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oxaliplatin&#44; and bevacizumab&#41;&#44; with progression in the liver after 13 cycles of treatment&#46; He subsequently received treatment with FOLFIRI-Erbitux &#40;irinotecan&#44; 5-fluorouracil&#44; and cetuximab&#41;&#44; with progression in the liver and lungs after 12 cycles&#46; Grade 2 palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia occurred as a side effect and was initially attributed to the capecitabine treatment&#46; When only residual erythema remained on the palms and soles&#44; the lesions reappeared after the introduction of 5-fluorouracil&#46; The patient also had grade 2 neuropathy&#44; secondary to the oxaliplatin treatment&#44; which persisted at grade 1 at the start of the regorafenib treatment&#46; Two months later&#44; in light of the progression of the disease with FOLFIRI-Erbitux treatment&#44; treatment with regorafenib was started at a dose of 160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#46; At 2 weeks&#44; the patient reported an increase in erythema on the palms and soles and the appearance of keratotic lesions on the weight-bearing surfaces of both feet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; Physical examination revealed poorly defined areas of erythema on the palms&#44; with more intense involvement of the thenar and hypothenar eminences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; and erythema with diffuse desquamation that covered practically the entire surface of both soles&#44; with keratotic papules that were mildly painful to the touch in the weight-bearing areas of the balls of the feet&#44; distributed symmetrically and bilaterally &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; After diagnosis of regorafenib-induced hand-foot skin reaction&#44; treatment was prescribed with emollients on the palms and soles&#44; as well as curettage and the application of 30&#37; urea to the keratotic regions&#46; Clinical course was good and the pain disappeared&#44; although the erythema persisted&#46; To date&#44; the patient has received 2 cycles of regorafenib&#44; with optimal doses and no need for delays or suspension of treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regorafenib &#40;Stivarga&#44; Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals&#41; is a new oral multikinase inhibitor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> that targets cell-signaling pathways involved in angiogenesis &#40;VEGFR1&#8211;3&#44; TIE2&#41;&#44; oncogenesis &#40;KIT&#44; RET&#44; RAF&#41;&#44; and the maintenance of the tumor microenvironment &#40;PDGFR and FGFR&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is indicated for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer in adult patients who have previously received treatment or are not candidates for other lines of chemotherapy&#44; and in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors &#40;GISTs&#41; who are not candidates for surgery and who have not responded to other treatments &#40;imatinib&#44; sunitinib&#41;&#46; Regorafenib is also being investigated for use in other types of cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> The recommended dosage is a single dose of 160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg each day for 3 weeks&#44; followed by 1 week off&#46; Each 4-week period is considered a treatment cycle&#46; Treatment continues as long as it obtains therapeutic benefits or until unacceptable toxicity appears&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Regorafenib was approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma following the publication of the results of a phase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span> clinical trial named CORRECT&#44; which compared regorafenib to placebo in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma whose disease had progressed despite having received the standard antineoplastic therapy&#46; In that study&#44; the most common cutaneous side effect was the hand-foot skin reaction&#44; which affected 46&#46;6&#37; of the 760 randomized patients &#40;16&#46;6&#37; of whom had a grade 3 reaction&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#8211;higher rates than those seen with other multikinase inhibitors such as sorefenib&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Other common side effects were asthenia &#40;47&#46;7&#37; of patients&#44; 9&#46;2&#37; grade 3&#41;&#44; hypertension &#40;27&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; and diarrhea &#40;33&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a 2013 meta-analysis by Belum et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> that included 1078 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma&#44; GISTs&#44; renal cell carcinoma&#44; and hepatocellular carcinoma who received treatment with regorafenib&#44; the overall incidence of the hand-foot skin reaction was 60&#46;5&#37; &#40;range in the various studies&#44; 46&#46;6&#37;-84&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46; The lowest incidence &#40;46&#46;6&#37;&#41; was observed in a multicenter phase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span> trial with 500 patients with metastatic renal carcinoma&#44; and the highest incidence &#40;84&#46;8&#37;&#41; was reported in a multicenter phase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> trial with 33 patients with