Practical Dermatology
Use of Photography in Dermatology: Ethical and Legal Implications
Implicaciones bioéticas y médico-legales del uso de la fotografía en dermatología
J. Arimany Mansoa,b,c,
, R. Taberner Ferrerd, I. Pidevalle, J.M. Mascaró Ballesterf, C. Martin-Fumadóa,c,g
Autor para correspondencia
a Servicio de Responsabilidad Profesional, Área de Praxis, Colegio de Médicos de Barcelona, Consejo de Colegios de Médicos de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
b Unidad de Medicina Legal y Forense, Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
c Cátedra de Responsabilidad Profesional Médica y Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
d Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Son Llàtzer, Palma, Islas Baleares, Spain
e Asesoría Jurídica, Colegio de Médicos de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
f Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
g Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Since then, there has been a close link between dermatology and photography.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Photography, whether for diagnostic purposes, clinical-care follow-up, or teaching and knowledge transfer, continues to play a fundamental role in the practice of dermatology today.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> Dermatological photography is an invaluable instrument and can be considered as important as other complementary tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Although there is no standardized method for obtaining and using medical photographs for dermatological purposes,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> teaching dermatology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> or publishing a scientific article in this field without the aid of clinical photographs is unimaginable.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increasing use of dermatological photography can be attributed to its high medical value and the fact that images can be obtained noninvasively with relative ease given the widespread availability of high-quality cameras (including those incorporated into smart phones).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of photography has medical-legal and bioethical implications with which we should be familiar and comply. Moreover, revision of these implications is warranted in light of recent legislative changes,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,10,11</span></a> particularly those relating to the need for prior authorization to obtain,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> display, or store<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,12</span></a> such images. The encryption or coding of photographs used in teledermatology to prevent unauthorized access<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a> and the dissemination of clinical photographs through professional forums and social networks<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> are two areas that merit particular attention.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To address the implications of the use of photography in dermatology, taking into account the patient’s perspective, it is useful to have a knowledge of patients’ attitudes towards medical photography. A recent Spanish study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> reported very positive attitudes among patients (94.8%) regarding the use of medical photography in general, and specifically for diagnosis (86.6%), treatment follow-up (88.1%), and consultations between medical professionals (86.6%). The findings indicate that patients generally have a positive attitude to being photographed for medical purposes, provided that the photographer is the attending physician (as also reported in an international study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>) and the lesions are malignant and located in unidentifiable areas. Despite an overall positive attitude, patients expressed some reluctance to consent to certain types of photography, such as that of the face or genital area (78.4% and 70.3%, respectively). Finally, some patients, while recognizing the diagnostic value of photographs, expressed reluctance to consent for religious reasons, in line with the findings of the aforementioned international study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this article we discuss the main bioethical and medical-legal implications of the use of photography in dermatology, and provide a series of corresponding best-practice recommendations.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Bioethical Implications of Medical Photography</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The medical use of photography, regardless of its purpose, should always take into account the ethical principles that apply to all fields of medicine. These principles are based on the guidelines for the protection of human subjects in research, as described in the 1979 Belmont report,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> itself a reaction of medical professionals to the Tuskegee study (1932–1972, Alabama, USA) of the natural progression of untreated syphilis, and on the Oviedo Convention,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> signed in Spain in 1997, for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being With Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore, all medical actions should be conducted in accordance with the 4 principles of Beauchamp and Childress<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. The principle of autonomy refers to the individual capacity of all individuals to freely deliberate and decide (i.e. to make decisions about themselves relating to matters that concern them). Informed consent is the quintessential expression of the principle of autonomy. The principle of beneficence refers to the moral obligation to act for the benefit of others, promoting their well-being and legitimate interests. It is assumed that health professionals, thanks to their training, know what is most appropriate for their patients. The third principle, that of nonmaleficence (also known as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">primum non nocere</span>), refers to the obligation not to harm or endanger the patient, and to prevent potential harm. Finally, the principle of justice refers to the obligation to treat each individual equally, and forms the basis of a key element of health policy, namely the equitable sharing of healthcare resources.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the context of medical photography, understanding that a patient attending a healthcare center establishes a quid pro quo relationship whereby they must share information in exchange for adequate care,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> the principles relating to confidentiality (i.e. autonomy and nonmaleficence) are of particular importance.