Practical Dermatology
Diagnostic and Prognostic Relevance of the Cutaneous Manifestations of Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Manifestaciones cutáneas de la neurofibromatosis tipo 2: interés diagnóstico y pronóstico
A. Plana-Pla
, I. Bielsa-Marsol, C. Carrato-Moñino, on Behalf of the Group of Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) in Phakomatosis
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Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
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Plana-Pla, I. Bielsa-Marsol, C. Carrato-Moñino" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Plana-Pla" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "adriplanapla@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Bielsa-Marsol" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Carrato-Moñino" ] 3 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "on Behalf of the Group of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR)</span> in Phakomatosis" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Manifestaciones cutáneas de la neurofibromatosis tipo 2: interés diagnóstico y pronóstico" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1131 "Ancho" => 850 "Tamanyo" => 104460 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plaque-type neural proliferation on the anterior face of the wrist of a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease with complete penetrance. It gives rise to multiple central and peripheral nervous system tumors, ocular disorders, and various types of skin lesions. There is no predilection for sex or race and, although initially considered a very uncommon disease, recent studies suggest that it has an incidence close to 1/25 000 patient-years and a prevalence of 1/60 000 patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unlike neurofibromatosis type 1, which is caused by a mutation in the neurofibromin gene (located on chromosome 17q11.2), NF2 is the result of mutations in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NF2</span> gene located on the long arm of chromosome 22 (22q12.2). This gene encodes a protein known as schwannomin or merlin, which comprises 595 amino acids. The molecule is so named because of its resemblance to the ezrin, radixin, and moesin proteins (merlin is in fact an acronym for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span>oesin-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e</span>zrin-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>adizin-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">li</span>ke protein).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4</span></a> These proteins are present in vertebrates, and their primary function is to bind cytoskeletal proteins (such as actin) with membrane glycoproteins.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4</span></a> Merlin is also promotes such binding and, in addition, is able to regulate cell proliferation through this same binding (probably due to contact-mediated growth inhibition phenomena).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is strongly expressed in nervous tissue and, for this reason, most tumors occurring in NF2 are derived from neural cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> When merlin has mutated, inhibition of cell division does not occur effectively, thus favoring the appearance of tumors of neural origin and the clinical manifestations characteristic of NF2. The condition is not widely known, either among dermatologists or other specialists, and so diagnosis may be delayed in some cases, with the corresponding increase in morbidity and mortality of the disease. In addition, half of the cases of NF2 arise due to spontaneous mutations in patients without a family history, further hindering the diagnostic process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this article, the clinical manifestations of the disease are presented, with particular emphasis on skin lesions. If present and properly identified, these lesions can facilitate early diagnosis of the disease and determine the prognosis of the patient.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Neurological Manifestations</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most widely-known characteristic of NF2 is the development of bilateral vestibular schwannomas (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The presence of such lesions leads to diagnosis of the disease in the majority of cases and is considered a strong enough criterion for diagnosis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). These tumors appear in 95% of the patients and cause neurosensory deafness that presents at 27 years of age on average.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Hearing loss is present in 95% of patients (although only two-thirds are aware of this) and does not depend on tumor diameter but rather the degree of nerve compression. In most patients with NF2, this is the first sign of the process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In the most serious cases, however, NF2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>symptoms present at a younger age and usually with less recognizable clinical manifestations, such as the onset of tumors at other sites, onset of neurological symptoms, and presence of skin or ocular lesions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4</span></a> One example of this is the appearance of schwannomas in other nerves of the body. Approximately 60% of those affected by NF2 have schwannomas in nerves other than cranial nerve 8,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> with the trigeminal nerve the second most frequently involved cranial nerve (29% of patients).