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The nodule was not tender and was not adherent to deeper planes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1A</a>&#41;&#46; Complete surgical excision of the lesion was performed without wide margins&#46; Histology showed a well-defined nodule surrounded by a fibrous pseudocapsule&#44; situated in the deep dermis and hypodermis&#44; with no connection to the epidermis&#46; The nodule was formed of lobules of basaloid cells with peripheral palisading&#44; with no retraction cleft between the cells and the stroma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1B</a>&#41;&#46; There was abundant stroma with numerous fibroblasts&#46; All sections contained dense round structures with an onion skin appearance or nests of cells with pale cytoplasm and elongated vesicular and sometimes pycnotic nuclei &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Few foci of keratinization were observed&#46; No cytologic atypia was seen&#46; Immunohistochemistry was positive for pancytokeratins AE1&#47;AE3&#44; cytokeratin &#40;CK&#41; 5&#47;6&#44; and p63 in both cell types &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; These structures in characteristics nests&#44; in the context of a benign basaloid neoplasm with pilar differentiation&#44; supported a diagnosis of trichogerminoma&#46; There has been no recurrence after a year of follow-up&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sau et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in their series of 14 cases&#44; coined the term trichogerminoma in reference to tumor differentiation towards the germinal epithelium of the hair&#46; The neoplasm they described was formed of lobules of basaloid cells and was characterized by agglomerations of densely packed cells in the form of round nests or cell balls&#44; simulating hair bulbs&#46; The lobules presented peripheral palisading&#44; and there was a variable quantity of stroma between the lobules&#44; with no cleft between the lobules and the epithelium&#44; and no stroma between the nests&#46; These images have previously been published in 2 figures in the study by Grouls et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> with a diagnosis of trichoblastic fibroma&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trichogerminoma is a tumor of middle-aged individuals &#40;median age&#44; 50 years&#41; and is more common in men&#46; It presents as solitary nodules&#44; with no superficial changes other than telangiectasias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> This tumor typically arises on the face and&#44; less frequently&#44; on the scalp&#44; trunk and limbs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;5</span></a> It is a slow-growing tumor with a benign behavior&#44; and does not recur after complete surgical excision&#46; However&#44; we should draw attention to a case reported by Sau et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in which areas of undifferentiated carcinoma were detected at the time of diagnosis and subsequently metastasized&#44; leading to the death of the patient&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunohistochemically the basaloid lobules are positive for cytokeratin markers&#44; including AE1&#47;AE3&#44; CK5&#47;6&#44; and CK5&#47;8&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> which could reflect differentiation towards the outer root sheath&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The pale round structures characteristic of trichogerminoma show little or no immunoreactivity to the aforementioned cytokeratin markers&#59; Kazakov<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> considered this likely to be artifactual&#44; as the cells could be in apoptosis and contain less cytoplasm&#44; though other authors consider this to be another characteristic finding to differentiate these lesions from trichoblastoma&#46; Chen et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> however&#44; found less difference in CK5&#47;6 positivity between the 2 areas&#44; and this&#44; together with our case&#44; would support Kazakov&#39;s hypothesis&#46; The pattern of immunoreactivity to another epithelial marker&#44; p63 &#40;of the p53 family&#44; localized to the nucleus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and expressed in cells derived from the matrix and from the outer root sheath in tumors with follicular differentiation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#41;&#44; also does not differ between the 2 zones&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> as observed in our case&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis should include basaloid cell tumors with follicular differentiation&#46; For many authors&#44; these tumors form a spectrum&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> They present common elements and are classified according to which element predominates&#46; Trichoblastoma&#44; mentioned above&#44; is characterized by lobules of basaloid cells with no connection with the epidermis&#44; with peripheral palisading&#44; and no retraction clefts&#46; It forms structures similar to hair bulbs and dermal papillae&#44; with no areas of pale cells with an onion skin appearance&#46; The feature that differentiates trichoblastoma from trichoepithelioma is the predominance of the formation of corneal cysts&#46; Trichilemmoma is connected to the epidermis and is characterized by clear cells with peripheral palisading&#46; Finally&#44; basal cell carcinoma is differentiated by its retraction cleft between the epithelium and the stroma and by its connection to the epidermis&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the nonspecific clinical manifestations of this benign neoplasm&#44; presenting as a deep solitary nodule with no epidermal involvement&#44; its histology is characteristic and enables us to differentiate it from trichoblastoma&#44; either as a different entity or as a variant&#46; In the case we have presented&#44; we draw attention to the stability of the lesion over a number of years&#44; followed by rapid growth over a period of months&#44; with no histologic evidence of malignancy&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case and Research Letter
Trichogerminoma: A Neoplasm With Follicular Differentiation and a Characteristic Morphology
Tricogerminoma: una neoplasia con diferenciación folicular y una morfología característica
B. Lozano-Masdemonta,
Autor para correspondencia