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For these and other purposes, medical organizations have drawn up deontological codes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22,23</span></a> to which all physicians must adhere when conducting professional practice.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Legal Implications of Medical Photography</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarizes the multiple legal and regulatory provisions, of varying hierarchies, of the European and Spanish legal systems that are applicable to medical photography.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two distinct legal forms of legal protection apply to the field of medical photography: protection of the fundamental right to self-image; and protection of personal data. The former is regulated by Organic Law 1/1982, of May 5, on Civil Protection of the Right to Honor, Personal and Family Privacy, and Self-Image.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Spanish laws regulating personal data protection have undergone several recent legislative modifications relating to the acquisition and display of medical photographs. In our opinion, these changes significantly condition the manner in which medical professionals carry out these activities.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aforementioned modifications are a consequence of approval of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union (EU 2016/679),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> of April 27, 2016, on the Protection of Natural Persons With Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, a mandatory regulation applicable since May 25, 2018; and its adaptation to Spanish legislation by the repeal of Law 15/1999, of December 13, on the Protection of Personal Data and immediate replacement with Organic Law 3/2018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>, of December 5, on Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of particular relevance to the present article are the provisions outlined in recital 26 of European Regulation (EU) 2016/679,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> which states the following: “The principles of data protection should apply to any information concerning an identified or identifiable natural person. Personal data which have undergone pseudonymisation, which could be attributed to a natural person by the use of additional information should be considered to be information on an identifiable natural person. To determine whether a natural person is identifiable, account should be taken of all the means reasonably likely to be used, such as singling out, either by the controller or by another person to identify the natural person directly or indirectly. To ascertain whether means are reasonably likely to be used to identify the natural person, account should be taken of all objective factors, such as the costs of and the amount of time required for identification, taking into consideration the available technology at the time of the processing and technological developments. The principles of data protection should therefore not apply to anonymous information, namely information which does not relate to an identified or identifiable natural person or to personal data rendered anonymous in such a manner that the data subject is not or no longer identifiable. This Regulation does not therefore concern the processing of such anonymous information, including for statistical or research purposes.”</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Any analysis of the use of photography in dermatology should consider 2 key scenarios: first, the taking of photographs and their inclusion in the patient’s medical history; and second, the potential use of photographs for educational purposes or in scientific publications.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are few legal doubts regarding the use of photographs for medical purposes, provided that the photographs are taken for inclusion in the patient’s medical history. Such photographs are subject to the same criteria and formalities as any other component of the medical history (e.g. additional tests). Moreover, the legal requirements governing the storage and maintenance of such images do not differ to those applied to the other documents that comprise the medical history.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although not legally necessary, in order to ensure complete medical transparency, which undoubtedly benefits the doctor-patient relationship, patients of whom images are acquired can be informed about data protection and the inclusion of photographs in their medical history. To this end, it is recommended to use an information and consent document on the collection and use of personal data that expressly states the following: “data collection includes photography for the purposes of diagnosis or follow-up care”. Any photograph that is combined with additional medical documentation becomes subject to personal data protection legislation; although the photograph may not necessarily identify the patient, it is linked to a series of documents that make the patient identifiable.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of photographs obtained by a dermatologist during the course of their professional activity and subsequently exhibited for teaching purposes or in a scientific publication, 2 specific scenarios should be considered: that in which the patient cannot be identified based on either the photograph or the information accompanying it; and that in which the patient can be identified.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It should be noted that no authorization is required to exhibit for educational purposes or for scientific publication photographs that correspond to the first of these 2 scenarios.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, in cases in which the patient can be identified, even if only from additional information accompanying the photograph, exhibition of the photograph requires the patient’s express authorization, which should be specific to the photograph in question and its intended use (e.g. undergraduate or continuing education, scientific publication).</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, as a consequence of recent legislative changes, the GDPR of EU 2016/679<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> does not apply to the display of photographs that do not enable patient identification. Conversely, authorization is always required for the exhibition of images that enable identification of the patient (i.e. photographs of the face<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> or any other body area or circumstance that entails a non-negligible possibility of identifying the patient). In cases in which the dermatologist is unsure as to whether the photograph could identify the patient, given the relatively lax definition of this concept in the legislation it is recommended to obtain authorization to exhibit the photograph.