Opinion Article
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Chronic Urticaria by Dermatologists and the Role of Dermatology Departments
Manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de la urticaria crónica por el dermatólogo y papel del servicio de dermatología
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Levels of evidence based on the grading system proposed by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine are shown in parentheses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> PUVA indicates psoralen plus UV-A.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "F.J. de León, L. Berbegal, J.F. Silvestre" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F.J." "apellidos" => "de León" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Berbegal" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.F." 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Giménez-Arnau, J. Vilar Alejo, D. Moreno Ramirez" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A.M." "apellidos" => "Giménez-Arnau" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "22505aga@comb.cat" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Vilar Alejo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Moreno Ramirez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "colaborador" => "en nombre de Grupo de Opinión de Urticaria" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">◊</span>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital del Mar, Institut Mar d¿Investigacio Médiques, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona Hospital Universitario Negrin de Gran Canaria, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de la urticaria crónica por el dermatólogo y papel del servicio de dermatología" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In June 2014 a group of dermatologists met in Madrid to reflect on our specialty's role in managing a highly prevalent skin disease: chronic urticaria. The reflections were motivated by the advances in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of this condition that have emerged over the last 5 years. Patients with chronic urticaria develop wheals, angioedema, or both almost daily, and their disease flares are accompanied by specifically cutaneous symptoms such as itching. Renewed interest in this chronic condition, which must always have been a concern for dermatologists, grew out of several scientific and societal events related to urticaria that occurred in 2014. For example, the first ever International Urticaria Day was declared. As a result of this attention, urticaria is now regaining the place it merits on the basis of prevalence, scientific interest, and socioeconomic impact. Guidelines for clinical management have recently been updated,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease has advanced. Patient organizations have increased societal demand for greater attention to urticaria, particularly for the approval of safer and more effective therapies. The promise that patients can derive benefits from improved management of a condition that often leads to social isolation gives us, as specialists, an occasion to improve the care of both the skin and the patient. This opinion paper is the outcome of the group's reflections. The aim of the paper is to encourage dermatologists to improve their knowledge of chronic urticaria and its management in routine practice and to consider the possibility of creating a referral center. In the interest of linking national and international discourse on this disease to the dermatologist's experience of it in clinical practice, the paper gives an overview of advances in the diagnosis and management of chronic urticaria.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Urticaria—A Disease of the Skin</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Urticaria is a disease that involves the skin and mucosal tissues. The usual sign of this condition is the wheal, a primary skin lesion that varies in size and is surrounded by erythema. Known for their evanescence, the lesions last only hours and leave no trace when gone. The patient typically complains of a symptom specific to skin diseases, intense pruritus, which may occasionally be accompanied by a burning sensation or pain. Concomitant angioedema is not unusual. Defined as swelling in the dermis and hypodermis, angioedema lasts some 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours and also resolves without leaving epidermal or dermal signs. Mucosal tissues are often affected. In fact, in accordance with the most recently agreed upon definition of urticaria from guidelines published after expert consensus, urticaria is a disease characterized by the development of wheals, angioedema, or both.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This definition therefore embraces clinical presentations of wheals with or without angioedema as well as histamine-mediated angioedema without wheals.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Urticaria is a common skin disease whose lifetime prevalence in populations is estimated at 8% to 20%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–7</span></a> Urticaria is classified according to clinical course as acute, if lasting fewer than 6 weeks, or chronic, if lasting longer. The prevalence of chronic urticaria has been said to range from 0.1% to 0.6% at any particular point<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,8</span></a> or to average about 0.8% over the course of a year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Chronic urticaria—whether spontaneous or induced (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>)—is the form that presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The daily, or nearly daily, presentation of urticarial signs and symptoms in chronic forms has an enormous effect on patients’ quality of life and work. Certain effects of this disease—sleep disruption caused by itching, facial disfigurement, difficulty with walking or moving ankle or hand joints—can be extremely disabling. The clinical course of chronic spontaneous urticaria can be unpredictable for months or even years; unpredictability can also mark chronic urticaria induced by exposure to such stimuli as friction, cold or sun (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The co-occurrence of 2 or more types of chronic urticaria (such as spontaneous and delayed-pressure forms) is uncommon.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Little information is available about the duration of chronic urticaria flares. Symptoms last over a year in most patients and a great many suffer for as long as 3 to 5 years; longer periods of up to 10 years have been reported but are exceptional.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Some patients have been known to have several episodes of chronic urticaria lasting months or years over the course of a lifetime.