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,5</span></a> These tumors can also be formed in other anatomical areas such as the spine. This occurs in 90% of patients with the disease, although only 30% of them have symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to schwannomas, NF2 can produce tumors derived from other neural cells such as meningiomas, ependymomas, and astrocytomas.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> Of all these, meningiomas are the most relevant. These are diagnosed in half the patients with NF2 and publications that assessed mortality associated with the disease concluded that these lesions are one of the main prognostic markers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> They grow faster than schwannomas, and clinically, they are manifest as headaches or seizures (if they form within the cranium) or muscle weakness, pain, and paresthesia (if they form in the spine).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ependymomas, for their part, appear in the spine, are usually low grade and grow slowly.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> Astrocytomas, in contrast, usually form in the brainstem.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unlike in neurofibromatosis type 1, the risk of malignant conversion of tumors is low in NF2. The probability that a central nervous system tumor undergoes malignant transformation is approximately 0.5%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NF2 can also be expressed in the form of mononeuropathy that leads to progressive loss of function of the affected nerves, leading in turn to muscle deficit in the region that they innervate. This form of involvement is seen in 10% to 15% of cases, with the facial nerve the one most often affected.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In children, this is a frequent manifestation, although the relationship with the disease is often not recognized at the time of presentation unless there is a family history of NF2. In this case, detailed examination of the skin can be key to suspect diagnosis because, as discussed later (see <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Skin Manifestations</span> section), in this context, skin lesions specific to the disease are often observed. In exceptional cases, serious polyneuropathy, the origin of which is not entirely clear, has even been reported. The phenomenon is, however, uncommon as it is only observed in 3% to 5% of cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,9,10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Skin Manifestations</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skin lesions are not included in the criteria for diagnosis of the disease because it is generally thought that, unlike in neurofibromatosis type 1, skin manifestations in NF2 are uncommon and not very specific. However, nothing could be further from the truth; skin lesions in NF2, although not as frequent as in neurofibromatosis type 1, can be sufficiently characteristic to cause suspicion of the disease and even confirm diagnosis.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Essentially, 2 types of skin lesions can be identified in this context: café-au-lait spots and cutaneous schwannomas, with the latter lesions being the most characteristic.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Café-au-lait spots are observed in 40% of patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> and they have a similar but not identical morphology to those of neurofibromatosis type 1. In NF2, these lesions are less frequent (fewer than 1% of patients with NF2 have 6 or more café-au-lait spots), have a lighter color, and have more irregular borders (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Their histology is very similar to those of the typical lesions of neurofibromatosis type 1, but with fewer melanosomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> In patients with manifestations in the first years of life, the presence of these lesions is more frequent and can be detected in almost all patients in some pediatric series.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous schwannomas can take on different clinical forms depending on the depth at which they develop: if they form in the dermis they give rise to superficial lesions identified in the literature as plaques<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> but if they develop at a deeper site their clinical presentation is more that of a nodule or tumor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> It is safe to say that that the most extensively characterized lesions are plaques, which correspond clinically to areas of mildly hyperpigmented skin that is soft to touch with occasional hypertrichosis. They are preferentially located on the chest or abdomen (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figures 3 and 4</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> These lesions are observed in 41% to 48% of patients and are the ones with the earliest onset.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5,11</span></a> In the most severe forms of the disease, as occurs with café-au-lait spots, the presence of these lesions is more common.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The nodules or tumors are covered with normal skin and are more palpable than visible (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0025">Figures 5 and 6</a>). The most profound lesions have an elastic consistency and can be painful to manipulation and follow paths of innervation. When these lesions are more superficial, in contrast, they feel softer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> In some series, the presence of cutaneous schwannomas in children with NF2 is seen in up to 90% of patients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> although the number of lesions per patient might not be very high (only 10% of patients have more than 10 tumors).