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The medical history, informed consent, and medical confidentiality are, in our view, 3 key contexts in which the legal implications of medical photography merit special consideration.</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Clinical Photography and the Medical History</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the definition of the medical history and its contents, as stipulated in articles 14 and 15 of Basic Law 41/2002 on the Autonomy of the Patient and the Rights and Obligations with Regard to Clinical Information and Documentation (hereafter referred to as the Patient’s Rights Law [PRL]),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> photographs taken for the purposes of diagnosis and clinical follow-up form part of the documents that comprise the medical history. The international scientific literature similarly considers that these images are part of the medical history and therefore should be treated as such.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Confidentiality is a key aspect in the doctor-patient relationship and the medical history is a fundamental element of that relationship. In view of the sensitive nature of the information it contains, the medical history therefore requires maximum protection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the special treatment afforded to medical photographs that form an integral part of the patient’s medical history, article 17 of the PRL on the preservation of clinical documentation requires that health institutions provide the technology necessary to preserve these images (and to recover them when necessary) in a secure manner compliant with current legislation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Moreover, these institutions must ensure control of access to images and continuous traceability of images in digital storage systems, including information on each instance in which a specific medical image is accessed and by whom.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> On the other hand, healthcare professionals who carry out their activity individually are responsible for the management and custody of the healthcare documentation they generate. In our opinion, in both scenarios there is a certain degree of risk associated with the storage and custody of clinical photographs on devices (e.g. smart phones, personal computers, or external hard drives) that belong to healthcare professionals<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and do not comply with security requirements, and to which third parties could eventually gain access (e.g. in case of loss or fraudulent access). There are several alternatives for storing medical photographs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> that ensure compliance with current Spanish and European personal data protection regulations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,25</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, it should be noted that compliance with legislation on data protection and the storage of photographs, in accordance with article 34 and subsequent articles of Organic Law 3/2018 of December 5 on Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> requires the appointment of a data protection delegate in certain cases (e.g. as indicated in section l of article 34, in “health centers legally bound to maintain patients’ medical histories”). An exception to this requirement applies to professionals who performs their activity “as an individual”, a definition that could be applied to a single doctor with a small support structure. However, it will be important to stay abreast of any future interpretation made by the Spanish Agency for Data Protection of the term “as an individual”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Medical Confidentiality</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is not lawful under any circumstances to display photographs of identifiable patients without their express authorization. The legal consequences articulated in Organic Law 1/1982, of May 5, on Civil Protection of the Right to Honor, Personal and Family Privacy, and Self-Image<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> include immediate cessation of dissemination of the image and compensation of the aggrieved party. Furthermore, according to article 9.3, in the case of unlawful interference damage is always assumed, entailing compensation of the aggrieved party. There are examples of dermatologists who have been convicted for the scientific publication of photographs of patients who had consented to photography for healthcare purposes but not for scientific publication.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sanction stipulated in article 197.7 of the current penal code provides for more severe penalties in cases in which the author of the photograph is a doctor. Patient privacy is the purview of the Spanish Agency for Data Protection.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover, recital 35 of EU regulation 2016/679<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> states that “personal data concerning health should include all data pertaining to the health status of a data subject which reveal information relating to the past, current or future physical or mental health status of the data subject”. EU Directive 2011/24 on cross-border healthcare provides greater detail on the characteristics of these data, which include “any number, symbol or particular assigned to a natural person to uniquely identify the natural person for health purposes”. Thus, a photograph or video of an identifiable patient could be classified as healthcare-related data.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, an exception to medical confidentiality is provided for in cases in which medical data are provided pursuant to a legal request. Currently, medical photographs can be used as evidence in legal proceedings involving professional liability, whether in the context of dermatology, which is a low-claim risk specialty,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> or other medical specialties. Because available technology allows manipulation of digital photography with relative ease, the legal use of any images should always be preceded by an authentication process, as well as verification of image traceability and access and of the corresponding digital storage conditions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The successful use of digital images as legal evidence in a court of law depends on their reliability, reproducibility, security, and usefulness in the context of the litigation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The fact that medical photography forms part of the medical history and, consequently, is subject to regulations dictating its management and custody, ensures its potential use in legal proceedings. However, storage of images outside of the context of the medical history hinders their unimpeded use for legal purposes.