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1</a>&#41;&#46; She was otherwise well and had no relevant past history of skin disorders&#44; other medical conditions&#44; or associated immunosuppression&#46; The tumor was painless&#44; and there was no bleeding or lymphadenopathy&#46; It had a vascular appearance&#44; and the tentative diagnosis was pyogenic granuloma&#44; although other diagnoses considered were amelanotic melanoma&#44; epidermoid carcinoma&#44; Merkel cell carcinoma&#44; and atypical fibroxanthoma&#46; The lesion was excised completely&#44; and histologic examination revealed a proliferation of fine&#44; irregular vascular channels&#44; with erythrocyte extravasation and minimal pleomorphism and mitotic activity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Positive staining of spindle cells with CD31&#44; CD34&#44; and HHV-8 was consistent with a diagnosis of KS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Laboratory tests only revealed hyperglycemia&#46; Serology and polymerase chain reaction results were both positive for HHV-8&#46; Serology for HIV&#44; cytomegalovirus&#44; herpes zoster virus&#44; Epstein&#8211;Barr virus&#44; HHV-6&#44; and HHV-7 was negative&#46; To rule out gastrointestinal disease&#44; we performed a fecal occult blood test and an endoscopy&#44; but observed no pathological findings&#46; A whole-body computed tomography scan showed no other visceral disease&#46; Screening laboratory tests to evaluate cellular immunity &#40;total lymphocyte count&#44; T-cell&#44; B-cell&#44; and natural killer-cell enumeration using flow cytometry&#41; and functional assessment of helper T &#40;T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span>&#41; cells based on T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span>1 and T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span>2 cytokine production were normal&#44; but early response to stimulation measured by detection of intracellular adenosine triphosphate &#40;ATP&#41; synthesis in T cells &#40;Immuknow&#44; Viracor IBT Laboratories Inc&#46;&#41; was low&#46; This suggested defective T-cell activation because the production of intracellular ATP is one of the first steps in cellular activation&#46; During 2 years of follow-up&#44; no recurrences&#44; new lesions&#44; or new immunosuppressive diseases have been detected&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The head is a common site for multiple lesions in HIV patients with KS&#46; However&#44; the presence of a solitary lesion on the ear of an immunocompetent patient is a very rare finding&#44; and very few cases of KS have been reported on the pinna in patients without a history of immunodeficiency &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Like our patient&#44; most of the patients described in the literature are elderly&#44; with the exception of a healthy 36-year-old white man&#46; We do not know why certain vascular proliferations&#44; such as angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia&#44; have a special predilection for the pinna&#44; but we hypothesize that the sum of certain traumatic&#47;infectious factors in an acral area with complex&#44; fine&#44; and insufficient vascularization could make access difficult for immune cells&#46; All these conditions could favor the occurrence of these vascular tumors in certain individuals with immune dysfunction that has not been adequately studied&#46; We highlight the importance of contemplating KS in the differential diagnosis of tumors with a vascular appearance involving the ears in immunologically competent individuals&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Polypoid lesion of the right ear&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Proliferation of fine&#44; irregular vascular channels&#44; with erythrocyte extravasation &#40;hematoxylin&#8211;eosin staining&#44; original magnification &#215;20&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuclear positivity for human herpes virus 8 &#40;hematoxylin&#8211;eosin staining&#44; original magnification &#215;20&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EBV&#44; Epstein&#8211;Barr virus&#59; HHV&#44; human herpes virus&#59; HIV&#44; human immunodeficiency virus&#59; ND&#44; not determinated&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Author&#40;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age&#44; y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Geographic&#47;ethnic origin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of lesions&#47;location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HIV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HHV-8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Naunton and Stoller<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1960&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">North American&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Right helix<br>1&#47;Lip&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gibbs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1968&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">North-American&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multiple nodules on each ear<br>1&#47;Left foot&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Stearns et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1983&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Indian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Left external auditory meatus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Babuccu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Left pinna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HHV-8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Colletti et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Right pinna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HHV-8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Izquierdo Cuenca et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#47;Right pinna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HHV-8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Busi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Right right pinna and external auditory canal<br>Multiple lesions on right arm and left leg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HHV-8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> &#40;also HHV-4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> and EBV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Our case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Right pinna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HHV-8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cases of Kaposi sarcoma involving the external ear of patients without AIDS&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:9 [
