History and Humanities in Dermatology
Dermatologic Conditions of Eminent Historical Figures
Algunos personajes ilustres en la consulta de Dermatología
R.M. Díaz Díaz
, T. Sánz Sánchez, M. Martín de Santa Olalla y Llanes
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Sección de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
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Díaz Díaz, T. Sánz Sánchez, M. Martín de Santa Olalla y Llanes" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "R.M." "apellidos" => "Díaz Díaz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "rmaria.diaz@salud.madrid.org" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Sánz Sánchez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Martín de Santa Olalla y Llanes" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Algunos personajes ilustres en la consulta de Dermatología" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Objective</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our aim was to present information on skin diseases that important historical figures may have suffered, according to publications in the medical literature.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Material and Methods</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The historical figures were chosen after reviewing articles found through the PubMed search engine.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We searched for accounts of historically important persons who suffered pruriginous inflammatory skin diseases.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Results</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found articles discussing the skin conditions of 4 persons who met the selection criteria: the Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus, the French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat, the author Oscar Wilde, and Neville Chamberlain, the British prime minister.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Discussion</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Octavian, Emperor Caesar Augustus</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus was the nephew and grandson of Julius Caesar. Born in Rome in 63 BCE, he died in Naples in 14 CE. His age of 76 years at death was advanced for the time.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the historians Pliny the Younger (61–112 CE) and Gaius Suetonius (70–126 CE), the emperor suffered from a chronic pruriginous skin disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although we lack clinical images confirming his condition,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> it is thought that he would probably have met the Hanifin–Rajka diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> based on clinical details and the fact that he might also havehad asthma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have no information about therapies used to control his symptoms, but it is likely that baths were among the measures prescribed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Jean-Paul Marat</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A physician, writer, and Jacobin during the French Revolution, Marat was born in Boudry in 1743 and died in Paris in 1793.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marat had a crusting, foul-smelling, and severely pruriginous skin disease that he attempted to treat by immersing himself in long, hot baths.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact, it was while Marat was in his bath that he was murdered by Charlotte Corday (1768–1793), a member of the rival Girondin political faction during the Revolution. The place of assassination suggests that Marat’s skin disease might have played a hand in changing the course of history.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no consensus on Marat’s diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Speculations have included common contemporary diseases, such as syphilis, which did not usually cause a pruriginous rash, or scabies — for which a treatment existed, something that a physician like Marat must have known. Other less common diseases that have been proposed include atopic, seborrheic, or herpetiform dermatitis. It is plausible that Marat had dermatitis herpetiformis. Besides being a severely pruriginous condition, this disease’s blisters contain a watery fluid that forms crusts. There was no specific treatment available in Marat’s day, as sulfa drugs (sulfonamide antibacterials) were not introduced until the 1930s.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Oscar Wilde</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Born in Dublin in 1845, Oscar Wilde died of meningoencephalitis in Paris in 1900. He was a writer known for solid argumentation and the witty, biting humor of his conversation. The Victorian morality of his time could not condone his homosexuality, for which he was sent to prison.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wilde was said to break out in a severe pruriginous rash of erythematous macules on his face, shoulders and the upper third of his trunk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The rash appeared intermittently, and at first he associated it with eating mussels. However, he later ruled out that cause on finding that it disappeared after he received the blessing of Pope Leo XIII.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nater<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> claimed that Wilde, a quintessential dandy who could not abide the physical changes that came with the passage of time, dyed his hair to appear younger. The skin symptoms reported would be compatible with contact dermatitis from hair dye containing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-phenylenediamine, the agent most often responsible for sensitivity reactions in this scenario.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Arthur Neville Chamberlain</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The British prime minister Neville Chamberlain was born in 1869 and died in 1940.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On a trip to his family’s plantations in the Bahamas in 1891, Chamberlain noted in his diary that a rash had broken out on one of his legs. The future politician reported the presence of large blisters, some of which were probably hemorrhagic. Before the rash appeared, he had been sitting on the trunk of a local poisonwood tree, known by the names <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guao</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">chechen</span>.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This tree, thought to be <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Metopium toxiferum</span>, produces urushiol, a toxic substance that causes an irritative contact dermatitis—the likely final dermatologic diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Octavian, Emperor Caesar Augustus" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Jean-Paul Marat" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Oscar Wilde" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Arthur Neville Chamberlain" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 5 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Díaz Díaz RM, Sánz Sánchez T, Martín de Santa Olalla y Llanes M. Algunos personajes ilustres en la consulta de Dermatología. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2021;112:354–355.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The history of atopic dermatitis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "O.M. Kramer" 1 => "M.A. Strom" 2 => "B. Ladizinski" 3 => "P.A. 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2024 Octubre | 197 | 59 | 256 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 170 | 34 | 204 |
| 2024 Agosto | 188 | 59 | 247 |
| 2024 Julio | 151 | 36 | 187 |
| 2024 Junio | 125 | 40 | 165 |
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| 2024 Abril | 125 | 20 | 145 |
| 2024 Marzo | 107 | 34 | 141 |
| 2024 Febrero | 104 | 32 | 136 |
| 2024 Enero | 119 | 36 | 155 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 94 | 24 | 118 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 102 | 37 | 139 |
| 2023 Octubre | 81 | 28 | 109 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 80 | 33 | 113 |
| 2023 Agosto | 43 | 17 | 60 |
| 2023 Julio | 74 | 42 | 116 |
| 2023 Junio | 60 | 25 | 85 |
| 2023 Mayo | 64 | 32 | 96 |
| 2023 Abril | 56 | 33 | 89 |
| 2023 Marzo | 71 | 36 | 107 |
| 2023 Febrero | 59 | 39 | 98 |
| 2023 Enero | 51 | 35 | 86 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 39 | 46 | 85 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 45 | 32 | 77 |
| 2022 Octubre | 29 | 30 | 59 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 30 | 44 | 74 |
| 2022 Agosto | 28 | 48 | 76 |
| 2022 Julio | 26 | 45 | 71 |
| 2022 Junio | 41 | 41 | 82 |
| 2022 Mayo | 49 | 42 | 91 |
| 2022 Abril | 74 | 35 | 109 |
| 2022 Marzo | 70 | 63 | 133 |
| 2022 Febrero | 81 | 36 | 117 |
| 2022 Enero | 86 | 44 | 130 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 59 | 35 | 94 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 76 | 51 | 127 |
| 2021 Octubre | 73 | 71 | 144 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 78 | 60 | 138 |
| 2021 Agosto | 85 | 45 | 130 |
| 2021 Julio | 98 | 29 | 127 |
| 2021 Junio | 42 | 41 | 83 |
| 2021 Mayo | 38 | 49 | 87 |
| 2021 Abril | 117 | 122 | 239 |
| 2021 Marzo | 46 | 38 | 84 |
| 2021 Febrero | 25 | 13 | 38 |
| 2021 Enero | 6 | 5 | 11 |
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