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Urticaria</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient with chronic urticaria is a frequent user of medical services, whether through primary care clinics or hospital emergency departments and outpatient clinics. The various types of specialist who treat these patients include primary care doctors, internists, allergists, and dermatologists. Often, outcomes are uneven or unsatisfactory, partly due to the variable clinical presentations of this disease but also to lack of understanding of how to manage chronic urticaria properly. As with any disease affecting the skin, mucosal tissues and adnexa, it is essential for dermatologists to be involved. In fact, skin specialists should be the central figures, taking the lead in coordinating the other specialist care that patients with this condition might need.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first step toward proper management is to arrive at a firm diagnosis of urticaria, ruling out other skin conditions (such as urticarial vasculitis) and systemic processes (such as autoinflammatory syndromes or celiac disease); the type of urticaria must also be established.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The dermatologist's training and clinical experience afford the background needed for thorough differential diagnosis based on a complete, well-structured clinical history. Whatever the physician's acquired clinical experience with managing these patients, the wheals must be properly examined and their clinical characteristics noted.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Good clinical practice guidelines recommend individualized care of these patients. A tailored approach should take into consideration how long chronic urticaria has been present, the clinical course in previous flares, the characteristics of wheals and their locations, the presence or not of angioedema, severity of symptoms, interference with quality of life, the co-occurrence of different types of urticaria, comorbidity, and response to previous treatments.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The consensus is that therapy should target the rapid and complete resolution of symptoms through application of the most effective and safest treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Clinical experience with this disease currently holds that treatment should continue for extended periods of time, with adaptations according to changes in symptoms. On the basis of safety and efficacy, first- and second-line therapies include second-generation H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> antihistamines, which are initially prescribed at the recommended dose or continued at up to a maximum of 4-fold the recommended dose. If that approach is ineffective, a third line of treatment consists of adding omalizumab (anti-immunoglobulin E therapy), ciclosporin, or a leukotriene receptor antagonist.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Adequate control of known and avoidable triggers and exacerbating factors in each patient, as well as an early start of treatment, ensure therapeutic success, favoring better quality of life and quick return to normal work.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Updating Our Approach to Proper Management of Chronic Urticaria</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The roles of dermatologists and dermatology departments in managing chronic urticaria must be revised in the light of advances in our understanding of the physiology and pathogenesis of this disease and the development of new clinical tools (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). There are innovative means to diagnose forms of induced urticaria and a revolution has taken place in therapy with evidence supporting the first monoclonal antibody to be effective in controlling the most serious forms of spontaneous chronic urticaria. The dermatologist's knowledge of management of this disease must be constantly updated. Although the topic is covered in the undergraduate medical school syllabus and in residency training, it is also a recurring theme at national and international dermatology conferences.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both acute and chronic urticaria, whether spontaneous or induced, are usually diagnosed in outpatient dermatology clinics, on the basis of a structured interview, physical examination, and medical history. Validated instruments for evaluating the current state of disease activity, the impact on quality of life, and the degree of control of urticaria and angioedema (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) are at the disposal of the trained dermatologist.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,10–15</span></a> These tools help the physician with both prescribing and monitoring most of the treatments for controlling flares.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent guidelines have recommended a more rational use of complementary tests, by limiting the routine ordering of blood workups, analysis of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein level in managing the disease; avoidance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is also recommended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,16</span></a> Nevertheless, the patient with this condition asks that we investigate probable causes and triggers and indeed has a right to such investigation. Therefore, for patients with long-term disease or severe symptoms, guidelines recommend further diagnostic work, including evaluating the history of chronic infections; tests for immediate hypersensitivity, functional antibodies, thyroid function, tryptase level, and autoreactivity (autologous serum skin test<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>; provocation tests for induced forms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,18</span></a>; and examination of material biopsied from wheals.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">The Patient With Chronic Urticaria, the Dermatologist, and the Dermatology Department</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Traditional subspecializations in dermatology, immunology, and skin allergy reflect the prevalences of urticaria (1% percent of the population) and atopic dermatitis (20% of children and 1% to 3% of adults),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> chronic hand eczema (point prevalence of 4%, 1-year prevalence of 10%, and lifetime prevalence of 15%),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and the increasing diversity of adverse drug-related skin reactions. The skin is an organ with its own peculiar immunologic functions, and the patient who requires specialized skin care should be fully evaluated by a dermatologist. The dermatology department brings together specialized personnel with tools to study skin problems arising from environmental conditions or immunological processes related to the aforementioned diseases. The protocols and tools used in dermatology referral centers (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>) will be needed for the differential diagnosis of induced chronic urticarias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Diagnosing these forms properly requires standardized challenge tests, and it can be very useful to apply scoring thresholds when evaluating reactions and establishing severity. Scores are also useful for guiding our choice of therapies and monitoring efficacy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,18</span></a> These methods will be subject to modification as our understanding of the physiology and pathogenesis of urticaria changes, as research agendas shift, and as we assess the implications of treatment for individual patients.