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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hidradenitis Suppurativa &#40;HS&#41; is a debilitating chronic inflammatory disease of the apocrine gland-bearing skin&#44; for which effective medical treatment remains elusive&#46; Several immunological derangements are now identified in the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Adalimumab is so far the sole European Medicines Agency approved drug&#46; It shows encouraging&#44; albeit suboptimal results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> More immunosuppressants are in the pipeline&#46; Despite this shift towards anti-inflammatory therapies in HS&#44; evidence is scarce regarding the use of systemic steroids &#40;SS&#41;&#44; with only a limited number of case reports<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> and series<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> available&#46; We aimed to evaluate SS as adjuncts to other medical therapies in HS&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective cohort study was conducted&#46; The setting was an Adnexal Skin Diseases Clinic in a tertiary Dermatology department in Lisbon&#46; Data was captured by searching the electronic and written medical records of the clinic&#46; Patients were eligible if they had moderate or severe HS&#44; as defined by the International HS Severity Score &#40;IHS4&#41;&#44; treated with SS at least in one occasion&#46; Primary endpoint was a clinical response as defined by the HS Clinical Response Score &#40;HiSCR&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Changes in patient-reported outcomes &#40;Dermatology Life Quality index &#8211; DLQI and pain Numeric Rating Scale - NRS&#41; were also evaluated&#46; For statistical analysis&#44; a Wilcoxon signed-rank test at a level of significance of 0&#46;05 was used with STATA&#47;IC 15&#46;1 &#40;STATA Corp&#46;&#44; Texas&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among 121 HS patients followed at the clinic&#44; 20 &#40;16&#46;5&#37;&#41; met eligibility criteria and 16 were analysed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Four excluded due to poor compliance or lost to follow-up&#41;&#46; Most patients were women &#40;9&#47;16&#41;&#44; Caucasian &#40;15&#47;16&#41;&#44; with a mean age of 45 years &#40;18-67&#41; and a mean duration of disease of 7&#46;5 years &#40;1-31&#41;&#46; Most had severe disease &#40;10&#47;16&#59; median IHS4 of 15&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty cycles of adjunct systemic steroids were performed &#40;three patients underwent &#62;1 cycle&#41;&#46; Therapy was initiated for disease cooling &#40;11&#41;&#44; acute flares &#40;5&#41;&#44; symptomatic relief &#40;2&#41; or preoperative cooling &#40;2&#41;&#46; The median maximum prednisolone dose was 0&#46;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg &#40;0&#46;28-1&#41; and the median duration was 30 days &#40;10-90&#41;&#46; SS were mostly used in combination with doxycycline &#40;9 cycles&#41; followed by adalimumab &#40;8 cycles&#41;&#46; Most cycles &#40;14&#47;20&#44; 70&#37;&#41; met the HiSCR&#46; Those who did not&#44; were performed in patients with higher disease activity &#40;median IHS4 of 33&#46;3 in non-responders vs 10 in responders&#41;&#46; Median IHS4 reduced 40&#37; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0012&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; A significant improvement was observed in all patient-reported outcomes&#58; median pain NRS and DLQIs reduced&#44; respectively&#44; 74&#37; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0007&#41; and 19&#37; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#46; Three patients had remarkable disease worsening shortly after steroid withdrawal&#46; No treatment discontinuation or remarkable adverse events were noted&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There&#8217;s a paucity of research regarding the use of systemic steroids in HS&#44; albeit they are prescribed in more than 1&#37; of patients&#8217; visits&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> To the best of our knowledge&#44; this is the largest series to date evaluating SS as adjunct therapy in HS&#46; Our results suggest that a short-to-medium term taper can be beneficial to rapidly control the painful hyperinflammatory flares while conventional HS treatments achieve proper disease control&#46; Previously&#44; long-term low-dose SS have showed advantages&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> but the risk of cumulative steroids&#8217; detrimental effects must be considered&#46; Additionally&#44; uncontrolled inflammation is thought to increase the risk of postsurgical complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In this series&#44; 2 patients were treated preoperatively with favourable results and SS may thus be helpful to include in preoperative cooling strategies&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; moderate-to-severe HS patients are likely to benefit from addition of SS to other medical therapies for both disease control and preoperative care&#46; Due to limitations in the present study&#44; regarding its retrospective design and sample size&#44; a placebo-controlled trial is warranted to further clarify the role of SS in the anti-inflammatory strategies of HS&#46;</p></span>"
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Case and Research Letters
Systemic steroids in the management of moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa
Uso de los corticoides sistémicos en el tratamiento de la hidradenitis supurativa moderada-grave
B. Duarte
Autor para correspondencia
brunoduarte@campus.ul.pt

Corresponding author.