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Under the microscope, different patterns can be observed for cutaneous schwannomas. The most widely known, according to the literature, is the classic schwannoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,12</span></a> This type is made up of a spindle-cell proliferation, located in the dermis. The lesion is compact and encapsulated, with typical Antoni A areas rich in cells (in which Verocay bodies can occasionally be seen) and Antoni B areas with lower cellularity. The cells of these proliferations are stained with S100 and vimentin (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 7</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,12</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the classic pattern, schwannomas with a plexiform pattern<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and hybrid tumors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> have also been identified. In schwannomas with a plexiform pattern, bundles of very compact spindle-cells have been observed (Antoni type A), which spread along the dermis forming bundles of nervous tissue to give the plexiform appearance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 8</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In hybrid tumors, diffuse areas of neurofibroma are observed within which classic schwannoma nodules are located (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 9</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Hybrid tumors are uncommon and have been reported both in the context of neurofibromatosis type 1 and NF2. Their significance is not well known. Immunohistochemistry of hybrid tumors is the same as for the 2 types of constituent tumor. That is, all schwannoma cells are stained with S100 whereas only 40% of those in areas of neurofibroma are stained. In addition, other typical findings are apparent in areas of neurofibroma, such as for example axons stained for neurofilaments or fibroblasts positive for factor XIIIa.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are no studies that report in sufficient detail the clinical correlation of each of the microscopic patterns, but what is certain is that the plaques and most superficial tumors translate, from a microscopic point of view, into a schwannoma with plexiform pattern or a hybrid tumor, whereas the deeper tumors that follow the path of the nerve probably have the nodular microscopic pattern of classic schwannoma.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The formation of cutaneous schwannomas is very characteristic of NF2 but not exclusive. The literature has reported cases of patients with solitary lesions with the classic schwannoma pattern, plexiform schwannoma,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and even a hybrid tumor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> under the microscope. In addition, these lesions can also be seen in schwannomatosis, and less frequently, in some cases of neurofibromatosis type 1.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> Schwannomatosis is an entity caused by mutations in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IN11/SMARCB1</span> gene. This gene is located on chromosome 22 in close proximity to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NF2</span> gene. Mutation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IN11/SMARCB1</span> leads to the formation of multiple schwannomas in different areas of the body (intracranial, spinal, or peripheral nerves) as well as in the skin and soft tissues, but without the typical vestibular schwannomas characteristic of NF2.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to café-au-lait spots and schwannomas, in an isolated case published by Spanish authors, the presence of hypopigmented lesions has also been reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ophthalmological Manifestations</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the most frequent ophthalmological manifestations are cataracts, which are seen in between 60% and 80% of cases if a rigorous ophthalmological examination is undertaken.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> These lesions are almost always located in a posterior subcapsular site. The development of hamartomas in the retina or meningiomas in the optic nerve has also been reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Characteristics of Neurofibromatosis Type 2 in Pediatric Patients</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As mentioned above, clinical expression of NF2 in children differs in many aspects from expression in adults. In children, there have been reports of a high proportion of schwannomas in nerves other than cranial nerve 8 (in fact, only 15% to 30% of children present with vestibular schwannomas), a higher proportion of meningiomas located in the spine, a higher frequency of mononeuropathy, and in some patients even intracranial calcifications similar to those seen in some cases of tuberous sclerosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> Moreover, as mentioned above, skin manifestations in this group of the population are particularly predominant. Bearing in mind that the most superficial schwannomas, which manifest as small plaques, are the earliest lesions to present, these are also the lesions seen most frequently. Thus, detailed skin examination may be worthwhile in a child with facial paralysis to detect skin lesions suggestive of schwannoma. If such lesions are present, the disease may be diagnosed.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also important to point out that cataracts and retinal hamartomas in children may be a very frequent finding (although there are large variations between series).