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as was confirmed by RCM&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 26-year-old heterosexual man with a history of HIV infection who was receiving a highly active antiviral treatment&#44; which provided good immune control &#40;undetectable viral load&#59; 503 CD4 lymphocytes&#47;&#181;L&#41;&#46; He was seen by emergency health services for itching that had begun 4 months earlier&#46; Scabies was clinically suspected based on the predominantly nocturnal pruritus and the presence of multiple excoriated lesions on the wrists&#44; and the patient was prescribed 5&#37; permethrin cream&#44; oral antihistamines&#44; and&#44; subsequently&#44; topical corticosteroids&#46; The patient applied the scabicide on 2 occasions but the pruritus persisted and he was referred to the dermatology service&#46; Physical examination revealed multiple burrow tracks on the wrists and hands&#46; The delta wing sign was observed on dermoscopy&#46; A skin scraping was taken from 2 burrow tracks on the left hand for cytology&#46; The results were negative&#44; showing no evidence of mites&#46; Given the high clinical suspicion&#44; RCM &#40;VivaScope&#174; 3000&#41; of the burrow tracks on the right hand was performed&#44; and clearly revealed the presence of the parasite &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; scybala &#40;feces&#41;&#44; and nymphs&#46; Intestinal peristalsis of the parasite was even visible in real time&#46; The patient was prescribed daily baths with 0&#46;03&#37; potassium permanganate owing to the presence of exudative lesions&#59; ivermectin &#40;200&#8239;&#956;g&#47;kg &#91;18-mg tablet&#93; on days 0 and 10&#41;&#59; and a new course of treatment with 5&#37; permethrin cream&#46; The itching gradually decreased after the second week&#44; and complete resolution of the clinical picture was confirmed upon evaluation after 3 weeks&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis of scabies is based on clinical features and detection of the parasite&#44; its eggs&#44; or scybala on microscopic observation of skin scrapings taken from burrow tracks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However&#44; the sensitivity of the Muller test is low&#46; False negatives&#44; as in the present case&#44; are not uncommon and the procedure requires experience and time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Various molecular tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay &#40;ELISA&#41; and polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41; have been recently developed for the detection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sarcoptes scabiei</span>&#44; with good initial results&#44; although these tests are not yet commercially available&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> RCM is a novel diagnostic technique in dermatology that enables the diagnosis of tumors and inflammatory and infectious diseases with high sensitivity and specificity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It is fast&#44; painless&#44; does not require contrast agent&#44; and provides a horizontal view of the various layers of the skin with cellular resolution&#44; without damaging the tissue&#46; Disadvantages of RCM include its limited availability &#40;due to its high cost&#41;&#44; the need for specialized training to interpret the results&#44; and its limited penetration of the skin &#40;approximately 200&#8211;300&#8239;&#956;m&#44; which only allows observation to the level of the superficial dermis&#41;&#46; On RCM <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S scabiei</span> appears as an ovoid form with variable refractivity&#46; The legs and even the digestive tract can be distinguished&#46; Scybala are hyper-refractive and the eggs and mite furrow are hypo-refractive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In addition to enabling confirmation of the presence of the mite&#44; RCM can also provide information on mite viability through in vivo observation of mite mobility and digestive tract peristalsis&#44; and is thus a useful means of monitoring the therapeutic response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a> RCM studies have revealed that in Norwegian scabies the skin of the host can harbor an estimated 15&#46;8 million mites and 7&#46;2 million eggs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> RCM allows easy visualization of other parasites&#44; including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex folliculorum</span>&#44; as well as various mycoses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Videodermoscopy&#44; videomicroscopy&#44; and optical coherence tomography are other highly specific imaging techniques that have been recently used in the diagnosis of scabies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; These techniques enable rapid diagnosis without the need for tissue manipulation&#44; thereby reducing the risk of contagion of healthcare personnel&#46; Disadvantages of these approaches include their limited availability and the high cost of some of these devices&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> One exception is videomicroscopy&#44; which can be performed using non-medically-approved devices