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Treatment of Human Scabies with Oral Ivermectin. Eczematous Eruptions as a New Non-Reported Adverse Event
tratamiento de la sarna en humanos con ivermectina oral. Erupciones eccematosas como nuevos efectos adversos no reportados
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Eczematous Eruptions as a New Non-Reported Adverse Event" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "643" "paginaFinal" => "649" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Sanz-Navarro, C. Feal, E. Dauden" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Sanz-Navarro" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "josefina.sanz@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Feal" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Dauden" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology, Hospital Rey Juan Carlos, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "tratamiento de la sarna en humanos con ivermectina oral. Erupciones eccematosas como nuevos efectos adversos no reportados" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 1 "multimedia" => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1085 "Ancho" => 1296 "Tamanyo" => 183968 ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Traditionally, ivermectin has been extensively used to control and treat onchocerciasis, a disease caused by the filarial worm <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Onchocerca volvulus.</span> However, it has also been demonstrated to act strongly against a wide variety of insects, nematodes, and acarine parasites, including lice and scabies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oral ivermectin has been recommended as a systemic alternative to topical scabicides due to its ease of administration, convenience, safety and favourable side effect profile. It has the additional advantage of alleviating the problems of noncompliance, misuse, and inadequate application associated with topical therapy. Therapy may be effective after a single 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg dose for uncomplicated scabies, but multiple doses are usually required to achieve complete resolution.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Ivermectin has proven to be remarkably safe for different indications in adults, and it is well tolerated without serious adverse events. The majority of side effects reported in onchocerciasis and other filarial diseases are minor and rare. These side effects include mild gastrointestinal upset, abdominal pain, asthenia, somnolence, dizziness, pruritus and rare biochemical abnormalities such as hypertransaminasaemia and leukopenia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Only rarely, cutaneous side effects following scabies treatment have been reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We describe 23 patients with human scabies treated with oral ivermectin. We emphasize the development of an eczematous eruption in 11 of these patients, a finding not previously reported in the literature.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a retrospective, observational, case-series study that included 23 otherwise healthy outpatients diagnosed with a human scabies infection who received oral ivermectin (200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg or 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg). With the corresponding authorization, and after the signed informed consent by the patients, the medication was supplied, out of indication, by the Madrid Community Health Department. The diagnosis of scabies was based on typical clinical features and was confirmed microscopically by the demonstration of mites, eggs or faecal pellets (scybala) in skin scrapings. The severity of the disease was recorded as mild (less than 11 lesions), moderate (11–49 lesions), severe (50 or more lesions) or crusted (Norwegian). The intensity of pruritus was determined with a visual analogue scale (0–10). At baseline, clinical data were recorded, and a complete physical and dermatologic examination was performed. Baseline complementary tests included haematological and biochemical tests and serologic testing for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients were evaluated each 2 weeks after the first dose of ivermectin was administered and a physical examination including the collection of skin scrapings were repeated. The first 10 patients received a single 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg oral dose of ivermectin. A second 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg dose of ivermectin was administered 2 weeks later, in the case of treatment failure, which was defined as the presence of clinical signs of active scabies, new lesions and/or microscopic evidence of scabies. A third dose of ivermectin was administered at the end of the fourth week to the second dose non-responders. Complete resolution of the infection was considered as the absence of clinical evidence of scabies and a lack of positive signs of scabies in skin scrapings two weeks after ivermectin administration. No topical or any other systemic scabicide treatment was provided within thirty days of treatment initiation or during the study. Ivermectin was administered orally as 6-mg tablets. The total dose ranged from 12 to 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg, depending on patient body weight.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because the first 10 patients demonstrated a high proportion of treatment failure and eczematous dermatitis after a single oral ivermectin administration, the subsequent 13 patients with a diagnosis of scabies were treated with a single 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg oral dose of ivermectin and daily topical emollients.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients in both groups were evaluated clinically and microbiologically every two weeks until the scabies infection completely resolved. The last visit was made three months after the last ivermectin dose. The severity of the lesions, the intensity of pruritus and the possible appearance of side effects were recorded at each visit. Haematological and biochemical analyses were performed two weeks after each ivermectin dose.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study included 23 patients (15 males and 8 females; mean age of 36.1 years, range 14–77) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Mild scabies was present in one patient, moderate in twelve, severe in nine, and the remaining patient presented with crusted scabies. The mean intensity of pruritus was 7.9 (5–10). None of the patients had a history of scabies infection.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first 10 patients required at least two (8/10, 80%) or three (2/10, 20%) 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg doses of oral ivermectin to completely resolve the infection. Three months after the last dose of ivermectin, there was no evidence of disease in nine patients. One patient was lost to regular follow-up.