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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ingrown nails or onychocryptosis is an inflammatory disease that&#44; according to classic literature&#44; is caused by compression of the nail against the lateral and distal periungual edges&#46; It is a very common process that most frequently affects the big toe and is seen especially in young or adolescent patients with inappropriate footwear or mis-trimming of the nail&#46; Usual treatment in persistent cases normally involves surgery&#44; with different options involving the nail and nail matrix &#40;matricectomy and partial nail avulsion&#41; or removal of the edematous&#44; granulomatous&#44; or hypertrophic periungual tissue&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report 5 cases of ingrown nails treated with intralesional injection of corticosteroids as adjuvant or reducing treatment prior to surgical intervention&#46; We initially staged the severity of the condition using the Heifetz scale&#46; In all cases&#44; intralesional injections of 0&#46;5-1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of a 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;mL commercial solution of triamcinolone acetonide&#44; diluted at a ratio of 1&#58;5 in an anesthetic solution of mepivacaine 2&#37;&#44; were administered along the inflamed edge of the fold&#46; Five patients &#40;2 male and 3 female&#41; aged between 10 and 60 years were treated&#46; Three cases were moderate &#40;stage <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#41; and 2 were severe &#40;stage <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>&#41;&#46; In 4 of these patients&#44; a single injection was sufficient to resolve the problem and avoid surgical intervention&#59; in another patient&#44; in light of the success of the previous cases&#44; we decided to repeat the injection twice&#44; with an interval of 3 weeks&#44; and surgical intervention was also avoided &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; All the patients responded satisfactorily with disappearance of inflammation and substantial improvement of pain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; The patients were advised to make major changes in the use of footwear&#44; including adapting it as much as possible to suit their feet&#44; avoiding or limiting the use of excessively high heels&#44; wearing open footwear in summer and switching from the use of boots or shoes outdoors to slippers in the home&#46; No relapse was observed during follow-up of the patients &#40;between 6 months and 3 years&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To date&#44; ingrown nails have been treated almost exclusively with surgery&#44; removing the nail segment embedded in the laterodistal nail bed and&#47;or reducing the hypertrophic tissue to widen the nail bed and allow the nail to grow without embedding&#46; Although local treatments and conservative techniques &#40;such as external nail splints&#44; use of dental floss&#44; cotton&#44; or surgical tape to separate the nail from the nail bed&#41; may alleviate or temporarily resolve the discomfort and complications caused by ingrown nails&#44; in most cases&#44; patients eventually undergo surgery&#44; even in mild cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Some authors propose chemical matricectomy with phenol as the treatment of choice in initial stages &#40;stages <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#41;&#59; relapse after this treatment ranges between 8&#37; and 17&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Other surgical techniques aim to minimize surgical aggression&#46; These include placing a splint between the nail bed and the nail so that the nail grows over the fold without re-embedding &#40;tube technique&#41; or eliminating the hypertrophic tissue and suturing under the nail &#40;knot technique&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> In more severe stages&#44; in which the nail is almost completely embedded under the nail fold&#44; surgery tends to be more complex and requires resection of more hypertrophic tissue &#40;Winograd&#44; Dubois&#44; or super U technique&#41;&#44; which leads to greater postoperative morbidity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In all these cases&#44; the morbidity due to nail surgery&#44; such as pain&#44; bleeding&#44; and infection&#44; may be significant&#44; as are the limitations in some types of patient with circulatory problems&#44; such as diabetic patients or smokers&#44; owing to potential ischemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most cases of ingrown nails reveal clear use of inappropriate footwear &#40;both in length and&#44; especially&#44; in width&#41;&#46; The condition more often affects overweight patients&#44; patients with poor foot care&#44; and adolescents who excessively use closed footwear on rapidly growing feet&#46; The resulting compression in all these cases causes inflammation of the periungual fold&#44; which is pushed against the edge of the nail&#44; initiating a vicious circle of inflammation-edema-embedding and more inflammation&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intralesional corticosteroids are widely used in different skin diseases and dermatologists are familiar with their use in other indications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> As has been seen in the patients reported here&#44; treating ingrown nails with injections of depot corticosteroids along the involved nail fold is a simple&#44; conservative option that can be applied in the consulting rooms and that makes it possible to avoid much probably unnecessary surgery and frequent relapse of a dermatologic problem with associated morbidity&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case and Research Letters
Nonsurgical Treatment of Ingrown Nails With Local Triamcinolone Injections
Tratamiento no quirúrgico de las uñas encarnadas con infiltración local de triamcinolona
F. Vílchez-Márqueza,
Autor para correspondencia
fvilchezm@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, E. Morales-Lariosa, E. del Río de la Torreb