            0 => array:3 [
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                            1 => "P&#46; Moore"
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                        ]
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                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3390/v6114258"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Viruses"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "4258"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25386844"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Kaposi sarcoma in HIV-negative men who have sex with men"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "E&#46; Rashidghamat"
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                            3 => "P&#46; Banerjee"
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                      "doi" => "10.1111/bjd.13102"
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                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma of the auricle"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "R&#46;F&#46; Naunton"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1288/00005537-196011000-00003"
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            3 => array:3 [
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46;P&#46; Stearns"
                            1 => "A&#46;A&#46; Hibbard"
                            2 => "H&#46;C&#46; Patterson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Laryngol Otol"
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Atypical presentation of Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma in the external ear"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "O&#46; Babuccu"
                            1 => "E&#46; Kargi"
                            2 => "M&#46; Ho&#351;nuter"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg"
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                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "17"
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Case and Research Letter
Non-AIDS Kaposi sarcoma in the external ear
Sarcoma de Kaposi del oído externo, no asociado con SIDA
L. Francés Rodrígueza,
Autor para correspondencia
, A. Bouret Lebróna, C. Muñoz Ruízb, J. Bañuls Rocaa,c
a Dermatology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (Isabial), Alicante, Spain
b Immunology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (Isabial), Alicante, Spain
c Medicina Clinica Department, Dermatology Area, Miguel Hernández University, Sant Joan D’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
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      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Sarcoma de Kaposi del o&#237;do externo&#44; no asociado con SIDA"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kaposi sarcoma &#40;KS&#41; is an uncommon&#44; malignant&#44; multifocal systemic disease derived from the proliferation of endothelial cells&#46; The disease has predominant cutaneous involvement and follows a benign course&#44; but in severe cases it can affect other organs&#44; especially the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs&#46; In 1994&#44; Chang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> demonstrated that human herpesvirus type 8 &#40;HHV-8&#41; infection is involved in the etiology of KS&#46; Its presence has been detected in over 90&#37; of biological tissues affected&#44; and it is now considered a valuable diagnostic marker of the disease&#46; Classic KS &#40;described in 1872 by Moritz Kaposi&#41; is the most common form of KS&#44; and it usually affects elderly males of Eastern European or Mediterranean origin&#46; Clinically&#44; it manifests as red-bluish papules&#44; plaques&#44; and nodules on the lower extremities that exhibit a slow but steady growth&#46; There are 4 types of KS&#58; classic KS&#44; endemic &#40;African&#41; KS&#44; immunocompromised &#40;iatrogenic&#41; KS &#40;related to aggressive immunosuppressive treatment&#41;&#44; and AIDS-related &#40;epidemic&#41; KS&#46; A new variant related to homosexuality was recently described in men who have sex with men&#58; non-human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41;-associated KS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We describe a rare presentation of KS of the external ear in an immunocompetent patient&#46; A 77-year-old woman came to our dermatology department with a firm&#44; slow-growing&#44; red-bluish nodule measuring 1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in diameter on the anterior helix of the right pinna &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; She was otherwise well and had no relevant past history of skin disorders&#44; other medical conditions&#44; or associated immunosuppression&#46; The tumor was painless&#44; and there was no bleeding or lymphadenopathy&#46; It had a vascular appearance&#44; and the tentative diagnosis was pyogenic granuloma&#44; although other diagnoses considered were amelanotic melanoma&#44; epidermoid carcinoma&#44; Merkel cell carcinoma&#44; and atypical fibroxanthoma&#46; The lesion was excised completely&#44; and histologic examination revealed a proliferation of fine&#44; irregular vascular channels&#44; with erythrocyte extravasation and minimal pleomorphism and mitotic activity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Positive staining of spindle cells with CD31&#44; CD34&#44; and HHV-8 was consistent with a diagnosis of KS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Laboratory tests