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The remaining 13 patients were cured with a single 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg oral dose. No patient required a second ivermectin oral dose. The patients fulfilled the criteria for complete resolution after four (12 patients) or six weeks (a 70-year-old immunocompetent woman with psychiatric disturbances who was diagnosed with crusted scabies). Three months after ivermectin treatment, clinical and/or microbiological evidence of disease was not evident in eleven patients. Two patients did not return for the three-months’ follow-up visit.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All of the patients tested negative for HBV, HCV and HIV. Throughout the treatment, the complementary tests showed no changes in relation to baseline findings. Ivermectin was well-tolerated, and no severe side effects were reported at any of the follow-up visits.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within twenty-four to seventy-two hours after the administration of oral ivermectin, eleven patients (47.8%) presented new cutaneous lesions that were clinically distinct from those characteristic of scabies. The skin eruptions appeared after receiving the first oral ivermectin dose in 9 patients, after receiving the second dose in 1 patient, and after both the first and second dose in 1 patient. In all of the cases, the eruptions were characterized by itchy, scaly erythematous eczematous plaques located on the trunk and extremities at the time of onset, but they were much more prominent in areas previously infected with scabies, particularly the interdigital folds. Although the eruptions simulated an exacerbation of the disease they were clinically distinct (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1, 2a and 2b</a>). The patients clearly distinguished the quality of pruritus as distinct from scabies. Some patients also presented an accompanying xerosis.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a cutaneous biopsy in three patients showing similar histopathological findings characterized by parakeratosis, small droplets of plasma limited to the stratum of Malpighi and epidermal spongiosis. An inflammatory cellular infiltrate, mainly composed of lymphocytes and eosinophils, was present within the papillary and upper reticular dermis. The spongiotic dermatitis findings were characteristic of subacute eczema (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No patient required an interruption of treatment with ivermectin. The skin eruptions were treated with topical diflucortolone valerate and emollient therapy and cleared within one week. The eczematous eruptions developed in 6 of the 10 patients (60%) treated orally with 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg ivermectin, while only 5 of the 13 patients (38.4%) who received daily emollient therapy and 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg oral ivermectin presented the same eruption, suggesting that the emollients helped to prevent the development of xerosis and cutaneous lesions. Specifically asked, only one patient with this peculiar side effect had a history of other skin diseases (atopic dermatitis). None referred signs or symptoms of atopic diathesis (asthma, pollen sensitivity, spring rhinoconjunctivitis, etc.). None of the patients reported the use of irritants or changes in the use of soaps or fragrances. Haematological tests in the patients with the eczematous eruption did not show eosinophilia at baseline. IgE determination in 5 of them was within normal limits. No other systemic drugs were administered to the patients prior to the eczematous changes that could be chronologically related.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ivermectin is derived from a class of broad-spectrum antiparasitic agents called avermectins, which were isolated from products of the bacteria <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptomyces avermitilis</span>. It is a macrocyclic lactone that is structurally similar to macrolide antibiotics but devoid of antibacterial activity. Ivermectin has been used to treat a variety of infestations and infections in animals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In humans, this drug was introduced against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Onchocerca volvulus</span> infection by Aziz et al. in 1982, but it is also highly effective for the treatment of other nematodes (e.g., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercolaris</span>, filariasis) and arthropods.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ivermectin has been used by several investigators to treat scabies infection, and excellent results have been obtained with the 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg dosage. In 1995, Meinking <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al.</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> showed success treating normal scabies and Norwegian scabies in HIV-infected individuals who were cleared with a single dose. Moreover, they suggested that a single oral dose of 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg ivermectin cured most cases of uncomplicated scabies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Some authors have shown similar results even with crusted scabies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> although in these cases, additional treatment could be required.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,6</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, all of the patients with scabies were successfully cured with this drug. However, 0 of 10 patients were cured with a single oral dose of 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg; all 10 patients required a second (80%) or third 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg dose (20%). Recent studies have shown a higher rate of treatment failure with a single dose of ivermectin (200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg) than with topical benzyl benzoate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> or permethrin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However, the cure rate increased if a second dose of ivermectin was administered to patients who did not response to the first dose. It has been postulated that the lower efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin compared to two doses may reflect the lack of ovicidal action of the drug.