a Servicio de Dermatología. Hospital de Guadix, Granada, Spain
b Clínica Dermalar, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ingrown nails or onychocryptosis is an inflammatory disease that&#44; according to classic literature&#44; is caused by compression of the nail against the lateral and distal periungual edges&#46; It is a very common process that most frequently affects the big toe and is seen especially in young or adolescent patients with inappropriate footwear or mis-trimming of the nail&#46; Usual treatment in persistent cases normally involves surgery&#44; with different options involving the nail and nail matrix &#40;matricectomy and partial nail avulsion&#41; or removal of the edematous&#44; granulomatous&#44; or hypertrophic periungual tissue&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report 5 cases of ingrown nails treated with intralesional injection of corticosteroids as adjuvant or reducing treatment prior to surgical intervention&#46; We initially staged the severity of the condition using the Heifetz scale&#46; In all cases&#44; intralesional injections of 0&#46;5-1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of a 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;mL commercial solution of triamcinolone acetonide&#44; diluted at a ratio of 1&#58;5 in an anesthetic solution of mepivacaine 2&#37;&#44; were administered along the inflamed edge of the fold&#46; Five patients &#40;2 male and 3 female&#41; aged between 10 and 60 years were treated&#46; Three cases were moderate &#40;stage <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#41; and 2 were severe &#40;stage <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>&#41;&#46; In 4 of these patients&#44; a single injection was sufficient to resolve the problem and avoid surgical intervention&#59; in another patient&#44; in light of the success of the previous cases&#44; we decided to repeat the injection twice&#44; with an interval of 3 weeks&#44; and surgical intervention was also avoided &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; All the patients responded satisfactorily with disappearance of inflammation and substantial improvement of pain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; The patients were advised to make major changes in the use of footwear&#44; including adapting it as much as possible to suit their feet&#44; avoiding or limiting the use of excessively high heels&#44; wearing open footwear in summer and switching from the use of boots or shoes outdoors to slippers in the home&#46; No relapse was observed during follow-up of the patients &#40;between 6 months and 3 years&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To date&#44; ingrown nails have been treated almost exclusively with surgery&#44; removing the nail segment embedded in the laterodistal nail bed and&#47;or reducing the hypertrophic tissue to widen the nail bed and allow the nail to grow without embedding&#46; Although local treatments and conservative techniques &#40;such as external nail splints&#44; use of dental floss&#44; cotton&#44; or surgical tape to separate the nail from the nail bed&#41; may alleviate or temporarily resolve the discomfort and complications caused by ingrown nails&#44; in most cases&#44; patients eventually undergo surgery&#44; even in mild cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Some authors propose chemical matricectomy with phenol as the treatment of choice in initial stages &#40;stages <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#41;&#59; relapse after this treatment ranges between 8&#37; and 17&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Other surgical techniques aim to minimize surgical aggression&#46; These include placing a splint between the nail bed and the nail so that the nail grows over the fold without re-embedding &#40;tube technique&#41; or eliminating the hypertrophic tissue and suturing under the nail &#40;knot technique&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> In more severe stages&#44; in which the nail is almost completely embedded under the nail fold&#44; surgery tends to be more complex and requires resection of more hypertrophic tissue &#40;Winograd&#44; Dubois&#44; or super U technique&#41;&#44; which leads to greater postoperative morbidity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In all these cases&#44; the morbidity due to nail surgery&#44; such as pain&#44; bleeding&#44; and infection&#44; may be significant&#44; as are the limitations in some types of patient with circulatory problems&#44; such as diabetic patients or smokers&#44; owing to potential ischemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most cases of ingrown nails reveal clear use of inappropriate footwear &#40;both in length and&#44; especially&#44; in width&#41;&#46; The condition more often affects overweight patients&#44; patients with poor foot care&#44; and adolescents who excessively use closed footwear on rapidly growing feet&#46; The resulting compression in all these cases causes inflammation of the periungual fold&#44; which is pushed against the edge of the nail&#44; initiating a vicious circle of inflammation-edema-embedding and more inflammation&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intralesional corticosteroids are widely used in different skin diseases and dermatologists are familiar with their use in other indications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> As has been seen in the patients reported here&#44; treating ingrown nails with injections of depot corticosteroids along the involved nail fold is a simple&#44; conservative option that can be applied in the consulting rooms and that makes it possible to avoid much probably unnecessary surgery and frequent relapse of a dermatologic problem with associated morbidity&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Degree of Severity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of Injections&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                            1 => "R&#46; S&#225;nchez-Rodr&#237;guez"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
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