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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infantile hemangioma &#40;IH&#41; is 1 of the most common benign tumors of childhood&#44; with an incidence of between 4&#37; and 10&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The majority of IHs appear in the first week of life&#44; although they can sometimes be observed at birth&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some IHs arise in areas that affect the airway or vision and some ulcerate or progress to leave significant sequelae&#59; in these situations&#44; treatment is required&#46; Since the first report by L&#233;aut&#233;-Labr&#232;ze et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> in 2008&#44; &#946;-blockers have become first-line treatment&#46; A study comparing propranolol with placebo for the treatment of IH was published recently and demonstrated the efficacy of a dose of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d and the low rate of recurrences that required reintroduction of the treatment &#40;10&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A key concept in the management of IH is when to start treatment&#46; The recommendation is to initiate treatment at the start of the growth phase&#46; However&#44; delayed consultation is not an impediment to prescription&#44; though the anticipated response rate will be noticeably lower&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 3 main &#946;-blocker drugs available for the treatment of IH are propranolol&#44; nadolol&#44; and timolol&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Propranolol was the first &#946;-blocker used to treat IH&#46; Although topical formulations &#40;1&#37; cream or ointment&#41; are available&#44; the oral preparations are preferred&#46; Propranolol solution&#44; 3&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#44; has recently become available&#46; The recommended initial dosage is 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#44; divided into 2 doses of 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#46; The highest efficacy and best tolerance were achieved with a dosage of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d for 6 months&#46; The dosage can be increased by 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg each week to reach 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#44; except in PHACES &#40;posterior fossa malformations&#44; hemangiomas&#44; arterial anomalies&#44; cardiac defects&#44; eye abnormalities&#44; sternal cleft&#44; and supraumbilical raphe&#41; syndrome&#44; in which the dosage is increased by 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg each week&#46; Patient monitoring &#40;whether in the hospital environment or in the community&#41; is recommended for the first 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours after administering the drug&#44; performing clinical observation and heart rate monitoring&#44; although protocols vary between centers&#46; If the heart rate or blood pressure are below predetermined limits in 2 successive controls&#44; treatment must be discontinued&#46; It is advisable to administer the treatment immediately after feeding to avoid the risk of hypoglycemia&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients who present sleep disorders &#40;agitation&#44; insomnia&#41; or nightmares during treatment with propranolol&#44; nadolol should be used in its place as it does not cross the blood-brain barrier&#46; Nadolol is available as an oral solution&#44; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#44; and is administered at an initial dosage of 0&#46;5 to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d divided into 2 daily doses&#46; The dosage can be increased by 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg per week to a maximum of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#46; Nadolol and propanolol have shown similar efficacy in the treatment of IH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Timolol maleate is an interesting alternative in patients with periocular or superficial IH&#46; In daily clinical practice it is preferred for its availability&#44; and it is widely used as a 0&#46;25&#37; or 0&#46;5&#37; solution applied twice daily&#46; This drug can be used in patients under 1 month of age&#46; When a good response is achieved&#44; treatment should be continued for a month after observing complete regression&#46; Treatment can be reintroduced if the IH reappears&#44; but the response rate is variable&#46; The majority of published cases are of superficial periocular lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adverse effects during treatment with &#946;-blockers must be taken into account&#46; These include vasospasm&#44; hypoglycemia&#44; hypotension&#44; heart block&#44; bronchospasm&#44; and anaphylactic shock&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Contraindications to the use of &#946;-blockers are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; &#946;-blockers have revolutionized the management of IH&#44; and knowledge of their efficacy and safety has now become not just necessary&#44; but absolutely obligatory for the dermatologist&#46;</p></span>"
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Resident's Forum
Infantile Hemangioma and β-Blockers: When, How, and Why?