used in jewelry&#44; electronics&#44; bricolage&#44; and entomology&#44; among other fields&#46; Generally&#44; a nonpolarized light is used and the device is connected directly or wirelessly to a computer&#44; smartphone&#44; or tablet&#46; These devices are widely available for purchase online&#44; and range in price from &#36;20 to &#36;50&#46; Videomicroscopy is a cost-effective alternative and could revolutionize the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with scabies&#44; especially in developing countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In our practice we have used one of these devices &#40;which cost less than &#8364;20&#41; to identify mite furrows&#44; and can confirm that it provides excellent magnification and resolution superior to dermoscopy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A range of imaging tools that facilitate the diagnosis of scabies have recently emerged&#46; RCM is a rapid&#44; painless&#44; highly sensitive and specific additional technique that can help establish diagnosis in atypical or doubtful cases of scabies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
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          "identificador" => "sec0005"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest"
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        2 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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      ]
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as&#58; Morgado-Carrasco D&#44; Fust&#224;-Novell X&#44; Rizo D&#44; Alsina M&#46; Nuevas tecnolog&#237;as para el diagn&#243;stico de la escabiosis&#58; sarna de evoluci&#243;n t&#243;rpida con diagn&#243;stico confirmado por microscopia confocal de reflectancia&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2021&#59;112&#58;271&#8211;273&#46;</p>"
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      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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          0 => array:3 [
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          ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Confocal reflectance microscopy image from a patient with scabies &#40;field of view&#44; 500&#8239;&#215;&#8239;500&#8239;&#956;m&#41;&#46; An oval structure of variable refractivity corresponds to the body of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sarcoptes scabiei</span> &#40;asterisk&#41;&#46; The legs &#40;red arrow&#41;&#44; smaller hyper-refractive ovoid structures corresponding to feces &#40;blue arrow&#41;&#44; and poorly defined hyporefractive areas corresponding to the mite furrow &#40;green arrow&#41; can be observed&#46; No eggs or nymphs are visible in this image&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0010"
            "detalle" => "Figure "
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mite furrow&#46; The parasite is located in the bottom right corner &#40;arrow&#41; in each image&#46; A&#44; Videomicroscopy&#46; The magnification used is between 60&#215; and 100&#215;&#59; it is difficult to establish the true magnification as the device used &#40;Jiusion 40&#8211;1000&#215; microscope&#41; is not medically approved&#46; B&#44; Dermoscopy &#40;8&#215; magnification&#59; DermLite DL200&#44; 3&#8239;Gen&#41;&#46; Videomicroscopy provides greater magnification and resolution&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Micali et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> and Cinotti et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Additional Test&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Structures Detected&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Advantages&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Disadvantages&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Videomicroscopy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Non-medically-approved device connected to a computer&#44; smartphone&#44; or tabletMagnification up to 1000&#215;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mite furrow&#44; body&#44; eggs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NoninvasiveLow costVery fast &#40;5&#8211;10&#8239;s&#41;High sensitivity and specificityUseful for monitoring&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Low resolution &#40;variable depending on type of device&#41;Not medically approved&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Videodermoscopy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Magnification up to 100&#8211;150&#215;Polarized light&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mite furrow&#44; body&#44; legs&#44; eggs&#44; feces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NoninvasiveVery fast &#40;5&#8211;10&#8239;s&#41;High sensitivity and specificityUseful for monitoring&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High costLimited availability&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Optical coherence tomography&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Interferometer allows observation of vertical and superficial sections of skinPenetration &#8764;1 mmMagnification &#8764;200&#215;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mite