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> As these alterations are often asymptomatic (only 20% of patients with ocular lesions present with decreased visual acuity),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> ophthalmologic assessment should be requested in all children in whom this process is suspected. These patients may also have strabismus if the oculomotor nerves are affected by tumors in these structures.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Segmentary Form</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NF2 can also present in segmentary form when mosaicism occurs. It is estimated that among all patients with spontaneous appearance of NF2 (50% of all patients), 25% to 35% present with a mosaic form.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> In these cases, the clinical manifestations are mild and schwannomas and skin lesions can be limited to specific anatomical parts of the body (for example, to one half of the body) and not generalized. In these patients, differential diagnosis with schwannomatosis is complicated because vestibular schwannomas do not usually present and molecular diagnostic techniques are normally required.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Early Diagnosis</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the above manifestations contribute to a high morbidity and mortality associated with NF2. Some series report mean survival after diagnosis of 15 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Early diagnosis is essential to improve survival. This is useful for several reasons. First, it facilitates the detection of vestibular tumors while they are still small, thus enabling planning of the different therapeutic options available<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and it also gives the patients the chance to learn sign language while they are still able to hear (thus facilitating adaptation to the disease).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Finally, it means that patients can be referred quickly to specialist reference centers. This last point is one of the most important. In fact, studies that have attempted to identify prognostic factors have demonstrated that the fact that attendance of a reference center led to statistically significant improvement in survival.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These centers are able to offer a multidisciplinary approach and surgeons more experienced in these types of tumors. This is also of utmost importance given these are uncommon tumors, and the experience of the surgeon is vital to preserve the facial nerve and hearing, as well as to reduce postoperative complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This all contributes to an improved quality of life for patients with NF2, and even leads to decreased mortality. In Spain, the 2 reference centers available are Hospital Sant Joan de Déu for pediatric patients and the Hospital Germans Trias i Pujo for adult patients.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early diagnosis is even more important when NF2 presents in the early years of life. It has been shown that when the first symptoms of NF2 appear during childhood, the disease has a worse prognosis and mortality is higher.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> It is calculated that 1 in 5 patients with NF2 will present with the first signs of the disease before the age of 10 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In series that include pediatric patients, it has been shown that the first manifestations are not usually vestibular schwannomas as is the case in adults but rather neurological or skin disorders.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> Dermatologists therefore have a crucial role for suspecting and confirming diagnosis of the disease, even though other tumors in the central or peripheral nervous systems are not present.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the challenging clinical aspects of NF2, both for patients and clinicians, is phenotypic variability, that is, the diversity of clinical manifestations, as well as the different ages of onset of symptoms. On the one hand, there is marked variation within families. Traditionally, 2 forms of NF2 are distinguished, a severe form (Wishart) characterized by a greater number of tumors, lower age of onset of NF2 symptoms, and higher prevalence of cataracts; and a milder form (Gardner) characterized by fewer tumors, older age of onset of symptoms, and lower prevalence of cataracts. Currently, a possible genotype-phenotype correlation has been reported whereby patients with mutations resulting in a truncated protein (nonsense or frameshift mutations) have more severe disease than patients with missense mutations, somatic mosaicism, or mutations that result in complete loss of protein product (large deletions).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of skin lesions in the early phases of the more serious forms of the disease, in particular the most superficial schwannomas that are manifest in form of small plaques, which as we have seen are very characteristic and accessible for study, mean that identification of these lesions has a high diagnostic yield that will benefit the patient.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Molecular Diagnosis</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the disease is suspected at early ages, patients do not usually meet all of the necessary clinical criteria for diagnosis. In such cases, molecular diagnostic techniques are used. Some patients may also request genetic counselling.