</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Smart Phones, Social Networks, Professional Forums, and Medical Photography</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a survey of dermatologists,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> 100% of respondents said that they used their mobile phones to photograph patients; 85% stored about 100 images of patients on their mobile phone; and 62% stored more than 200. Of the dermatologists surveyed 62% said they also used a digital camera in their consultations. Clinical photography has become an integral part of clinical practice, especially in the more “visual” specialties,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> such as dermatology, maxillofacial surgery, traumatology, and plastic surgery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Today’s social networks have brought about a high degree of connectivity between individuals, great ease of access to and management of the information generated, and a level of immediacy whereby even applications such as WhatsApp are used to respond to medical consultations. In this context it is important that health professionals who actively use these networks have access to basic advice on the applicable legal and deontological framework.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,23</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is particularly important in the context of the sharing of patient photographs via social networks. It is crucial to bear in mind the limits of communication once information leaves the strict confines of the doctor-patient relationship, or the inter-professional relationship, and enters a more public dimension via social networks or media that allow widespread dissemination of information. From the outset, it should be noted that uploading, exhibition, or sharing of a photograph depicting the image of a person requires the express and unequivocal consent of the individual photographed.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In all these cases, the doctor should remember that they remain a medical professional, and therefore are obliged to observe and comply with deontological standards. Moreover, their actions can have civil, labor, or even criminal consequences.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The Spanish Medical Colleges Organization has published a style manual for doctors and medical students on the appropriate use of social networks<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> and the Council of Medical Colleges of Catalonia has drawn up recommendations specific to this issue (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusions and Recommendations</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of photography for diagnostic, clinical-care, educational, or knowledge transfer purposes is an essential element of current dermatology practice. However, based on an analysis of the regulatory framework, to which recent changes have been made, and of the bioethical issues associated with medical photography, it is advisable to follow a series of basic standards, detailed below, to ensure compliance with the regulatory legal framework and associated ethical obligations.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An understanding of the right to privacy of the patient, as the owner of their self-image (i.e. the principle of autonomy) is the key to correct use of clinical images in dermatology. This in turn will ensure that patients accept medical photography as an integral part of their ethical care and trust that such images will be used appropriately.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of photography in dermatology requires an open, empathetic doctor-patient relationship that takes into account the patient’s concerns about photography.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> The dermatologist must inform the patient of the purpose for which any clinical image is obtained. In some cases it may be advisable to show the photograph to the patient to ensure that they understand its medical relevance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent modifications to personal data protection legislation mean that the use of dermatological photographs for any purpose is subject to distinct legal provisions depending on whether or not the patient is directly or indirectly identifiable. In cases in which the image does not allow identification of the patient, data protection requirements do not stipulate the need for authorization. However, to provide the dermatologist with a greater degree of legal security it is advisable to inform the patient in question when taking photographs.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the event that the image may be subsequently exhibited and reveal the patient’s identity it is necessary to obtain authorization that specifically states the purpose of the exhibition, whether for educational use or for scientific publication.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because legislation is updated periodically and image-acquisition technology evolves continuously, information relating to the use and acquisition of medical photographs should be periodically re-evaluated to ensure compliance with the obligation to adequately inform patients.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical images should be managed in the same manner as any other document generated during the care process and should be included in the patient’s medical history. The medical history is an instrument designed primarily to ensure adequate patient care. Access to the medical history should be restricted to the physicians participating in the care process and access for judicial, epidemiological, public health, research, or teaching purposes should occur in accordance with the provisions of the PRL and current legislation on personal data protection.