belenmasdemont@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, V.J. Rodríguez-Soriaa, L. Gómez-Recuero-Muñoza, V. Parra-Blancob
a Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
b Department of Pathology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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The nodule was not tender and was not adherent to deeper planes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1A</a>&#41;&#46; Complete surgical excision of the lesion was performed without wide margins&#46; Histology showed a well-defined nodule surrounded by a fibrous pseudocapsule&#44; situated in the deep dermis and hypodermis&#44; with no connection to the epidermis&#46; The nodule was formed of lobules of basaloid cells with peripheral palisading&#44; with no retraction cleft between the cells and the stroma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1B</a>&#41;&#46; There was abundant stroma with numerous fibroblasts&#46; All sections contained dense round structures with an onion skin appearance or nests of cells with pale cytoplasm and elongated vesicular and sometimes pycnotic nuclei &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Few foci of keratinization were observed&#46; No cytologic atypia was seen&#46; Immunohistochemistry was positive for pancytokeratins AE1&#47;AE3&#44; cytokeratin &#40;CK&#41; 5&#47;6&#44; and p63 in both cell types &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; These structures in characteristics nests&#44; in the context of a benign basaloid neoplasm with pilar differentiation&#44; supported a diagnosis of trichogerminoma&#46; There has been no recurrence after a year of follow-up&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sau et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in their series of 14 cases&#44; coined the term trichogerminoma in reference to tumor differentiation towards the germinal epithelium of the hair&#46; The neoplasm they described was formed of lobules of basaloid cells and was characterized by agglomerations of densely packed cells in the form of round nests or cell balls&#44; simulating hair bulbs&#46; The lobules presented peripheral palisading&#44; and there was a variable quantity of stroma between the lobules&#44; with no cleft between the lobules and the epithelium&#44; and no stroma between the nests&#46; These images have previously been published in 2 figures in the study by Grouls et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> with a diagnosis of trichoblastic fibroma&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trichogerminoma is a tumor of middle-aged individuals &#40;median age&#44; 50 years&#41; and is more common in men&#46; It presents as solitary nodules&#44; with no superficial changes other than telangiectasias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> This tumor typically arises on the face and&#44; less frequently&#44; on the scalp&#44; trunk and limbs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;5</span></a> It is a slow-growing tumor with a benign behavior&#44; and does not recur after complete surgical excision&#46; However&#44; we should draw attention to a case reported by Sau et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in which areas of undifferentiated carcinoma were detected at the time of diagnosis and subsequently metastasized&#44; leading to the death of the patient&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunohistochemically the basaloid lobules are positive for cytokeratin markers&#44; including AE1&#47;AE3&#44; CK5&#47;6&#44; and CK5&#47;8&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> which could reflect differentiation towards the outer root sheath&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The pale round structures characteristic of trichogerminoma show little or no immunoreactivity to the aforementioned cytokeratin markers&#59; Kazakov<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> considered this likely to be artifactual&#44; as the cells could be in apoptosis and contain less cytoplasm&#44; though other authors consider this to be another characteristic finding to differentiate these lesions from trichoblastoma&#46; Chen et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> however&#44; found less difference in CK5&#47;6 positivity between the 2 areas&#44; and this&#44; together with our case&#44; would support Kazakov&#39;s hypothesis&#46; The pattern of immunoreactivity to another epithelial marker&#44; p63 &#40;of the p53 family&#44; localized to the nucleus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and expressed in cells derived from the matrix and from the outer root sheath in tumors with follicular differentiation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#41;&#44; also does not differ between the 2 zones&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> as observed in our case&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis should include basaloid cell tumors with follicular differentiation&#46; For many authors&#44; these tumors form a spectrum&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> They present common elements and are classified according to which element predominates&#46; Trichoblastoma&#44; mentioned above&#44; is characterized by lobules of basaloid cells with no connection with the epidermis&#44; with peripheral palisading&#44; and no retraction clefts&#46; It forms structures similar to hair bulbs and dermal papillae&#44; with no areas of pale cells with an onion skin appearance&#46; The feature that differentiates trichoblastoma from trichoepithelioma is the predominance of the formation of corneal cysts&#46; Trichilemmoma is connected to the epidermis and is characterized by clear cells with peripheral palisading&#46; Finally&#44; basal cell carcinoma is differentiated by its retraction cleft between the epithelium and the stroma and by its connection to the epidermis&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the nonspecific clinical manifestations of this benign neoplasm&#44; presenting as a deep solitary nodule with no epidermal involvement&#44; its histology is characteristic and enables us to differentiate it from trichoblastoma&#44; either as a different entity or as a variant&#46; In the case we have presented&#44; we draw attention to the stability of the lesion over a number of years&#44; followed by rapid growth over a period of months&#44; with no histologic evidence of malignancy&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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