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,9</span></a> Moreover, the eggs hatch every 6–7 days, so it is recommended that the treatment be repeated two or three times separated by 1–2-week intervals because it acts only at certain stages of the parasite life cycle. This drug might not be effective against the younger stages because the parasite nervous system has not yet developed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,9</span></a> At present, the parasiticidal effect and the optimal dosage of ivermectin in the various stages of the mite have not yet been determined. In our study, the 13 patients who received a single initial 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg oral dose of ivermectin (including one patient with crusted scabies) demonstrated complete resolution of the scabies infection.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ivermectin acts by selectively binding to glutamate-gated chloride ion channels, which are found in invertebrate nerve and muscle cells. The selective binding leads to a change in the permeability of the cell membrane, causing hyperpolarisation of the cells, paralysis and the death of the mite. Most mammals do not have glutamate-gated chloride channels, and the drug appears almost devoid of side effects, with most studies reporting none.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,10</span></a> This result is also true for humans in which ivermectin has been proven to be remarkably safe. The adverse reactions described include fever, headache, chills, arthalgia, eosinophilia and anorexia. In most cases, the reactions are transient and mild. A Mazzotti-type reaction occasionally occurs when ivermectin is used in the treatment of onchocerciasis and other filarial diseases due to the death of numerous microfilariae and the release of their toxic products. More severe complications, such as neurological reactions, have been reported following ivermectin administration to patients heavily infected with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Loa loa</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of ivermectin to treat scabies infection has not been conclusively associated with any serious adverse effects, although some articles mention transitory and mild events. Some studies have reported pruritus within a few hours of taking 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg of oral ivermectin that spontaneously disappeared after two to three days.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,8,12</span></a> Dourmishev <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>. described an enhancement of pruritus accompanied with a vesicle-pustular rash in some patients (3 out of 19) between the second and fourth day after the oral ivermectin administration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, we observed that a high percentage of patients developed new cutaneous eczematous lesions within the first week after oral ivermectin administration. We believe that these lesions were induced by ivermectin based on the strong temporal relationship with a similar time interval (3–4 days) between the administration of the drug and the appearance of the condition. The distribution and severity of the eruption was more pronounced in the areas previously infected with scabies, which could be explained by a local release of parasite antigens following the death of the mites after ivermectin treatment, resulting in a mild skin Mazzotti-like reaction. Although cutaneous symptoms, such as pruritus, have been associated with the use of ivermectin, to our knowledge “ivermectin-induced eczema” has not been previously reported in the literature. We have not found any factor that could predict this reaction. The triggering of the eczematous lesions by irritants (soaps, fragrances, etc.) was reasonably ruled out by asking the patients. Only one of the patients that developed the eczematous changes had a history of atopic dermatitis. The remaining 10 patients did not have a history of atopic diathesis despite specifically asked for it, nor did they present a baseline eosinophilia or an increased IgE in those in which this test had been performed, also reasonably ruling out atopy as an underlying disorder. Patients clearly distinguished the difference between the pruritus by the scabies from the symptoms of the eczematous eruptions and, in fact, while original scabiotic lesions (burrows, papules, etc.) cleared, the new eczematous lesions persisted until corticosteroid therapy was started.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We administered emollient therapy before and after oral ivermectin to the last 13 patients to prevent xeroderma and the eczematous eruptions that had been observed in the first 10 patients. Only five of these patients (38.4%) experienced similar skin reactions within the first week, a markedly lower proportion than the first group of patients who had not received pre-treatment with emollients, suggesting that this therapy may prevent a number of cases of secondary skin disorders following ivermectin administration.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Limitations were the sample size, the retrospective nature of the study, the lack of a randomized clinical trial with a control arm, the variability of doses and the influence of emollients on the results.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, ivermectin is a useful drug for the treatment of scabies infection. It has a high therapeutic effectiveness when administered as a single 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg oral dose, good tolerance and a low incidence of serious side effects. We emphasize the appearance of xeroderma and eczematous eruptions induced by ivermectin, a reaction not previously reported in the literature, which can be prevented with the use of emollients in some cases. Dermatologists should be aware of this side effect to avoid confusion with a recurrence or exacerbation of the scabies.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Funding</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nil.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres888176" "titulo" => "Graphical abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres888175" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874146" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres888174" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874145" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-09-01" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-02-24" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874146" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Scabies" 1 => "Ivermectin" 2 => "Eczema" 3 => "Adverse events" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874145" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Sarna" 1 => "Ivermectina" 2 => "Eccema" 3 => "Efectos adversos" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Background</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Oral ivermectin is an alternative therapy for human scabies infection due to its ease of administration and good safety profile. However, there is no definitive consensus on the optimal dosing regimen.