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2</a>&#41;&#46; Neurologic exam revealed a left foot drop&#44; with polyneuritis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Histophatology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skin biopsy showed granulomas with small-vessel vasculitis and Fite-Faraco stain revealed in the nerve fillets and vessels the presence of numerous acid-fast bacilli &#40;AFB&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Additional Tests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Slit-skin smear examination &#40;earlobe&#44; elbows and nose&#41; was positive for AFB&#44; bacterial index &#40;BI&#41;&#58; 2&#46;5&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">What Is Your Diagnosis&#63;</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lucio&#39;s phenomenon</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Clinical Course And Treatment</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was treated with multibacillary multidrug therapy &#40;MDT&#47;MB&#58; Rifampicin&#44; Clofazimine&#44; Dapsone&#41;&#44; and corticosteroids 8-week with improvement of the lesions</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">with persistent neurological deficit&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Leprosy or Hansen&#39;s disease is a chronic and debilitating infectious disease caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium leprae</span>&#59; In the world the prevalence of leprosy has declined considerably since the introduction of multidrug therapy in 1982&#44; in Colombia there are reported about 400 new cases per year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The clinical expression of the disease depends on the host&#39;s immune response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LP is a rare and severe leprosy reactional episode in patients with diffuse lepromatous leprosy&#46; Is characterized by the presence of painful erythematous macules that evolve to ulcers which heal leaving pearly scars&#44; may be accompanied by polyneuritis&#44; arthralgia and systemic compromise&#44; constituting an medical emergency&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our patient&#44; the histopathologic findings showed mainly vasodilatation and thickening of the wall vessels of the superficial and deep plexus of the dermis&#44; proliferation of endothelial cells and occasionally intraluminal clots leading to dermoepidermal necrosis&#46; The Fite-Faroco stain was positive for the present of bacilli inside the vessels and around and in the endothelium of the wall vessels&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other fidings that had been described are small and medium-sized arteries vasculitis&#44; with their walls involved by clusters of globi&#44; distortion of the structure of the vessel wall&#44; narrowing&#44; and obliteration of their lumen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> LP is a distinctive type of granulomatous and necrotizing panvasculitis&#59; the involved vessels are mostly medium- sized arteries&#44; their occlusion leads to ischemic necrosis of the whole skin&#44; with detachment of the epidermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Micobacterium leprae</span> was considered the only infectious agent causing leprosy&#44; however a report of two cases of Mexican patients with LP in which the etiological agent was sequenced&#44; revealed a variability of approximately 7&#46;4&#37; in comparison with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; Leprae</span> reference genome&#44; informing a new species&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; lepromatosis</span> This finding have been confirmed in later genetic studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within the differential diagnosis&#44; it is important to take into account the catastrophic manifestations of autoimmune diseases such as the antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic vasculitis&#44; which can occur with cutaneous ulcers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> There is no standard treatment for LP&#44; and a therapy based-on corticosteroids to modulate the immune response was used&#44; as in other immunologic reactions leprosy&#58; type 1 reaction &#40;reversal reaction&#41; and ocasionally in type 2 reaction &#40;erythema nodosum leprosum&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case for Diagnosis
Progressive skin ulcers in extremities
Úlceras progresivas localizadas en las extremidades
S. Castillo-Loaiza
Autor para correspondencia
silvana_castillo_l@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, C.J. Díaz, L.F. Cardenas
Sección de Dermatología y Cirugía Dermatológica, Facultad de Dermatología y Cirugía Dermatológica, Hospital Universitario del Valle, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Medical History</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 71-year-old Colombian man presented to our dermatology service&#44; in Cali&#44; Colombia&#44; with a history of 3-weeks of intermittent fever and painful progressive skin ulcers located on upper and lower limbs&#46; Without any other relevant clinical information&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Physical Examination</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical examination revealed a &#8220;saddle&#8221; nose&#44; madarosis&#44; pinna edema &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; and extensive ulcers withnecrotic aspect and reticular pattern in all extremities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Neurologic exam revealed a left foot drop&#44; with polyneuritis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Histophatology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skin biopsy showed granulomas with small-vessel vasculitis and Fite-Faraco stain revealed in the nerve fillets and vessels the presence of numerous acid-fast bacilli &#40;AFB&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Additional Tests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Slit-skin smear examination &#40;earlobe&#44; elbows and nose&#41; was positive for AFB&#44; bacterial index &#40;BI&#41;&#58; 2&#46;5&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">What Is Your Diagnosis&#63;</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lucio&#39;s phenomenon</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Clinical Course And Treatment</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was treated with multibacillary multidrug therapy &#40;MDT&#47;MB&#58; Rifampicin&#44; Clofazimine&#44; Dapsone&#41;&#44; and corticosteroids 8-week with improvement of the lesions</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">with persistent neurological deficit&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Leprosy or Hansen&#39;s disease is a chronic and debilitating infectious disease caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium leprae</span>&#59; In the world the prevalence of leprosy has declined considerably since the introduction of multidrug therapy in 1982&#44; in Colombia there are reported about 400 new cases per year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The clinical expression of the disease depends on the host&#39;s immune response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LP is a rare and severe leprosy reactional episode in patients with diffuse lepromatous leprosy&#46; Is characterized by the presence of painful erythematous macules that evolve to ulcers which heal leaving pearly scars&#44; may be accompanied by polyneuritis&#44; arthralgia and systemic compromise&#44; constituting an medical emergency&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our patient&#44; the histopathologic findings showed mainly vasodilatation and thickening of the wall vessels of the superficial and deep plexus of the dermis&#44; proliferation of endothelial cells and occasionally intraluminal clots leading to dermoepidermal necrosis&#46; The Fite-Faroco stain was positive for the present of bacilli inside the vessels and around and in the endothelium of the wall vessels&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other fidings that had been described are small and medium-sized arteries vasculitis&#44; with their walls involved by clusters of globi&#44; distortion of the structure of the vessel wall&#44; narrowing&#44; and obliteration of their lumen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> LP is a distinctive type of granulomatous and necrotizing panvasculitis&#59; the involved vessels are mostly medium- sized arteries&#44; their occlusion leads to ischemic necrosis of the whole skin&#44; with detachment of the epidermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Micobacterium leprae</span> was considered the only infectious agent causing leprosy&#44; however a report of two cases of Mexican patients with LP in which the etiological agent was sequenced&#44; revealed a variability of approximately 7&#46;4&#37; in comparison with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; Leprae</span> reference genome&#44; informing a new species&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; lepromatosis</span> This finding have been confirmed in later genetic studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within the differential diagnosis&#44; it is important to take into account the catastrophic manifestations of autoimmune diseases such as the antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic vasculitis&#44; which can occur with cutaneous ulcers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> There is no standard treatment for LP&#44; and a therapy based-on corticosteroids to modulate the immune response was used&#44; as in other immunologic reactions leprosy&#58; type 1 reaction &#40;reversal reaction&#41; and ocasionally in type 2 reaction &#40;erythema nodosum leprosum&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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