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normal mucosa</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The score of 0 or 1 after 10 sessions of LLLT or before was considered complete resolution&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The gallium arsenide diode laser &#40;low&#8211;intensity LASER&#44; Prometheus-M&#44; New Delhi&#44; 2001&#44; LASER class&#58; III B&#44; Wavelength&#58; 904<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#44; Power supply &#38; consumption&#58; 220<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V &#38; 10W was directed towards the lesions through fiber-optic nozzles at a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm distance from the lesions at 4 &#8211; 6 points for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes at each point with a frequency of 1500 HZ thrice weekly on alternate days for 10 sessions or till the lesions heal&#46; The international safety procedures for LASER application were respected&#46; The first patient had erosive lichen planus on lower lip since 15 days and had clinical score of 5 and VAS of 6 before treatment&#46; The patient showed complete resolution of the lesion after 5 sessions of LLLT&#46; There was no recurrence in the one year follow up period&#46; The second patient had erosive-reticular lesion on right buccal mucosa &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; for one month and clinical score of 5 and VAS of 7 before treatment&#46; The patient showed almost complete resolution of the lesion post 9 sessions of LLLT therapy with clinical score and VAS score of 1 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The patient was asymptomatic and there had been no recurrence of the lesion one year post treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lichen planus is a T cell mediated potentially premalignant condition that affects mucosal and cutaneous tissues&#46; It was first described by Erasmus Wilson in 1869 as &#8220;leichen planus&#8221;&#46; The overall prevalence of lichen planus is reportedly 0&#46;22&#37; to 5&#37; worldwide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The word LASER is an ellipsis for &#8220;Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation&#8221;&#46; Therapeutic lasers are within red to near visible red electromagnetic spectrum ranging from 630 to 980<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#46; LLLT is based on Arndt-Schulz principle which states that if the stimulus is too weak&#44; no effect is seen&#46; Increased stimulation and optimal dose leads to the optimal effect&#59; while further dose increase leads to a decreased effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The various effects of LLLT on tissues are as follows<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">They act analgesically by enhancing release of endorphin and thus inhibit nociceptive signals and control pain mediators&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inflamed &#47;pathologic tissues are acidic in nature&#46; LLLT act on cellular reduction-oxidative potential so that the pH becomes optimally alkaline&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LLLT has anti-inflammatory effect as it stimulates lymphocytes&#44; activate mast cells and increase production of adenosine &#8211;triphosphate in the mitochondria&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These lasers stimulate microcirculation which results in the change of capillary hydrostatic pressure which in turn helps in edema reduction&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LLLT increase ascorbic acid in fibroblast thus increasing hydroxyproline production and consequently collagen production&#46; Thus&#44; helping in tissue healing and repair&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LLLT improve proliferation of the epithelial cells which leads to increased number of blood vessels as well as enhanced production of granulation tissue&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various studies and case reports have reported the efficacy of LLLT in treatment of myriad of mucosal lesions and disorders such as oral mucositis&#44; pemphigus vulgaris&#44; recurrent aphthous stomatitis&#44; herpes simplex and oral lichen planus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;10</span></a> We also successfully treated two cases of OLP with 904<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm GaAr Laser&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As of now&#44; it can be concluded that LLLT may be an alternative booming mode of treatment for OLP&#46; The substantial deductions on efficacy of LLLT in treatment of OLP can be arrived only after conducting more studies on larger sample sizes and among different ethnic groups&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case and Research Letters
Effectiveness of 904nm Gallium-Arsenide Diode Laser in Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: Report of 2Cases
Eficacia del láser de diodo de arseniuro de galio en el tratamiento de 2 casos de liquen plano oral
P.T. Bhattacharyaa,
Autor para correspondencia
preeti_kgmu@rediffmail.com

Corresponding author.
, K. Patilb, M.V. Guledgudc
a Profesor asistente, Departamento de Medicina Oral y Radiología, Facultad y Hospital Sarjug Dental, Darbhanga, Bihar, India
b Profesor y jefe, Departamento de Medicina Oral y Radiología, Facultad JSS Dental, Mysore, Karnataka
c Profesor, Departamento de Medicina Oral y Radiología, Facultad JSS Dental, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Score 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>white striae with atrophic area &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Score 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mild white striae&#44; no erythematous area</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Score 0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>no lesion&#44; normal mucosa</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The score of 0 or 1 after 10 sessions of LLLT or before was considered complete resolution&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The gallium arsenide diode laser &#40;low&#8211;intensity LASER&#44; Prometheus-M&#44; New Delhi&#44; 2001&#44; LASER class&#58; III B&#44; Wavelength&#58; 904<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#44; Power supply &#38; consumption&#58; 220<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V &#38; 10W was directed towards the lesions through fiber-optic nozzles at a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm distance from the lesions at 4 &#8211; 6 points for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes at each point with a frequency of 1500 HZ thrice weekly on alternate days for 10 sessions or till the lesions heal&#46; The international safety procedures for LASER application were respected&#46; The first patient had erosive lichen planus on lower lip since 15 days and had clinical score of 5 and VAS of 6 before treatment&#46; The patient showed complete resolution of the lesion after 5 sessions of LLLT&#46; There was no recurrence in the one year follow up period&#46; The second patient had erosive-reticular lesion on right buccal mucosa &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; for one month and clinical score of 5 and VAS of 7 before treatment&#46; The patient showed almost complete resolution of the lesion post 9 sessions of LLLT therapy with clinical score and VAS score of 1 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The patient was asymptomatic and there had been no recurrence of the lesion one year post treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lichen planus is a T cell mediated potentially premalignant condition that affects mucosal and cutaneous tissues&#46; It was first described by Erasmus Wilson in 1869 as &#8220;leichen planus&#8221;&#46; The overall prevalence of lichen planus is reportedly 0&#46;22&#37; to 5&#37; worldwide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The word LASER is an ellipsis for &#8220;Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation&#8221;&#46; Therapeutic lasers are within red to near visible red electromagnetic spectrum ranging from 630 to 980<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#46; LLLT is based on Arndt-Schulz principle which states that if the stimulus is too weak&#44; no effect is seen&#46; Increased stimulation and optimal dose leads to the optimal effect&#59; while further dose increase leads to a decreased effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The various effects of LLLT on tissues are as follows<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">They act analgesically by enhancing release of endorphin and thus inhibit nociceptive signals and control pain mediators&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inflamed &#47;pathologic tissues are acidic in nature&#46; LLLT act on cellular reduction-oxidative potential so that the pH becomes optimally alkaline&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LLLT has anti-inflammatory effect as it stimulates lymphocytes&#44; activate mast cells and increase production of adenosine &#8211;triphosphate in the mitochondria&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These lasers stimulate microcirculation which results in the change of capillary hydrostatic pressure which in turn helps in edema reduction&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LLLT increase ascorbic acid in fibroblast thus increasing hydroxyproline production and consequently collagen production&#46; Thus&#44; helping in tissue healing and repair&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LLLT improve proliferation of the epithelial cells which leads to increased number of blood vessels as well as enhanced production of granulation tissue&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various studies and case reports have reported the efficacy of LLLT in treatment of myriad of mucosal lesions and disorders such as oral mucositis&#44; pemphigus vulgaris&#44; recurrent aphthous stomatitis&#44; herpes simplex and oral lichen planus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;10</span></a> We also successfully treated two cases of OLP with 904<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm GaAr Laser&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As of now&#44; it can be concluded that LLLT may be an alternative booming mode of treatment for OLP&#46; The substantial deductions on efficacy of LLLT in treatment of OLP can be arrived only after conducting more studies on larger sample sizes and among different ethnic groups&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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