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The archiving, conservation, maintenance, and access security of medical photographs are the responsibility of the healthcare center in which they are acquired. Healthcare professionals who perform their activity outside a healthcare center are responsible for the management and custody of the documentation they generate. Dermatologists could consider producing a consensus document on the appropriate use and storage of digital photography in dermatology practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In accordance with Law 3/2018,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> health centers are obliged to appoint a data protection delegate. This obligation does not apply to professionals who carry out their activity as individuals.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although some authors lower their guard when responsibly sharing via social networks photographs that do not allow patient identification,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> because of potential liability issues prudence is recommended when sharing medical images<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> via social networks within professional groups accustomed to a high level of responsibility.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">10</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatology residency training programs should directly address the ethical and medical legal aspects of the use of photography.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1326270" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1222577" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1326269" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1222576" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Bioethical Implications of Medical Photography" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Legal Implications of Medical Photography" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Clinical Photography and the Medical History" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Medical Confidentiality" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Smart Phones, Social Networks, Professional Forums, and Medical Photography" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conclusions and Recommendations" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack457705" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-03-20" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-04-26" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1222577" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Clinical photography" 1 => "Dermatology" 2 => "Medical-legal issues" 3 => "Ethics and photography" 4 => "Mobile smartphones" 5 => "Malpractice" 6 => "Ethical issues" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1222576" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Fotografía clínica" 1 => "Dermatología" 2 => "Cuestiones médico-legales" 3 => "ética y fotografía" 4 => "Teléfonos móviles inteligentes" 5 => "Mala praxis" 6 => "Aspectos éticos" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Photographs are necessary in the clinical practice of dermatology, but there are ethical implications to consider. Moreover, dermatologists must be aware of and comply with certain legal requirements affecting the use of photographs. The main ethical principles are respect for patient autonomy and the physician’s obligation to do no harm. The law differentiates between 2 bases for protection: one concerns the photographed person’s rights over the image and the other protects personal data. Recent legislation places restrictions on taking photographs and exhibiting them. Photographs taken to be stored with a medical history have not been called into question, but the physician is recommended to inform the patient that they exist. When a photograph is exhibited for the purpose of teaching or illustrating concepts, it is necessary to determine whether or not the patient can be identified. If the answer is yes, the patient must give explicit permission. Caution should be exercised when publishing medical photographs on social media.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El uso de la fotografía, necesario en el ejercicio de la dermatología, conlleva unas implicaciones médico-legales y bioéticas que deben conocerse y cumplirse. Éticamente destacan los principios de autonomía y de no maleficencia. Jurídicamente deben diferenciarse dos sustratos distintos de protección: el derecho a la propia imagen y la protección de los datos de carácter personal, donde ha habido recientemente modificaciones legislativas que condicionan la actuación ante la obtención y exhibición de fotografías. En la obtención no se plantean dudas jurídicas dado que la fotografía es un elemento más en la historia clínica del paciente, recomendándose únicamente informar al respecto. Para la exhibición docente o científica de fotografías debe distinguirse si la fotografía permite o no identificar al paciente. Solo si el paciente puede ser identificado es necesario disponer de una autorización expresa y específica para dicha exhibición. Se recomienda un uso prudente de la fotografía médica en redes sociales.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Arimany Manso J, Taberner Ferrer R, Pidevall I, Mascaró Ballester JM, Martin-Fumadó C. Implicaciones bioéticas y médico-legales del uso de la fotografía en dermatología. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2020;111:107–114.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Source \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relevant Provision \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Spanish constitution \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Article 18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Spanish Law 14/1986, General Health \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Article 10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Protection of Natural Persons With Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Article 51: Supervisory authority (recitals 25 and 26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Spanish Organic Law 1/1982 on Civil Protection of the Right to Honor, Personal and Family Privacy and Self-Image<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Articles 2 and 9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Spanish Organic Law 3/2018, of December 5 on Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Articles 7 and 34–37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="8" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Spanish Law 41/2002 on the Autonomy of the Patient and the Rights and Obligations With Regard to Clinical Information and Documentation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">For informed consent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Article 5: Holder of right to healthcare information</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Article 8: Informed consent</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Article 9: Limits of informed consent and consent to representation</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">For medical history \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Article 4: Definition and archiving of medical history</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Article 15: Content of each patient’s medical history</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Article 17: Conservation of clinical documentation</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Spanish Penal Code \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Articles 197.7, 198, and 199 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Spanish Foral Law 17/2010, which develops article 31 on confidentiality of information and article 32 on the right to limit the recording and dissemination of graphical records \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Title III, chapters I and II (articles 31–35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2273237.