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Incremental Cost per Responder (PASI-75, PASI-90 and PASI-100) Based on a Network Meta-Analysis of Biologic Therapies for Psoriasis: Spain 2018
Análisis del coste incremental por respondedor (PASI75, PASI90 y PASI100) basado en un metaanálisis en red de tratamientos biológicos para la psoriasis: España 2018
L. Puig
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Puig" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Puig" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "lpuig@santpau.cat" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Análisis del coste incremental por respondedor (PASI75, PASI90 y PASI100) basado en un metaanálisis en red de tratamientos biológicos para la psoriasis: España 2018" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Análisis del coste incremental por respondedor (PASI75, PASI90 y PASI100) basado en un metaanálisis en red de tratamientos biológicos para la psoriasis: España 2018</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incremental Cost per Responder (PASI-75, PASI-90 and PASI-100) Based on a Network Meta-Analysis of Biologic Therapies for Psoriasis: Spain 2018</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Network meta-analysis, which now has a well-established methodology, provides information on the relative efficacy of a number of treatments using data from clinical trials that directly compare two or more drugs in addition to indirect comparisons based on data from different trials using the same comparator. Variations between trials are adjusted to the reference arm response rates. Meta-analysis results can be expressed as the differential response compared to placebo (either as a percentage or its corresponding decimal value) or as its inverse—the number needed to treat (NNT), that is, the number of patients that must be treated to achieve a responder. The NNT and the incremental cost per responder—calculated by multiplying the NNT for the drug by the cost for the period considered—provide reliable values that allow us to compare the expected effectiveness of different treatments at various response levels, a datum with important clinical and economic implications for physicians and those responsible for making decisions on treatment funding and reimbursement.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of the study in this issue<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of ixekizumab as afirst-line biologic for the treatment of psoriasis and to compare it with that of other biologic agents based on data from a recently published network meta-analysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Employees of the company that markets ixekizumab were involved in carrying out the network meta-analysis. The main interest of the article is that it is the first study to provide data on ixekizumab in Spain. In addition to the information provided by the health technology agencies' assessments, a study similar to this one has recently been published in the United States.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The methodology and results of the study are valid, but the terminology used for the outcome of interest (“cost per NNT”) is debatable: it would probably be preferable to use the expression “(incremental) cost per successfully treated patient”. The cost per NNT values (cost x NNT) corresponding to each response level are calculated by multiplying the cost of treatment by the respective NNT value (and the 95% credible interval). However, by analogy with widely used concepts such as “cost per patient” or “cost per day”, the term “cost per NNT” suggests that the NNT is dividing (cost/NNT) rather than multiplying the cost. The term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">incremental</span> is not relevant in this particular case because the cost of placebo is considered to be zero.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the analysis by Núñez et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> the population corresponds to the Summaries of Product Characteristics, in each case, and treatment response is expressed as the percentage of reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) with respect to baseline, with 3 different levels of efficacy (PASI 75, PASI 90 and PASI 100). The cost per responder is calculated by multiplying the annual cost (or the cost up to the end of the comparative phase vs placebo, the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">endpoint</span> in the clinical trials) by the NNT. In the meta-analysis, the authors assume that the efficacy at that point is the same as the short-term effectiveness maintained, without loss, for the whole year. The 95% credible interval is not given for most of the results reported in the article. This decision may have been taken to improve readibility, but the use of the "greater than" symbol (>) for comparisons may lead to confusion: although the incremental cost per responder central values differ numerically, one cannot strictly talk about the superiority of one drug over another when their credible intervals overlap.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The model used does not address the response rate achieved by each biologic agent as a rescue treatment or possible differences in the response of patients with a history of prior exposure or treatment failure with other biologic agents (generally unknown or assumed to be similar or inferior in a variable and drug-dependent percentage to the response of patients who have never received biologic therapy). Neither does it take into account drop-out rates, indirect treatment costs, or possible complications. The authors could also have included apremilast, which, while not a biologic agent, has a similar acquisition cost.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More complex models have been proposed based on periods of 52 weeks<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and 2 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> One difference between those 2 studies is the choice of rescue treatment for patients who experience treatment failure (conventional systemic treatment or phototherapy in the German model<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>). In the study that considers the perspective of the Spanish health system,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> with a 2-year time horizon, indirect costs were not taken into account and assumptions were made regarding the rates of treatment intensification and switches to other biologic treatments as well as the cost-effectiveness of these interventions. The order of efficiency reported in that study differs from that reported in the study in this issue.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite its limitations, which actually represent possible alternative approaches, the study is interesting and informative. The methodology is correct (there is always room for debate about whether or not the last dose should be included in the calculation of the interval or apportioned) and the inclusion of a sensitivity analysis based on the results corresponding to the endpoint for each drug (ranging from 10 to 16 weeks) is appropriate, with the limitation of between-trial differences in the duration of that period. The usefulness of this article could be greatly enhanced through the inclusion, as an on-line supplement, of an Excel sheet or a link where the reader could access or download a small Java, Android or Apple application, depending on the platform. This application would enable clinicians or pharmacists to calculate the results for the specific situation of each hospital (given the current highly variable and fluid pricing situation) and to incorporate new drugs as they become available, and even modify the NNT data as new meta-analyses are published.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">L. Puig has received fees as a consultant or lecturer and/or has served as a researcher in clinical trials sponsored by: Abbvie, Almirall, Amgen, Baxalta, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Gebro, Janssen, Leo-Pharma, Lilly, Merck-Serono, MSD, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sandoz, Samsung-Bioepis, Sanofi and UCB.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Puig L. Análisis del coste incremental por respondedor (PASI75, PASI90 y PASI100) basado en un metaanálisis en red de tratamientos biológicos para la psoriasis: España 2018. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2019;110:517–518.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Evaluación de la eficiencia de los tratamientos biológicos en la psoriasis moderada a grave en España: Análisis de coste por NNT" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Núñez" 1 => "T. Huete" 2 => "P. de la Cueva" 3 => "J.A. Sacristán" 4 => "S. Hartz" 5 => "T. Dilla" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr" "fecha" => "2018" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cost per additional responder for ixekizumab and other FDA-approved biologics in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. Al Sawah" 1 => "S.A. Foster" 2 => "R. Burge" 3 => "D. Amato" 4 => "A. Schacht" 5 => "B. Zhu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/13696998.2017.1362413" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Med Econ" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "1224" "paginaFinal" => "1230" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28760056" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Number needed to treat and costs per responder among biologic treatments for moderate-to-severe psoriasis: A network meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A.W. Armstrong" 1 => "K.A. Betts" 2 => "J.E. Signorovitch" 3 => "M. Sundaram" 4 => "J. Li" 5 => "A.X. Ganguli" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/03007995.2018.1457516" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Med Res Opin" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "1325" "paginaFinal" => "1333" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29619856" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cost-effectiveness of secukinumab as first biologic treatment, compared with other biologics, for moderate to severe psoriasis in Germany" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Augustin" 1 => "D. McBride" 2 => "I. Gilloteau" 3 => "C. O’Neill" 4 => "K. Neidhardt" 5 => "C.N. Graham" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/jdv.15047" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "32" "paginaInicial" => "2191" "paginaFinal" => "2199" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29729105" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Secukinumab is the most efficient treatment for achieving clear skin in psoriatic patients: A cost-consequence study from the Spanish National Health Service" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L. Puig" 1 => "J. Notario" 2 => "A. Jimenez-Morales" 3 => "D. Moreno-Ramírez" 4 => "A. López-Ferrer" 5 => "I. 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