furrow&#44; body&#44; eggs&#44; feces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NoninvasiveFast &#40;10&#8211;15&#8239;s&#41;High specificityUseful for monitoringHigh resolution &#40;lateral resolution&#44; 3&#8211;8&#8239;&#181;m&#59; axial resolution&#44; 3&#8211;5&#8239;&#956;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Very high costLimited availability&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reflectance confocal microscopy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Allows horizontal observation of skin layers Penetration &#8764;200 &#956;mMagnification 200&#8211;300&#215;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mite furrow body&#44; legs&#44; eggs&#44; fecesPeristalsis of the mite&#8217;s digestive tract &#40;video&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NoninvasiveFast &#40;10&#8211;15&#8239;s&#41;High specificityUseful for monitoringHigh resolution &#40;lateral resolution&#44; 0&#46;5&#8211;1&#8239;&#181;m&#59; axial resolution&#44; 3&#8211;5&#8239;&#181;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Very high costLimited availability&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">According to the manufacturer&#44; the maximum magnification is 1000&#215;&#44; although in our experience this is difficult to achieve in clinical practice&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">New Imaging Tests for the Diagnosis of Scabies</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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                      "titulo" => "European guideline for the management of scabies"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Development of conventional and real-time quantitative PCR assays for diagnosis and monitoring of scabies"
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Case and Research Letters
Slowly Spreading Scabies With a Diagnosis Confirmed by Confocal Reflectance Microscopy: New Technologies for Diagnosis
Nuevas tecnologías para el diagnóstico de la escabiosis: sarna de evolución tórpida con diagnóstico confirmado por microscopia confocal de reflectancia
D. Morgado-Carrasco, X. Fustà-Novell, D. Rizo, M. Alsina
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malsina@clinic.cat

Corresponding author.
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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            "nombre" => "M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Alsina"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "malsina@clinic.cat"
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          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Cl&#237;nic de Barcelona&#44; Universitat de Barcelona&#44; Barcelona&#44; Spain"
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      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Nuevas tecnolog&#237;as para el diagn&#243;stico de la escabiosis&#58; sarna de evoluci&#243;n t&#243;rpida con diagn&#243;stico confirmado por microscopia confocal de reflectancia"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mite furrow&#46; The parasite is located in the bottom right corner &#40;arrow&#41; in each image&#46; A&#44; Videomicroscopy&#46; The magnification used is between 60&#215; and 100&#215;&#59; it is difficult to establish the true magnification as the device used &#40;Jiusion 40&#8211;1000&#215; microscope&#41; is not medically approved&#46; B&#44; Dermoscopy &#40;8&#215; magnification&#59; DermLite DL200&#44; 3&#8239;Gen&#41;&#46; Videomicroscopy provides greater magnification and resolution&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Scabies is a highly prevalent parasitic disease that affects almost 200 million people and can have a serious socioeconomic impact&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Clinical diagnosis is usually straightforward&#44; but in some cases diagnostic confirmation can be difficult&#46; Dermoscopy can be helpful to identify the delta wing sign &#40;a brownish triangular structure at the end of wavy whitish lines&#41; and grooves created in the skin by the mite&#44; and to guide sample collection for cytology &#40;Muller test&#41;&#46; In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy &#40;RCM&#41; has recently been described as a useful technique for the diagnosis of scabies and various parasites&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> We describe a case of scabies that had been treated with multiple therapies but nonetheless persisted&#44; as was confirmed by RCM&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 26-year-old heterosexual man with a history of HIV infection who was receiving a highly active antiviral treatment&#44; which provided good immune control &#40;undetectable viral load&#59; 503 CD4 lymphocytes&#47;&#181;L&#41;&#46; He was seen by emergency health services for itching that had begun 4 months earlier&#46; Scabies was clinically suspected based on the predominantly nocturnal pruritus and the presence of multiple excoriated lesions on the wrists&#44; and the patient was prescribed 5&#37; permethrin cream&#44; oral antihistamines&#44; and&#44; subsequently&#44; topical corticosteroids&#46; The patient applied the scabicide on 2 occasions but the pruritus persisted and he was referred to the dermatology