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Basic Legal Framework Applying to Medical Photography.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adapted from Terés et al., 2018.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recommendation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ethics and deontology: in the digital environment, ethical and deontological standards must also be met \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clarity and rigor: information shared via social networks must be clear, true, understandable, and of high quality \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Confidentiality: texts and images should be shared ensuring that patient privacy and confidentiality are protected \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Discretion: no patient should be identified, even if they have given authorization \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Informative use: social networks are an ideal way to disseminate information, but not to provide personalized advice \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Professional prestige: medical professionals should collaborate to ensure that the prestige of their profession on social networks is maintained \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Scope and impact: before expressing an opinion about a health institution, it should be considered whether doing so may harm colleagues or patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mutual respect: professional discrepancies are better resolved in private. Interactions on social networks should be carried out with respect and cordiality \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Common sense: prudence and common sense should be used when publishing content in professional circles \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Responsibility: from the point of view of both patients and society at large, a doctor never ceases to be a doctor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2273236.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Practical Recommendations on the use of Medical Data and the Exercise of Freedom of Expression in Social Networks.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:38 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Los tres grandes. 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Allen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5858/arpa.2018-0313-SA" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Pathol Lab Med" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "143" "paginaInicial" => "75" "paginaFinal" => "80" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30132683" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack457705" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thanks to Mr. Umbert Saigí and Mrs. Laura Aragonés, of the Professional Responsibility Service of the Official Medical College of Barcelona, for their revision of legal terminology.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/15782190/0000011100000002/v1_202004140647/S1578219020300226/v1_202004140647/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "6151" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Practical Dermatology" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15782190/0000011100000002/v1_202004140647/S1578219020300226/v1_202004140647/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000044&text.app=https://actasdermo.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219020300226?idApp=UINPBA000044" ]
| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 12 | 9 | 21 |
| 2024 Octubre | 102 | 56 | 158 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 115 | 62 | 177 |
| 2024 Agosto | 103 | 63 | 166 |
| 2024 Julio | 68 | 42 | 110 |
| 2024 Junio | 94 | 54 | 148 |
| 2024 Mayo | 77 | 41 | 118 |
| 2024 Abril | 85 | 37 | 122 |
| 2024 Marzo | 78 | 41 | 119 |
| 2024 Febrero | 85 | 39 | 124 |
| 2024 Enero | 93 | 42 | 135 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 74 | 18 | 92 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 89 | 25 | 114 |
| 2023 Octubre | 70 | 42 | 112 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 64 | 32 | 96 |
| 2023 Agosto | 44 | 30 | 74 |
| 2023 Julio | 58 | 41 | 99 |
| 2023 Junio | 58 | 36 | 94 |
| 2023 Mayo | 58 | 49 | 107 |
| 2023 Abril | 41 | 22 | 63 |
| 2023 Marzo | 106 | 34 | 140 |
| 2023 Febrero | 78 | 28 | 106 |
| 2023 Enero | 41 | 38 | 79 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 86 | 49 | 135 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 56 | 39 | 95 |
| 2022 Octubre | 63 | 35 | 98 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 84 | 57 | 141 |
| 2022 Agosto | 72 | 58 | 130 |
| 2022 Julio | 60 | 49 | 109 |
| 2022 Junio | 38 | 50 | 88 |
| 2022 Mayo | 74 | 52 | 126 |
| 2022 Abril | 134 | 27 | 161 |
| 2022 Marzo | 149 | 67 | 216 |
| 2022 Febrero | 147 | 47 | 194 |
| 2022 Enero | 135 | 58 | 193 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 78 | 43 | 121 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 91 | 42 | 133 |
| 2021 Octubre | 69 | 46 | 115 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 44 | 36 | 80 |
| 2021 Agosto | 44 | 41 | 85 |
| 2021 Julio | 52 | 23 | 75 |
| 2021 Junio | 65 | 33 | 98 |
| 2021 Mayo | 52 | 51 | 103 |
| 2021 Abril | 95 | 107 | 202 |
| 2021 Marzo | 78 | 59 | 137 |
| 2021 Febrero | 88 | 45 | 133 |
| 2021 Enero | 49 | 26 | 75 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 52 | 24 | 76 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 42 | 20 | 62 |
| 2020 Octubre | 64 | 15 | 79 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 46 | 25 | 71 |
| 2020 Agosto | 44 | 25 | 69 |
| 2020 Julio | 33 | 14 | 47 |
| 2020 Junio | 32 | 24 | 56 |
| 2020 Mayo | 46 | 26 | 72 |
| 2020 Abril | 73 | 25 | 98 |
| 2020 Marzo | 20 | 17 | 37 |
| 2020 Febrero | 3 | 2 | 5 |
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