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Objective</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the treatment of human scabies with different dosages of oral ivermectin and the possible adverse events.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Methods</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">23 patients with human scabies were treated with oral ivermectin: 10 patients received a single oral dose of 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg and 13 a dose of 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg. A second, or even a third dose, was administered in cases of treatment failure.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Results</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A complete clinical response was achieved by all of the patients. The first ten patients required at least two (80%) or three (20%) doses of ivermectin for complete resolution of the infection. The remaining cases resolved with a single 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg oral dose. Within the first 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after the administration of oral ivermectin, new cutaneous lesions were observed in eleven patients (47.8%). Cutaneous biopsies showed signs of subacute eczema. The eruption was treated with topical corticosteroids and emollient therapy. There was no other new drug administration or a history of irritants. There was no history of atopic diathesis except for one patient.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Oral ivermectin is an effective therapy for the treatment of human scabies. A single 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg oral dose demonstrated high efficacy and good tolerance. However, the appearance of eczematous cutaneous lesions induced by oral ivermectin has not previously been reported in the literature. Dermatologists should be aware of this possible adverse event.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Introducción</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La ivermectina oral es una alternativa terapeutica en el tratamiento de la escabiosis humana debido a su fácil administración y buen perfil de seguridad. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso definido sobre un esquema adecuado de dosificación.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir el tratamiento de escabiosis en humanos con diferentes dosis de ivermectina oral y sus posibles efectos adversos. Métodos: 23 pacientes con escabiosis fueron tratados con ivermectina oral; 10 pacientes recibieron una única dosis de 200 μg/kg y 13 pacientes, una dosis de 400 μg/kg. Una segunda, e incluso, una tercera dosis fueron administradas en casos de fallo terapeútico.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Todos los pacientes tuvieron respuesta clinica al tratamiento. Los primeros 10 pacientes necesitaron, al menos, 2 dosis (80%) o 3 dosis (20%) para conseguir una remisión completa de la infección. En el resto de pacientes se resolvió con una única dosis oral de 400 μg/kg. En las primeras 72 horas tras la administración de ivermectina oral se observaron nuevas lesiones cutáneas en 11 pacientes (47,8%). Las biopsias cutáneas mostraron signos de eccema subagudo. Se realizó tratamiento con corticoterapia tópica y emolientes. No había antecedentes de toma de otros fármacos, contacto con agentes irritantes ni historia de dermatitis atópica salvo en 1 paciente.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ivermectina oral es una terapia eficaz en el tratamiento de escabiosis humana. Una dosis única de 400 μg/kg demostró una alta eficacia y buena tolerancia. Sin embargo, la aparición de lesiones cutaneas eccematosas inducidas por ivermectina oral no había sido descrito previamente en la literatura y por tanto, consideramos que los dermatólogos deberían conocer este posible efecto adverso.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2085 "Ancho" => 1285 "Tamanyo" => 433017 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Scabietic burrows and nodules in volar surface of the wrists.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2327 "Ancho" => 1651 "Tamanyo" => 731197 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) and (b) Eczematous cutaneous lesions induced by oral ivermectin. Same patient as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1237 "Ancho" => 1650 "Tamanyo" => 360707 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histological section (haematoxylin and eosin stain) showing a small plasma droplet and epidermal spongiosis characteristic of subacute eczema.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">UE: upper extremities, LE: lower extremities, TC: topical corticosteroids, NK: not known, LF-U: lost follow-up.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient no./Sex/Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Severity of scabies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Oral dose of ivermectin (μg/kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. of doses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Doses (mg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Xerodermia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ezcema \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ezcema distribution \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment of eczematous eruption \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Preventive emollient Therapy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Outcome of eczematous eruption \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1/M/40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Trunk, UE, LE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Resolution \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2/M/25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Trunk, UE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Resolution \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3/M/37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Trunk, UE, LE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Resolution \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4/M/34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Trunk \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">LF-U \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">5/M/50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Trunk, UE, LE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Resolution \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6/M/27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Trunk, UE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Resolution \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">7/F/35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">8/F/27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9/M/60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">10/F/14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">11/F/70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Crust \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Trunk, UE, LE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Resolution \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">12/F/77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">13/M/46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">14/M/24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">15/M/26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Thighs, hands \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Resolution \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">16/F/21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">17/F/16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mild \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18/M/19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NK \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">19/M/50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">20/M/58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">UE, LE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Resolution \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">21/F/26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">22/M/28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hands, LE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NK \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">23/M/21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">UE, LE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NK \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1501043.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of distribution, treatment and evolution of ivermectin-induced subacute eczema.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1085 "Ancho" => 1296 "Tamanyo" => 183968 ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The treatment of scabies with ivermectin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "T.L. Meinking" 1 => "D. Taplin" 2 => "J.L. Hermida" 3 => "R. Pardo" 4 => "F.A. Kerdel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1056/NEJM199507063330105" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "N. Engl. J. Med." "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "333" "paginaInicial" => "26" "paginaFinal" => "30" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7776990" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ivermectin: uses and impact 20 years on" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "L.M. Fox" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/QCO.0b013e328010774c" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "588" "paginaFinal" => "593" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17075336" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Efficacy and tolerance of oral ivermectin in scabies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.L. Dourmishev" 1 => "D.K. Serafimova" 2 => "L.A. Dourmishev" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol." "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "247" "paginaFinal" => "251" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9883437" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Efficacy and tolerance of ivermectin in human onchocerciasis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "M.A. Aziz" 1 => "S. Diallo" 2 => "I.M. Diop" 3 => "M. Lariviere" 4 => "M. 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 14 | 16 | 30 |
| 2024 Octubre | 160 | 48 | 208 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 161 | 36 | 197 |
| 2024 Agosto | 171 | 60 | 231 |
| 2024 Julio | 160 | 43 | 203 |
| 2024 Junio | 182 | 55 | 237 |
| 2024 Mayo | 125 | 50 | 175 |
| 2024 Abril | 157 | 28 | 185 |
| 2024 Marzo | 147 | 35 | 182 |
| 2024 Febrero | 157 | 25 | 182 |
| 2024 Enero | 145 | 34 | 179 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 139 | 29 | 168 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 206 | 30 | 236 |
| 2023 Octubre | 138 | 45 | 183 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 133 | 39 | 172 |
| 2023 Agosto | 114 | 17 | 131 |
| 2023 Julio | 121 | 36 | 157 |
| 2023 Junio | 126 | 26 | 152 |
| 2023 Mayo | 233 | 31 | 264 |
| 2023 Abril | 188 | 33 | 221 |
| 2023 Marzo | 176 | 34 | 210 |
| 2023 Febrero | 164 | 35 | 199 |
| 2023 Enero | 215 | 34 | 249 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 152 | 50 | 202 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 30 | 31 | 61 |
| 2022 Octubre | 25 | 26 | 51 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 22 | 49 | 71 |
| 2022 Agosto | 33 | 51 | 84 |
| 2022 Julio | 21 | 37 | 58 |
| 2022 Junio | 59 | 41 | 100 |
| 2022 Mayo | 780 | 48 | 828 |
| 2022 Abril | 1046 | 63 | 1109 |
| 2022 Marzo | 1207 | 70 | 1277 |
| 2022 Febrero | 1096 | 50 | 1146 |
| 2022 Enero | 1158 | 60 | 1218 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 1108 | 70 | 1178 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 1107 | 65 | 1172 |
| 2021 Octubre | 1338 | 82 | 1420 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 1354 | 66 | 1420 |
| 2021 Agosto | 1041 | 66 | 1107 |
| 2021 Julio | 712 | 43 | 755 |
| 2021 Junio | 741 | 40 | 781 |
| 2021 Mayo | 810 | 72 | 882 |
| 2021 Abril | 1169 | 124 | 1293 |
| 2021 Marzo | 560 | 59 | 619 |
| 2021 Febrero | 340 | 63 | 403 |
| 2021 Enero | 538 | 53 | 591 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 322 | 50 | 372 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 137 | 34 | 171 |
| 2020 Octubre | 119 | 18 | 137 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 98 | 32 | 130 |
| 2020 Agosto | 124 | 37 | 161 |
| 2020 Julio | 82 | 30 | 112 |
| 2020 Junio | 82 | 46 | 128 |
| 2020 Mayo | 100 | 30 | 130 |
| 2020 Abril | 97 | 16 | 113 |
| 2020 Marzo | 22 | 13 | 35 |
| 2020 Febrero | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2020 Enero | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2019 Agosto | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Julio | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2019 Junio | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2019 Mayo | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Abril | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 Marzo | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2019 Febrero | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2019 Enero | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 Octubre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 Marzo | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2018 Febrero | 34 | 5 | 39 |
| 2018 Enero | 48 | 9 | 57 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 62 | 19 | 81 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 57 | 48 | 105 |
| 2017 Octubre | 49 | 59 | 108 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 345 | 42 | 387 |
| 2017 Agosto | 96 | 24 | 120 |
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