GISTs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The precise molecular mechanism by which the hand-foot skin reaction is caused by multikinase inhibitors such as sorafenib&#8211;or&#44; in our case&#44; regorafenib&#8211;is unknown&#46; According to one hypothesis&#44; a class effect could be caused by direct cytotoxicity of the drug and a defect in cell repair caused by inhibition of PDGFR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> This effect would manifest as very painful and incapacitating hyperkeratotic lesions on pressure or friction points on the palms and soles and would be exacerbated by trauma&#46; The effect is dose-dependent and can be associated with the appearance of edema and blisters &#40;grades 2 and 3&#41;&#46; Histopathologic findings that have been described include epidermal parakeratosis and dyskeratosis with vacuolar degeneration of the keratinocytes&#44; the presence of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic bodies&#44; and blister formation in the Malpighian layer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> A dense superficial and perivascular lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate with some degree of nonleukocytoclastic vasculitis is observed in the dermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Treatment consists of keratolytic agents &#40;30&#37;-40&#37; urea&#44; salicylic acid&#41; plus prophylactic measures &#40;preventive offloading with adapted orthopedic insoles&#44; podiatric care&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; and analgesia&#46; Early introduction of these measures can help make it possible to maintain antineoplastic therapy at optimal doses and prevent delays or withdrawal of treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to differentiate this effect from hand-foot syndrome&#44; also known as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia or chemotherapy-induced acral erythema &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> This syndrome appears in patients who receive conventional chemotherapy such as liposomal doxorubicin&#44; capecitabine&#44; or cytarabine and is associated with erythema&#44; variable desquamation and edema&#44; and even fissuring and blistering&#46; Both entities are dose-dependent&#44; and in both cases cytotoxicity is the most likely pathophysiological mechanism&#46; In the hand-foot skin reaction&#44; however&#44; hyperkeratosis is more frequent&#44; appears earlier&#44; is patchier&#44; and can be the only manifestation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;10</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the first case of hand-foot skin reaction secondary to regorafenib to be reported in the Spanish medical literature&#46; Dermatologists should be aware of this entity and be able to diagnose it as part of the multidisciplinary management of the cutaneous side effects of new antineoplastic drugs&#44; because managing these effects is important to ensuring adherence to treatment and optimizing the clinical response to therapy&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Lara PE&#44; Mui&#241;o CB&#44; Sp&#233;ville BDd&#44; Reyes JJ&#46; Reacci&#243;n cut&#225;nea mano-pie por regorafenib&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2016&#59;107&#58;70&#8211;72&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Erythema and mild desquamation on the palms&#46;</p>"
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        "fuente" => "Source&#58; Adapted from V&#46; Sanz Motilva&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hand-Foot Syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hand-Foot Skin Reaction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Causative agents&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional chemotherapy &#40;5-fluorouracil and derivatives&#44; cytarabine&#44; liposomal doxorubicin&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multikinase inhibitors &#40;sorafenib&#44; sunitinib&#44; vemurafenib&#44; dabrafenib&#44; regorafenib&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Clinical manifestations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diffuse erythema and edema&#44; fissures&#44; desquamation&#44; and blisters&#46; Symmetrical&#46; Worsens over time&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Erythematous papules and plaques with a peripheral halo in areas of pressure or friction&#46; Marked hyperkeratosis&#46; Improves over time&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dose dependence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Histopathology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Interface dermatitis&#46;<br>Variable edema&#46;<br>Epidermal detachment&#46;<br>Epidermal dysmaturation&#46;<br>Necrotic keratinocytes<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>eccrine squamous syringometaplasia&#46;<br>Mild inflammatory infiltrate&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Epidermal hyperplasia&#46;<br>Acanthosis&#44; hyperkeratosis&#44; and focal parakeratosis&#46;<br>Intraepidermal edema&#46;<br>Necrotic keratinocytes&#46;<br>Interface dermatitis&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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Case and Research Letters
Hand-Foot Skin Reaction to Regorafenib
Reacción cutánea mano-pie por regorafenib
P. Espinosa Laraa,
Autor para correspondencia
pablo.e.lara@outlook.es

Corresponding author.