service&#46; Physical examination revealed multiple burrow tracks on the wrists and hands&#46; The delta wing sign was observed on dermoscopy&#46; A skin scraping was taken from 2 burrow tracks on the left hand for cytology&#46; The results were negative&#44; showing no evidence of mites&#46; Given the high clinical suspicion&#44; RCM &#40;VivaScope&#174; 3000&#41; of the burrow tracks on the right hand was performed&#44; and clearly revealed the presence of the parasite &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; scybala &#40;feces&#41;&#44; and nymphs&#46; Intestinal peristalsis of the parasite was even visible in real time&#46; The patient was prescribed daily baths with 0&#46;03&#37; potassium permanganate owing to the presence of exudative lesions&#59; ivermectin &#40;200&#8239;&#956;g&#47;kg &#91;18-mg tablet&#93; on days 0 and 10&#41;&#59; and a new course of treatment with 5&#37; permethrin cream&#46; The itching gradually decreased after the second week&#44; and complete resolution of the clinical picture was confirmed upon evaluation after 3 weeks&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis of scabies is based on clinical features and detection of the parasite&#44; its eggs&#44; or scybala on microscopic observation of skin scrapings taken from burrow tracks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However&#44; the sensitivity of the Muller test is low&#46; False negatives&#44; as in the present case&#44; are not uncommon and the procedure requires experience and time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Various molecular tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay &#40;ELISA&#41; and polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41; have been recently developed for the detection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sarcoptes scabiei</span>&#44; with good initial results&#44; although these tests are not yet commercially available&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> RCM is a novel diagnostic technique in dermatology that enables the diagnosis of tumors and inflammatory and infectious diseases with high sensitivity and specificity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It is fast&#44; painless&#44; does not require contrast agent&#44; and provides a horizontal view of the various layers of the skin with cellular resolution&#44; without damaging the tissue&#46; Disadvantages of RCM include its limited availability &#40;due to its high cost&#41;&#44; the need for specialized training to interpret the results&#44; and its limited penetration of the skin &#40;approximately 200&#8211;300&#8239;&#956;m&#44; which only allows observation to the level of the superficial dermis&#41;&#46; On RCM <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S scabiei</span> appears as an ovoid form with variable refractivity&#46; The legs and even the digestive tract can be distinguished&#46; Scybala are hyper-refractive and the eggs and mite furrow are hypo-refractive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In addition to enabling confirmation of the presence of the mite&#44; RCM can also provide information on mite viability through in vivo observation of mite mobility and digestive tract peristalsis&#44; and is thus a useful means of monitoring the therapeutic response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a> RCM studies have revealed that in Norwegian scabies the skin of the host can harbor an estimated 15&#46;8 million mites and 7&#46;2 million eggs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> RCM allows easy visualization of other parasites&#44; including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex folliculorum</span>&#44; as well as various mycoses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Videodermoscopy&#44; videomicroscopy&#44; and optical coherence tomography are other highly specific imaging techniques that have been recently used in the diagnosis of scabies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; These techniques enable rapid diagnosis without the need for tissue manipulation&#44; thereby reducing the risk of contagion of healthcare personnel&#46; Disadvantages of these approaches include their limited availability and the high cost of some of these devices&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> One exception is videomicroscopy&#44; which can be performed using non-medically-approved devices used in jewelry&#44; electronics&#44; bricolage&#44; and entomology&#44; among other fields&#46; Generally&#44; a nonpolarized light is used and the device is connected directly or wirelessly to a computer&#44; smartphone&#44; or tablet&#46; These devices are widely available for purchase online&#44; and range in price from &#36;20 to &#36;50&#46; Videomicroscopy is a cost-effective alternative and could revolutionize the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with scabies&#44; especially in developing countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In our practice we have used one of these devices &#40;which cost less than &#8364;20&#41; to identify mite furrows&#44; and can confirm that it provides excellent magnification and resolution superior to dermoscopy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A range of imaging tools that facilitate the diagnosis of scabies have recently emerged&#46; RCM is a rapid&#44; painless&#44; highly sensitive and specific additional technique that can help establish diagnosis in atypical or doubtful cases of scabies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest"
