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The clinical stability of the lesions over several years and the absence of palmoplantar involvement decreased the likelihood of secondary syphilis&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results of laboratory tests revealed a normal biochemical profile and a normal complete blood count&#46; The only findings of interest were polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia with a slight increase in immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41; G and IgA&#44; and an increase in acute phase reactants &#40;erythrocyte sedimentation rate &#91;ESR&#93; and C-reactive protein &#91;CRP&#93;&#41;&#46; Autoimmunity markers were negative and no alterations in urine sediment were observed&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A punch biopsy of one of the chest lesions showed superficial and deep infiltrate with perivascular and periadnexal involvement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#44; as well as perineural involvement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; Observation at higher magnification revealed that the infiltrate consisted of plasma cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41;&#46; Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for &#954; and &#955; Ig light chains &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; with no light chain restriction&#46; Based on these observations&#44; the differential diagnosis included other entities characterized by plasma-cell-rich infiltrate including infectious diseases &#40;e&#46;g&#46; syphilis&#44; leishmania&#41;&#44; autoimmune diseases &#40;e&#46;g&#46; lupus&#41;&#44; and neoplastic diseases &#40;e&#46;g&#46; plasmacytoma&#41;&#46; Syphilis serology was negative&#46; The hematology department performed peripheral blood tests&#44; which showed no alterations in white blood cells or in the proteinogram&#46; In the absence of any clinicopathologic correlation or signs of hematological disease&#44; and given the negative syphilis serology and the presence of plasma-cell-rich infiltrate&#44; a diagnosis of cutaneous plasmacytosis was established based on the pathological findings&#46; In accordance with the recommendations of the hematology department&#44; no extension study was carried out owing to the duration of the lesions and the absence of systemic signs&#44; lymphadenopathy&#44; organomegaly&#44; or laboratory abnormalities&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous plasmacytosis is extremely rare and usually appears in middle-aged adults&#44; predominantly affecting Asian &#40;mainlyJapanese&#41; patients and rarely white patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> This disease is rarely reported in the literature&#44; and may be underdiagnosed due to differences in nomenclature&#59; it was not until 1980<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> that the term cutaneous plasmacytosis was coined&#46; Some authors prefer the term systemic cutaneous plasmacytosis&#44; as lymphadenopathy and&#47;or organomegaly have been reported in some patients&#44; and even in patients without such alterations plasmacytic infiltrate has been detected in biopsies of apparently clinically normal lymph nodes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory analyses typically reveal polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia&#44; which is usually&#44; as in the present case&#44; due to alterations in IgG and IgA&#44; as well as increased levels of acute phase reactants such as ESR and CRP&#44; with no alterations in biochemical parameters or in the complete blood count&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histology shows superficial and deep perivascular and periadnexal plasma cell infiltrate&#44; without light chain restriction &#40;i&#46;e&#46; expressing &#954; and &#955; light chains&#41;&#44; which indicates a polyclonal process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Characteristic perineural involvement has also been described in some cases&#44; including in our patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As also proposed for other hematological processes&#44; some authors have suggested a relationship between cutaneous plasmacytosis and Epstein Barr virus or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Borrelia</span> infection&#44; although this has not been demonstrated in the few series published to date&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is also some controversy as to whether this process is associated with hematologic neoplasms or other reactive plasmacytic processes&#44; such as Castleman disease&#44; although current knowledge suggests that these processes are independent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Owing to the rare nature of this condition&#44; there are neither guidelines nor consensus on the treatment of affected patients&#46; Of the several treatments tested&#44; most have been only partially effective&#44; including oral and topical corticosteroids&#44; topical calcineurin inhibitors&#44; melphalan&#44; immunoglobulins&#44; rituximab and thalidomine&#44; and phototherapy &#40;psoralen and ultraviolet &#91;UV&#93; A and narrowband UVB therapy&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; cutaneous plasmacytosis is uncommon in white individuals&#44; and usually has a chronic and benign long-term course&#46; Nonetheless&#44; follow-up of these patients is recommended owing to the scarcity of information about this pathological process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case and Research Letters
Cutaneous Plasmacytosis: A Rare Diagnosis to Bear in Mind
Plasmacitosis cutánea: una infrecuente enfermedad cutánea a tener en cuenta
P.J. Álvarez-Chinchillaa,
Autor para correspondencia
, L. Scheneller-Pavelescua, M. Niveirob, P. Devesaa