, C. Bueno Muiñob, B. Doger de Spévilleb, J. Jiménez Reyesc
a Servicio de Dermatología, Unidad de Oncodermatología, Consulta de efectos adversos por antineoplásicos, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Parla, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Parla, Madrid, Spain
c Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Parla, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; the appearance of targeted drugs has revolutionized treatment in the field of oncology&#46; With these drugs&#44; the profile of systemic side effects is different than in conventional chemotherapy and the need for dosage suspension is smaller&#44; but skin reactions are more frequent and often have an effect on adherence&#46; Among these drugs is regorafenib&#44; a multikinase inhibitor that was recently approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer&#46; The hand-foot skin reaction is one of the most common toxicities of this drug&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of a 69-year-old man diagnosed in 2012 with stage <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> rectal adenocarcinoma with liver and lung metastases and wild-type K-RAS&#44; for which he had received chemotherapy according to the XELOX-Avastin treatment regimen &#40;capecitabine&#44; oxaliplatin&#44; and bevacizumab&#41;&#44; with progression in the liver after 13 cycles of treatment&#46; He subsequently received treatment with FOLFIRI-Erbitux &#40;irinotecan&#44; 5-fluorouracil&#44; and cetuximab&#41;&#44; with progression in the liver and lungs after 12 cycles&#46; Grade 2 palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia occurred as a side effect and was initially attributed to the capecitabine treatment&#46; When only residual erythema remained on the palms and soles&#44; the lesions reappeared after the introduction of 5-fluorouracil&#46; The patient also had grade 2 neuropathy&#44; secondary to the oxaliplatin treatment&#44; which persisted at grade 1 at the start of the regorafenib treatment&#46; Two months later&#44; in light of the progression of the disease with FOLFIRI-Erbitux treatment&#44; treatment with regorafenib was started at a dose of 160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#46; At 2 weeks&#44; the patient reported an increase in erythema on the palms and soles and the appearance of keratotic lesions on the weight-bearing surfaces of both feet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; Physical examination revealed poorly defined areas of erythema on the palms&#44; with more intense involvement of the thenar and hypothenar eminences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; and erythema with diffuse desquamation that covered practically the entire surface of both soles&#44; with keratotic papules that were mildly painful to the touch in the weight-bearing areas of the balls of the feet&#44; distributed symmetrically and bilaterally &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; After diagnosis of regorafenib-induced hand-foot skin reaction&#44; treatment was prescribed with emollients on the palms and soles&#44; as well as curettage and the application of 30&#37; urea to the keratotic regions&#46; Clinical course was good and the pain disappeared&#44; although the erythema persisted&#46; To date&#44; the patient has received 2 cycles of regorafenib&#44; with optimal doses and no need for delays or suspension of treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regorafenib &#40;Stivarga&#44; Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals&#41; is a new oral multikinase inhibitor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> that targets cell-signaling pathways involved in angiogenesis &#40;VEGFR1&#8211;3&#44; TIE2&#41;&#44; oncogenesis &#40;KIT&#44; RET&#44; RAF&#41;&#44; and the maintenance of the tumor microenvironment &#40;PDGFR and FGFR&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is indicated for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer in adult patients who have previously received treatment or are not candidates for other lines of chemotherapy&#44; and in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors &#40;GISTs&#41; who are not candidates for surgery and who have not responded to other treatments &#40;imatinib&#44; sunitinib&#41;&#46; Regorafenib is also being investigated for use in other types of cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> The recommended dosage is a single dose of 160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg each day for 3 weeks&#44; followed by 1 week off&#46; Each 4-week period is considered a treatment cycle&#46; Treatment continues as long as it obtains therapeutic benefits or until unacceptable toxicity appears&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Regorafenib was approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma following the publication of the results of a phase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span> clinical trial named CORRECT&#44; which compared regorafenib to placebo in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma whose disease had progressed despite having received the standard antineoplastic therapy&#46; In that study&#44; the most common cutaneous side effect was the hand-foot skin reaction&#44; which affected 46&#46;6&#37; of the 760 randomized patients &#40;16&#46;6&#37; of whom had a grade 3 reaction&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#8211;higher rates than those seen with other multikinase inhibitors such as sorefenib&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Other common side effects were asthenia &#40;47&#46;7&#37; of patients&#44; 9&#46;2&#37; grade 3&#41;&#44; hypertension &#40;27&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; and diarrhea &#40;33&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a 2013 meta-analysis by Belum et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> that