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The NF2 gene consists of 17 exons. For molecular diagnosis, it is necessary to rule out the presence of isolated pathogenic point mutations or deletions and partial or total duplications of the gene. To achieve this, a study is performed that begins with taking a blood sample from the patient for short-term lymphocyte culture to obtain DNA and RNA. Subsequently, the region encoding the NF2 gene is amplified by polymerase chain reaction of RNA (cDNA) and all amplification products are analyzed by direct sequencing in search of point mutations. If a mutation is detected, this is confirmed by PCR and sequencing of the exon involved. If a point mutation is not observed, the presence of deletions or partial or total duplications of the NF2 gene should be ruled out by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. The sensitivity of these techniques is 91% to 95%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,11</span></a> if the mutation is present in the majority of cells.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In cases of mosaicism, this process is more complex because the mutation is not usually present in the patient's blood. In such cases, the genetic mutations should be sought in at least 2 tumors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusions</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, NF2 is an uncommon disease that is associated with a high morbidity and mortality, above all when onset occurs during the first years of life. Early diagnosis of the process is a priority, as this improves survival and quality of life of the individuals affected. NF2 with onset in the early years of life can be diagnosed from skin, ocular, and neural lesions, but not so much from the manifestations arising from vestibular schwannomas. For this reason, greater clinical and microscopic understanding of the skin lesions of NF2 is key for improving the chance of early diagnosis, with a corresponding improved prognosis.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres888170" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874141" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres888171" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874142" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Neurological Manifestations" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Skin Manifestations" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Ophthalmological Manifestations" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Characteristics of Neurofibromatosis Type 2 in Pediatric Patients" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Segmentary Form" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Early Diagnosis" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Molecular Diagnosis" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 14 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-08-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-12-22" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874141" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Neurofibromatosis type 2" 1 => "Café-au-lait spots" 2 => "Schwannoma" 3 => "Hybrid tumor" 4 => "Plexiform schwannoma" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec874142" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Neurofibromatosis tipo 2" 1 => "Manchas café con leche" 2 => "Schwannoma" 3 => "Tumor híbrido" 4 => "Schwannoma plexiforme" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Neurofibromatosis type 2 is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease with complete penetrance. It gives rise to multiple central and peripheral nervous system tumors, ocular alterations, and various types of skin lesion. In general, neither dermatologists nor other specialists have in-depth knowledge of the clinical manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 2. In some cases, this can lead to delayed diagnosis, which can increase morbidity and mortality. We describe the less well known clinical manifestations of NF2, focusing particularly on skin lesions specific to this disease. Identification of these lesions, when present, can facilitate diagnosis.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La neurofibromatosis tipo 2 es una enfermedad hereditaria, autosómica dominante, con penetrancia completa, que ocasiona la aparición de múltiples tumores en el sistema nervioso central y periférico, afectación ocular y lesiones cutáneas de distinta índole. La clínica de la neurofibromatosis tipo 2 es, en general, poco conocida, tanto por los dermatólogos como por el resto de los especialistas, lo que deriva, en algunos casos, en un retraso en el diagnóstico que favorece un aumento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad. En este artículo se expondrán las manifestaciones clínicas menos conocidas, haciendo especial hincapié en las lesiones dermatológicas propias de la enfermedad, las cuales en caso de presentarse y ser identificadas, pueden facilitar el diagnóstico de la misma.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Plana-Pla A, Bielsa-Marsol I, Carrato-Moñino C, en representación del grupo de Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) en Factomatosis. Manifestaciones cutáneas de la neurofibromatosis tipo 2: interés diagnóstico y pronóstico. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2017;108:630–636.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 761 "Ancho" => 975 "Tamanyo" => 69162 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Vestibular schwannomas (indicated by arrows) in the magnetic resonance imaging of a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 732 "Ancho" => 975 "Tamanyo" => 106091 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Café-au-Lait spots on the buttocks of a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2. The color is lighter than in the spots typically observed in neurofibromatosis type 1.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 732 "Ancho" => 975 "Tamanyo" => 59275 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plaque-type neural proliferation on the chest of a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2. A slightly more pigmented area of skin is observed with hypertrichosis on the surface.