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        2 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as&#58; Morgado-Carrasco D&#44; Fust&#224;-Novell X&#44; Rizo D&#44; Alsina M&#46; Nuevas tecnolog&#237;as para el diagn&#243;stico de la escabiosis&#58; sarna de evoluci&#243;n t&#243;rpida con diagn&#243;stico confirmado por microscopia confocal de reflectancia&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2021&#59;112&#58;271&#8211;273&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Confocal reflectance microscopy image from a patient with scabies &#40;field of view&#44; 500&#8239;&#215;&#8239;500&#8239;&#956;m&#41;&#46; An oval structure of variable refractivity corresponds to the body of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sarcoptes scabiei</span> &#40;asterisk&#41;&#46; The legs &#40;red arrow&#41;&#44; smaller hyper-refractive ovoid structures corresponding to feces &#40;blue arrow&#41;&#44; and poorly defined hyporefractive areas corresponding to the mite furrow &#40;green arrow&#41; can be observed&#46; No eggs or nymphs are visible in this image&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mite furrow&#46; The parasite is located in the bottom right corner &#40;arrow&#41; in each image&#46; A&#44; Videomicroscopy&#46; The magnification used is between 60&#215; and 100&#215;&#59; it is difficult to establish the true magnification as the device used &#40;Jiusion 40&#8211;1000&#215; microscope&#41; is not medically approved&#46; B&#44; Dermoscopy &#40;8&#215; magnification&#59; DermLite DL200&#44; 3&#8239;Gen&#41;&#46; Videomicroscopy provides greater magnification and resolution&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Micali et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> and Cinotti et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Additional Test&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Structures Detected&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Advantages&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Disadvantages&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Videomicroscopy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Non-medically-approved device connected to a computer&#44; smartphone&#44; or tabletMagnification up to 1000&#215;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mite furrow&#44; body&#44; eggs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NoninvasiveLow costVery fast &#40;5&#8211;10&#8239;s&#41;High sensitivity and specificityUseful for monitoring&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Low resolution &#40;variable depending on type of device&#41;Not medically approved&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Videodermoscopy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Magnification up to 100&#8211;150&#215;Polarized light&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mite furrow&#44; body&#44; legs&#44; eggs&#44; feces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NoninvasiveVery fast &#40;5&#8211;10&#8239;s&#41;High sensitivity and specificityUseful for monitoring&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High costLimited availability&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Optical coherence tomography&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Interferometer allows observation of vertical and superficial sections of skinPenetration &#8764;1 mmMagnification &#8764;200&#215;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mite furrow&#44; body&#44; eggs&#44; feces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NoninvasiveFast &#40;10&#8211;15&#8239;s&#41;High specificityUseful for monitoringHigh resolution &#40;lateral resolution&#44; 3&#8211;8&#8239;&#181;m&#59; axial resolution&#44; 3&#8211;5&#8239;&#956;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Very high costLimited availability&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reflectance confocal microscopy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Allows horizontal observation of skin layers Penetration &#8764;200 &#956;mMagnification 200&#8211;300&#215;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mite furrow body&#44; legs&#44; eggs&#44; fecesPeristalsis of the mite&#8217;s digestive tract &#40;video&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NoninvasiveFast &#40;10&#8211;15&#8239;s&#41;High specificityUseful for monitoringHigh resolution &#40;lateral resolution&#44; 0&#46;5&#8211;1&#8239;&#181;m&#59; axial resolution&#44; 3&#8211;5&#8239;&#181;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Very high costLimited availability&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">According to the manufacturer&#44; the maximum magnification is 1000&#215;&#44; although in our experience this is difficult to achieve in clinical practice&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">New Imaging Tests for the Diagnosis of Scabies</p>"
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