FR. Hemangiomas infantiles y β-bloqueantes. Cuándo, cómo y por qué
F.J. Navarro-Triviño
Autor para correspondencia
fntmed@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, R. Ruíz-Villaverde, R. Naranjo-Sintes
Unidad de Dermatología Médico-Quirúrgica y Venereología, Complejo Hospitalario de Granada, Granada, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infantile hemangioma &#40;IH&#41; is 1 of the most common benign tumors of childhood&#44; with an incidence of between 4&#37; and 10&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The majority of IHs appear in the first week of life&#44; although they can sometimes be observed at birth&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some IHs arise in areas that affect the airway or vision and some ulcerate or progress to leave significant sequelae&#59; in these situations&#44; treatment is required&#46; Since the first report by L&#233;aut&#233;-Labr&#232;ze et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> in 2008&#44; &#946;-blockers have become first-line treatment&#46; A study comparing propranolol with placebo for the treatment of IH was published recently and demonstrated the efficacy of a dose of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d and the low rate of recurrences that required reintroduction of the treatment &#40;10&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A key concept in the management of IH is when to start treatment&#46; The recommendation is to initiate treatment at the start of the growth phase&#46; However&#44; delayed consultation is not an impediment to prescription&#44; though the anticipated response rate will be noticeably lower&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 3 main &#946;-blocker drugs available for the treatment of IH are propranolol&#44; nadolol&#44; and timolol&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Propranolol was the first &#946;-blocker used to treat IH&#46; Although topical formulations &#40;1&#37; cream or ointment&#41; are available&#44; the oral preparations are preferred&#46; Propranolol solution&#44; 3&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#44; has recently become available&#46; The recommended initial dosage is 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#44; divided into 2 doses of 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#46; The highest efficacy and best tolerance were achieved with a dosage of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d for 6 months&#46; The dosage can be increased by 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg each week to reach 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#44; except in PHACES &#40;posterior fossa malformations&#44; hemangiomas&#44; arterial anomalies&#44; cardiac defects&#44; eye abnormalities&#44; sternal cleft&#44; and supraumbilical raphe&#41; syndrome&#44; in which the dosage is increased by 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg each week&#46; Patient monitoring &#40;whether in the hospital environment or in the community&#41; is recommended for the first 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours after administering the drug&#44; performing clinical observation and heart rate monitoring&#44; although protocols vary between centers&#46; If the heart rate or blood pressure are below predetermined limits in 2 successive controls&#44; treatment must be discontinued&#46; It is advisable to administer the treatment immediately after feeding to avoid the risk of hypoglycemia&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients who present sleep disorders &#40;agitation&#44; insomnia&#41; or nightmares during treatment with propranolol&#44; nadolol should be used in its place as it does not cross the blood-brain barrier&#46; Nadolol is available as an oral solution&#44; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#44; and is administered at an initial dosage of 0&#46;5 to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d divided into 2 daily doses&#46; The dosage can be increased by 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg per week to a maximum of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#46; Nadolol and propanolol have shown similar efficacy in the treatment of IH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Timolol maleate is an interesting alternative in patients with periocular or superficial IH&#46; In daily clinical practice it is preferred for its availability&#44; and it is widely used as a 0&#46;25&#37; or 0&#46;5&#37; solution applied twice daily&#46; This drug can be used in patients under 1 month of age&#46; When a good response is achieved&#44; treatment should be continued for a month after observing complete regression&#46; Treatment can be reintroduced if the IH reappears&#44; but the response rate is variable&#46; The majority of published cases are of superficial periocular lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adverse effects during treatment with &#946;-blockers must be taken into account&#46; These include vasospasm&#44; hypoglycemia&#44; hypotension&#44; heart block&#44; bronchospasm&#44; and anaphylactic shock&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Contraindications to the use of &#946;-blockers are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; &#946;-blockers have revolutionized the management of IH&#44; and knowledge of their efficacy and safety has now become not just necessary&#44; but absolutely obligatory for the dermatologist&#46;</p></span>"
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