only revealed hyperglycemia&#46; Serology and polymerase chain reaction results were both positive for HHV-8&#46; Serology for HIV&#44; cytomegalovirus&#44; herpes zoster virus&#44; Epstein&#8211;Barr virus&#44; HHV-6&#44; and HHV-7 was negative&#46; To rule out gastrointestinal disease&#44; we performed a fecal occult blood test and an endoscopy&#44; but observed no pathological findings&#46; A whole-body computed tomography scan showed no other visceral disease&#46; Screening laboratory tests to evaluate cellular immunity &#40;total lymphocyte count&#44; T-cell&#44; B-cell&#44; and natural killer-cell enumeration using flow cytometry&#41; and functional assessment of helper T &#40;T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span>&#41; cells based on T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span>1 and T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span>2 cytokine production were normal&#44; but early response to stimulation measured by detection of intracellular adenosine triphosphate &#40;ATP&#41; synthesis in T cells &#40;Immuknow&#44; Viracor IBT Laboratories Inc&#46;&#41; was low&#46; This suggested defective T-cell activation because the production of intracellular ATP is one of the first steps in cellular activation&#46; During 2 years of follow-up&#44; no recurrences&#44; new lesions&#44; or new immunosuppressive diseases have been detected&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The head is a common site for multiple lesions in HIV patients with KS&#46; However&#44; the presence of a solitary lesion on the ear of an immunocompetent patient is a very rare finding&#44; and very few cases of KS have been reported on the pinna in patients without a history of immunodeficiency &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Like our patient&#44; most of the patients described in the literature are elderly&#44; with the exception of a healthy 36-year-old white man&#46; We do not know why certain vascular proliferations&#44; such as angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia&#44; have a special predilection for the pinna&#44; but we hypothesize that the sum of certain traumatic&#47;infectious factors in an acral area with complex&#44; fine&#44; and insufficient vascularization could make access difficult for immune cells&#46; All these conditions could favor the occurrence of these vascular tumors in certain individuals with immune dysfunction that has not been adequately studied&#46; We highlight the importance of contemplating KS in the differential diagnosis of tumors with a vascular appearance involving the ears in immunologically competent individuals&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Proliferation of fine&#44; irregular vascular channels&#44; with erythrocyte extravasation &#40;hematoxylin&#8211;eosin staining&#44; original magnification &#215;20&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuclear positivity for human herpes virus 8 &#40;hematoxylin&#8211;eosin staining&#44; original magnification &#215;20&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EBV&#44; Epstein&#8211;Barr virus&#59; HHV&#44; human herpes virus&#59; HIV&#44; human immunodeficiency virus&#59; ND&#44; not determinated&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Author&#40;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age&#44; y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Geographic&#47;ethnic origin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of lesions&#47;location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HIV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HHV-8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Naunton and Stoller<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1960&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">North American&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Right helix<br>1&#47;Lip&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gibbs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1968&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">North-American&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multiple nodules on each ear<br>1&#47;Left foot&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Stearns et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1983&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Indian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Left external auditory meatus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Babuccu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Left pinna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HHV-8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Colletti et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Right pinna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HHV-8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Izquierdo Cuenca et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#47;Right pinna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HHV-8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Busi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Right right pinna and external auditory canal<br>Multiple lesions on right arm and left leg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HHV-8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> &#40;also HHV-4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> and EBV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Our case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Right pinna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HHV-8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cases of Kaposi sarcoma involving the external ear of patients without AIDS&#46;</p>"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Twenty years of KSHV"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Chang"
                            1 => "P&#46; Moore"
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                      "doi" => "10.3390/v6114258"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Viruses"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "4258"
                        "paginaFinal" => "4264"
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