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 62-year-old man presented with asymptomatic skin lesions that were located exclusively on the thorax and had appeared more than 15 years earlier&#46; The patient had no relevant medical or surgical history and was not taking regular medication&#46; Physical examination revealed erythematous-brownish plaques without scaling or infiltration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; The palms of the hands&#44; soles of the feet&#44; and the mucous membranes were free of any lesions&#46; Darier sign was negative and neither lymphadenopathy nor organomegaly were evident on palpation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although clinically the patient&#8217;s lesions could be considered compatible with mastocytosis&#44; the duration of the lesions and the absence of Darier sign were striking&#46; The clinical stability of the lesions over several years and the absence of palmoplantar involvement decreased the likelihood of secondary syphilis&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results of laboratory tests revealed a normal biochemical profile and a normal complete blood count&#46; The only findings of interest were polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia with a slight increase in immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41; G and IgA&#44; and an increase in acute phase reactants &#40;erythrocyte sedimentation rate &#91;ESR&#93; and C-reactive protein &#91;CRP&#93;&#41;&#46; Autoimmunity markers were negative and no alterations in urine sediment were observed&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A punch biopsy of one of the chest lesions showed superficial and deep infiltrate with perivascular and periadnexal involvement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#44; as well as perineural involvement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; Observation at higher magnification revealed that the infiltrate consisted of plasma cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41;&#46; Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for &#954; and &#955; Ig light chains &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; with no light chain restriction&#46; Based on these observations&#44; the differential diagnosis included other entities characterized by plasma-cell-rich infiltrate including infectious diseases &#40;e&#46;g&#46; syphilis&#44; leishmania&#41;&#44; autoimmune diseases &#40;e&#46;g&#46; lupus&#41;&#44; and neoplastic diseases &#40;e&#46;g&#46; plasmacytoma&#41;&#46; Syphilis serology was negative&#46; The hematology department performed peripheral blood tests&#44; which showed no alterations in white blood cells or in the proteinogram&#46; In the absence of any clinicopathologic correlation or signs of hematological disease&#44; and given the negative syphilis serology and the presence of plasma-cell-rich infiltrate&#44; a diagnosis of cutaneous plasmacytosis was established based on the pathological findings&#46; In accordance with the recommendations of the hematology department&#44; no extension study was carried out owing to the duration of the lesions and the absence of systemic signs&#44; lymphadenopathy&#44; organomegaly&#44; or laboratory abnormalities&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous plasmacytosis is extremely rare and usually appears in middle-aged adults&#44; predominantly affecting Asian &#40;mainlyJapanese&#41; patients and rarely white patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> This disease is rarely reported in the literature&#44; and may be underdiagnosed due to differences in nomenclature&#59; it was not until 1980<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> that the term cutaneous plasmacytosis was coined&#46; Some authors prefer the term systemic cutaneous plasmacytosis&#44; as lymphadenopathy and&#47;or organomegaly have been reported in some patients&#44; and even in patients without such alterations plasmacytic infiltrate has been detected in biopsies of apparently clinically normal lymph nodes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory analyses typically reveal polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia&#44; which is usually&#44; as in the present case&#44; due to alterations in IgG and IgA&#44; as well as increased levels of acute phase reactants such as ESR and CRP&#44; with no alterations in biochemical parameters or in the complete blood count&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histology shows superficial and deep perivascular and periadnexal plasma cell infiltrate&#44; without light chain restriction &#40;i&#46;e&#46; expressing &#954; and &#955; light chains&#41;&#44; which indicates a polyclonal process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Characteristic perineural involvement has also been described in some cases&#44; including in our patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As also proposed for other hematological processes&#44; some authors have suggested a relationship between cutaneous plasmacytosis and Epstein Barr virus or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Borrelia</span> infection&#44; although this has not been demonstrated in the few series published to date&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is also some controversy as to whether this process is associated with hematologic neoplasms or other reactive plasmacytic processes&#44; such as Castleman disease&#44; although current knowledge suggests that these processes are independent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Owing to the rare nature of this condition&#44; there are neither guidelines nor consensus on the treatment of affected patients&#46; Of the several treatments tested&#44; most have been only partially effective&#44; including oral and topical corticosteroids&#44; topical calcineurin inhibitors&#44; melphalan&#44; immunoglobulins&#44; rituximab and thalidomine&#44; and phototherapy &#40;psoralen and ultraviolet &#91;UV&#93; A and narrowband UVB therapy&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; cutaneous plasmacytosis is uncommon in white individuals&#44; and usually has a chronic and benign long-term course&#46; Nonetheless&#44; follow-up of these patients is recommended owing to the scarcity of information about this pathological process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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