, N. Cunha, A. Lencastre, J. Cabete
Servico de Dermatología, Hospital de Santo António dos Capuchos, Centro Hospitalario de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hidradenitis Suppurativa &#40;HS&#41; is a debilitating chronic inflammatory disease of the apocrine gland-bearing skin&#44; for which effective medical treatment remains elusive&#46; Several immunological derangements are now identified in the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Adalimumab is so far the sole European Medicines Agency approved drug&#46; It shows encouraging&#44; albeit suboptimal results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> More immunosuppressants are in the pipeline&#46; Despite this shift towards anti-inflammatory therapies in HS&#44; evidence is scarce regarding the use of systemic steroids &#40;SS&#41;&#44; with only a limited number of case reports<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> and series<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> available&#46; We aimed to evaluate SS as adjuncts to other medical therapies in HS&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective cohort study was conducted&#46; The setting was an Adnexal Skin Diseases Clinic in a tertiary Dermatology department in Lisbon&#46; Data was captured by searching the electronic and written medical records of the clinic&#46; Patients were eligible if they had moderate or severe HS&#44; as defined by the International HS Severity Score &#40;IHS4&#41;&#44; treated with SS at least in one occasion&#46; Primary endpoint was a clinical response as defined by the HS Clinical Response Score &#40;HiSCR&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Changes in patient-reported outcomes &#40;Dermatology Life Quality index &#8211; DLQI and pain Numeric Rating Scale - NRS&#41; were also evaluated&#46; For statistical analysis&#44; a Wilcoxon signed-rank test at a level of significance of 0&#46;05 was used with STATA&#47;IC 15&#46;1 &#40;STATA Corp&#46;&#44; Texas&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among 121 HS patients followed at the clinic&#44; 20 &#40;16&#46;5&#37;&#41; met eligibility criteria and 16 were analysed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Four excluded due to poor compliance or lost to follow-up&#41;&#46; Most patients were women &#40;9&#47;16&#41;&#44; Caucasian &#40;15&#47;16&#41;&#44; with a mean age of 45 years &#40;18-67&#41; and a mean duration of disease of 7&#46;5 years &#40;1-31&#41;&#46; Most had severe disease &#40;10&#47;16&#59; median IHS4 of 15&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty cycles of adjunct systemic steroids were performed &#40;three patients underwent &#62;1 cycle&#41;&#46; Therapy was initiated for disease cooling &#40;11&#41;&#44; acute flares &#40;5&#41;&#44; symptomatic relief &#40;2&#41; or preoperative cooling &#40;2&#41;&#46; The median maximum prednisolone dose was 0&#46;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg &#40;0&#46;28-1&#41; and the median duration was 30 days &#40;10-90&#41;&#46; SS were mostly used in combination with doxycycline &#40;9 cycles&#41; followed by adalimumab &#40;8 cycles&#41;&#46; Most cycles &#40;14&#47;20&#44; 70&#37;&#41; met the HiSCR&#46; Those who did not&#44; were performed in patients with higher disease activity &#40;median IHS4 of 33&#46;3 in non-responders vs 10 in responders&#41;&#46; Median IHS4 reduced 40&#37; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0012&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; A significant improvement was observed in all patient-reported outcomes&#58; median pain NRS and DLQIs reduced&#44; respectively&#44; 74&#37; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0007&#41; and 19&#37; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#46; Three patients had remarkable disease worsening shortly after steroid withdrawal&#46; No treatment discontinuation or remarkable adverse events were noted&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There&#8217;s a paucity of research regarding the use of systemic steroids in HS&#44; albeit they are prescribed in more than 1&#37; of patients&#8217; visits&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> To the best of our knowledge&#44; this is the largest series to date evaluating SS as adjunct therapy in HS&#46; Our results suggest that a short-to-medium term taper can be beneficial to rapidly control the painful hyperinflammatory flares while conventional HS treatments achieve proper disease control&#46; Previously&#44; long-term low-dose SS have showed advantages&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> but the risk of cumulative steroids&#8217; detrimental effects must be considered&#46; Additionally&#44; uncontrolled inflammation is thought to increase the risk of postsurgical complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In this series&#44; 2 patients were treated preoperatively with favourable results and SS may thus be helpful to include in preoperative cooling strategies&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; moderate-to-severe HS patients are likely to benefit from addition of SS to other medical therapies for both disease control and preoperative care&#46; Due to limitations in the present study&#44; regarding its retrospective design and sample size&#44; a placebo-controlled trial is warranted to further clarify the role of SS in the anti-inflammatory strategies of HS&#46;</p></span>"
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