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 732 "Ancho" => 975 "Tamanyo" => 127961 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plaque-type neural proliferation on the forehead of a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1131 "Ancho" => 850 "Tamanyo" => 98672 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plaque-type neural proliferation on the pulp of finger of a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1131 "Ancho" => 850 "Tamanyo" => 104460 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plaque-type neural proliferation on the anterior face of the wrist of a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 732 "Ancho" => 975 "Tamanyo" => 279568 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Neural proliferation with classic schwannoma pattern. A spindle-cell proliferation is observed, located in the dermis. The lesion is compact and encapsulated, with Antoni A areas rich in cells in which Verocay bodies can be seen. Staining with hematoxylin-eosin ×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Figure 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 735 "Ancho" => 975 "Tamanyo" => 305308 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Neural proliferation with plexiform schwannoma pattern. Staining with hematoxylin-eosin ×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100.</p>" ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Figure 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 735 "Ancho" => 975 "Tamanyo" => 309416 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Neural proliferation with hybrid tumor pattern, in which diffuse areas of neurofibroma can be seen, within which classic schwannoma nodules are observed. Staining with hematoxylin-eosin ×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100.</p>" ] ] 9 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diagnostic criteria for NF2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bilateral vestibular schwannomas</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">First-degree family member with NF2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">+</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unilateral vestibular schwannoma or \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Two of the following: meningioma, schwannoma, glioma, neurofibroma, or cataracts (posterior subcapsular) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Unilateral schwannoma</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">+</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Two of the following: meningioma, schwannoma, glioma, neurofibroma, or cataracts (posterior subcapsular) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Multiple meningiomas</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">+</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unilateral schwannoma or \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Two of the following: schwannoma, glioma, neurofibroma, or cataracts (posterior subcapsular) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1501037.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagnostic Criteria for Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:20 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2): A clinical and molecular review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "D.G. 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| 2023 Julio | 102 | 50 | 152 |
| 2023 Junio | 93 | 49 | 142 |
| 2023 Mayo | 97 | 37 | 134 |
| 2023 Abril | 112 | 36 | 148 |
| 2023 Marzo | 84 | 34 | 118 |
| 2023 Febrero | 81 | 43 | 124 |
| 2023 Enero | 65 | 47 | 112 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 113 | 41 | 154 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 79 | 35 | 114 |
| 2022 Octubre | 60 | 31 | 91 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 84 | 62 | 146 |
| 2022 Agosto | 47 | 53 | 100 |
| 2022 Julio | 70 | 55 | 125 |
| 2022 Junio | 72 | 33 | 105 |
| 2022 Mayo | 101 | 68 | 169 |
| 2022 Abril | 87 | 66 | 153 |
| 2022 Marzo | 100 | 84 | 184 |
| 2022 Febrero | 96 | 69 | 165 |
| 2022 Enero | 77 | 67 | 144 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 66 | 68 | 134 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 68 | 69 | 137 |
| 2021 Octubre | 50 | 83 | 133 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 62 | 59 | 121 |
| 2021 Agosto | 72 | 62 | 134 |
| 2021 Julio | 59 | 56 | 115 |
| 2021 Junio | 60 | 57 | 117 |
| 2021 Mayo | 60 | 68 | 128 |
| 2021 Abril | 300 | 83 | 383 |
| 2021 Marzo | 150 | 56 | 206 |
| 2021 Febrero | 97 | 59 | 156 |
| 2021 Enero | 86 | 44 | 130 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 96 | 37 | 133 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 59 | 31 | 90 |
| 2020 Octubre | 48 | 22 | 70 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 56 | 28 | 84 |
| 2020 Agosto | 39 | 41 | 80 |
| 2020 Julio | 40 | 25 | 65 |
| 2020 Junio | 37 | 48 | 85 |
| 2020 Mayo | 22 | 17 | 39 |
| 2020 Abril | 21 | 15 | 36 |
| 2020 Marzo | 49 | 26 | 75 |
| 2020 Febrero | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Mayo | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2019 Marzo | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2019 Febrero | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 Octubre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2018 Febrero | 113 | 9 | 122 |
| 2018 Enero | 148 | 6 | 154 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 148 | 14 | 162 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 140 | 7 | 147 |
| 2017 Octubre | 130 | 15 | 145 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 180 | 30 | 210 |
| 2017 Agosto | 77 | 33 | 110 |
| 2017 Julio | 3 | 16 | 19 |
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