included 1078 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma&#44; GISTs&#44; renal cell carcinoma&#44; and hepatocellular carcinoma who received treatment with regorafenib&#44; the overall incidence of the hand-foot skin reaction was 60&#46;5&#37; &#40;range in the various studies&#44; 46&#46;6&#37;-84&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46; The lowest incidence &#40;46&#46;6&#37;&#41; was observed in a multicenter phase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span> trial with 500 patients with metastatic renal carcinoma&#44; and the highest incidence &#40;84&#46;8&#37;&#41; was reported in a multicenter phase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> trial with 33 patients with GISTs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The precise molecular mechanism by which the hand-foot skin reaction is caused by multikinase inhibitors such as sorafenib&#8211;or&#44; in our case&#44; regorafenib&#8211;is unknown&#46; According to one hypothesis&#44; a class effect could be caused by direct cytotoxicity of the drug and a defect in cell repair caused by inhibition of PDGFR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> This effect would manifest as very painful and incapacitating hyperkeratotic lesions on pressure or friction points on the palms and soles and would be exacerbated by trauma&#46; The effect is dose-dependent and can be associated with the appearance of edema and blisters &#40;grades 2 and 3&#41;&#46; Histopathologic findings that have been described include epidermal parakeratosis and dyskeratosis with vacuolar degeneration of the keratinocytes&#44; the presence of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic bodies&#44; and blister formation in the Malpighian layer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> A dense superficial and perivascular lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate with some degree of nonleukocytoclastic vasculitis is observed in the dermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Treatment consists of keratolytic agents &#40;30&#37;-40&#37; urea&#44; salicylic acid&#41; plus prophylactic measures &#40;preventive offloading with adapted orthopedic insoles&#44; podiatric care&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; and analgesia&#46; Early introduction of these measures can help make it possible to maintain antineoplastic therapy at optimal doses and prevent delays or withdrawal of treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to differentiate this effect from hand-foot syndrome&#44; also known as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia or chemotherapy-induced acral erythema &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> This syndrome appears in patients who receive conventional chemotherapy such as liposomal doxorubicin&#44; capecitabine&#44; or cytarabine and is associated with erythema&#44; variable desquamation and edema&#44; and even fissuring and blistering&#46; Both entities are dose-dependent&#44; and in both cases cytotoxicity is the most likely pathophysiological mechanism&#46; In the hand-foot skin reaction&#44; however&#44; hyperkeratosis is more frequent&#44; appears earlier&#44; is patchier&#44; and can be the only manifestation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;10</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the first case of hand-foot skin reaction secondary to regorafenib to be reported in the Spanish medical literature&#46; Dermatologists should be aware of this entity and be able to diagnose it as part of the multidisciplinary management of the cutaneous side effects of new antineoplastic drugs&#44; because managing these effects is important to ensuring adherence to treatment and optimizing the clinical response to therapy&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Lara PE&#44; Mui&#241;o CB&#44; Sp&#233;ville BDd&#44; Reyes JJ&#46; Reacci&#243;n cut&#225;nea mano-pie por regorafenib&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2016&#59;107&#58;70&#8211;72&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Erythema and mild desquamation on the palms&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hand-Foot Syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hand-Foot Skin Reaction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Causative agents&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional chemotherapy &#40;5-fluorouracil and derivatives&#44; cytarabine&#44; liposomal doxorubicin&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multikinase inhibitors &#40;sorafenib&#44; sunitinib&#44; vemurafenib&#44; dabrafenib&#44; regorafenib&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Clinical manifestations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diffuse erythema and edema&#44; fissures&#44; desquamation&#44; and blisters&#46; Symmetrical&#46; Worsens over time&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Erythematous papules and plaques with a peripheral halo in areas of pressure or friction&#46; Marked hyperkeratosis&#46; Improves over time&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dose dependence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Histopathology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Interface dermatitis&#46;<br>Variable edema&#46;<br>Epidermal detachment&#46;<br>Epidermal dysmaturation&#46;<br>Necrotic keratinocytes<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>eccrine squamous syringometaplasia&#46;<br>Mild inflammatory infiltrate&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Epidermal hyperplasia&#46;<br>Acanthosis&#44; hyperkeratosis&#44; and focal parakeratosis&#46;<br>Intraepidermal edema&#46;<br>Necrotic keratinocytes&#46;<br>Interface dermatitis&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 15782190
Idioma original: Inglés
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