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The management of acute or chronic urticaria (whether spontaneous or induced) is supported by the combined experience of dermatology department physicians and by the dermatology literature. Recently published guidelines give therapeutic recommendations according to levels of evidence and the consensus of a wide-ranging and representative sampling of experts.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The guidelines offer the experienced dermatologist evidence-based information that can be examined critically against the background of clinical practice, and they provide the young dermatologist with a solid scientific basis for embarking on the rational management of this disease. The motivated dermatologist can also find excellent information from international training programs and urticaria schools certified by the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA[2]LEN) or the European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation (ECARF). In Spain, the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) also offers an urticaria training course.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In principle, any motivated dermatologist should be able to manage either spontaneous or induced forms of chronic urticaria. Nevertheless, as with any skin disease, we see variation in severity, associated disability, and resistance to treatment; in addition, there is variability in professional involvement with the condition. As a result, some cases require attention from subspecialists at university hospital referral units. The section of a dermatology department that attends to immunologic diseases and allergic skin conditions should be equipped with the essential tools for thoroughly studying the various types of urticaria. These departments should also have access to the full range of available therapies so that proper differential diagnosis is possible and the patient can then be prescribed the most appropriate treatment. Special treatments, which may include drugs, biologic agents or tolerance induction protocols, have specific infrastructure requirements (for cold or sun exposure, for example).</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">The Dermatologist and Patient Education, a Key Concern in Chronic Urticaria</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In long-term therapy, achieving adequate adherence is important. A critical component of management, therefore, is the physician's responsibility to inform and educate the patient. The dermatologist will need to have a close enough relationship with patients to be able to help them understand the type of disease they have, the prognosis, and the reality of factors that trigger or maintain the process in individual cases. Above all, patients must understand what they can expect from treatment. The treatment plan should be well defined from the start. Early prescription of the most effective and safest treatment is desirable.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion: The Road Still Before Us in the Management of Chronic Urticaria</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Urticaria is a common complaint in routine dermatology practice. Any dermatologist should be able to diagnose the type of urticaria, assess disease activity, order any tests necessary for differential diagnosis (e.g., to identify urticarial vasculitis, autoinflammatory syndromes, etc.), and explain a testing protocol and treatment plan to a patient. The dermatologist who specializes in these urticarias in referral units must have the skills to confirm an initial diagnosis, evaluate severity and the impact of an individual's clinical picture, and order the functional tests necessary to establish etiologic factors and intensity case by case. This approach makes it possible to monitor the efficacy and safety of treatments and at the same time to take care to inform and educate the patient appropriately.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis and overall management of chronic urticaria is always challenging for both patient and dermatologist. Advances in our understanding of the disease, new tools for monitoring, and the efficacy of biologic agents favor successful outcomes and enhance the patient's sense of well-being. The dermatologist's role is fundamental in this scenario. A skin specialist should coordinate care from other professionals involved in treating patients with urticaria, whether that care is given in settings outside the hospital or in referral units within dermatology departments that combine research on chronic urticaria with clinical care.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Urticaria—A Disease of the Skin" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Urticaria" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Updating Our Approach to Proper Management of Chronic Urticaria" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "The Patient With Chronic Urticaria, the Dermatologist, and the Dermatology Department" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "The Dermatologist and Patient Education, a Key Concern in Chronic Urticaria" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conclusion: The Road Still Before Us in the Management of Chronic Urticaria" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack183949" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "◊" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">See Appendix A for further information on members of the Urticaria Opinion Group</p>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Please cite this article as: Giménez-Arnau AM, Vilar Alejo J, Moreno Ramirez D, en nombre de Grupo de Opinión de Urticaria. Manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de la urticaria crónica por el dermatólogo y papel del servicio de dermatología. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2015;106:528–532.