton, R.G. Martins.
Treatment of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with cetuximab.
Arch Dermatol, 1 (2007), pp. 889-892
[282.]
http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00240682? Accessed July 30, 2007.
[283.]
H. Ben-Bassat.
Biological activity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors: novel agents for psoriasis therapy.
Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 2 (2001), pp. 1539-1545
Copyright © 2008. Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología and Elsevier España, S.L.