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jose Carlos Armario Hita, Diego de Argila, Virginia Fernández Redondo, Jesús Gardeazabal, Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, David Moreno Ramirez, Javier Ortiz de Frutos, Esther Serra-Baldrich, Juan Francisco Silvestre, Manel Velasco, J. Jaime Vilar Alejo</p> <p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, Cádiz</p> <p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid</p> <p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela</p> <p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital de Cruces, Bilbao</p> <p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital del Mar, Institut Mar d’Investigacio Médiques, Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona</p> <p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla</p> <p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">12</span> de Octubre, Madrid</p> <p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona</p> <p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante</p> <p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia</p> <p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Gran Canaria</p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Urticaria Opinion Group" "identificador" => "sec0035" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Subtypes of Chronic Urticaria</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Spontaneous \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Induced \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Spontaneous appearance of wheals, angioedema, or both, lasting <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 weeks; the cause may be known<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> or unknown. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical urticariaSymptomatic dermographism<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Cold urticaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>Delayed-pressure urticaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>Solar urticariaHeat urticaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a>Vibratory angioedemaCholinergic urticariaContact urticariaAquagenic urticaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab873589.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">For example, autoimmune urticaria related to functional autoantibodies</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Also called dermographia or urticaria factitia</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Or cold-contact urticaria</p>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Or pressure urticaria</p>" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "e" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Or heat-contact urticaria.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification in Chronic Urticaria.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chronic spontaneous urticaria</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urticaria Activity Score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic Urticaria Quality of Life Questionnaire<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Angioedema</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Angioedema Activity Score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Angioedema Quality of Life Questionnaire<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Urticaria Control Test</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab873588.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Applicable Disease Activity and Quality of Life Scales.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">From Zuberbier et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type of Urticaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Subtype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Routine Diagnostic Tests \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Additional Diagnostic Tests to IdentifyTrigger Factors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Spontaneous urticaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Acute urticariaChronic urticaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NoneDifferential white blood cell count,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>erythrocyte sedimentation rate,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C-reactive protein level.Eliminate drugs that might have<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>triggered the reaction (e.g.,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>drugs). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NoneInfection (e.g., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Helicobacter pylori</span>)Type-1 allergic reactionFunctional antibody testingThyroid function and functional<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>antibody testingProvocation testing (in case an<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>induced form might be present)Pseudoallergen-free diet (3 weeks)Tryptase levelAutologous serum skin testAutologous plasma skin testSkin biopsy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Induced urticaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ColdDelayed-pressureHeatSolarSymptomatic<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dermographismAquagenicCholinergicContact \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Cold challenge and evaluation of<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>score thresholdsPressure stimulusHeat challenge and evaluation of<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>score thresholdsUV and visible light exposureDermographismWater challengeExercise and hot-water immersionSkin provocation test (e.g., prick<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>test, prick-by-prick test) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NoneNoneNoneRule out photodermatosisComplete blood count, erythrocyte<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>sedimentation rate, C-reactive<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>proteinNoneNoneNone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab873590.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagnostic Tests in Chronic Urticaria.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:20 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "1" 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 8 | 6 | 14 |
| 2024 Octubre | 76 | 51 | 127 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 91 | 36 | 127 |
| 2024 Agosto | 109 | 86 | 195 |
| 2024 Julio | 79 | 37 | 116 |
| 2024 Junio | 117 | 40 | 157 |
| 2024 Mayo | 85 | 32 | 117 |
| 2024 Abril | 79 | 22 | 101 |
| 2024 Marzo | 95 | 34 | 129 |
| 2024 Febrero | 81 | 32 | 113 |
| 2024 Enero | 67 | 36 | 103 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 79 | 26 | 105 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 96 | 36 | 132 |
| 2023 Octubre | 100 | 20 | 120 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 65 | 28 | 93 |
| 2023 Agosto | 44 | 14 | 58 |
| 2023 Julio | 40 | 25 | 65 |
| 2023 Junio | 51 | 21 | 72 |
| 2023 Mayo | 51 | 22 | 73 |
| 2023 Abril | 49 | 27 | 76 |
| 2023 Marzo | 91 | 33 | 124 |
| 2023 Febrero | 51 | 27 | 78 |
| 2023 Enero | 36 | 26 | 62 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 77 | 49 | 126 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 43 | 23 | 66 |
| 2022 Octubre | 36 | 29 | 65 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 25 | 39 | 64 |
| 2022 Agosto | 31 | 39 | 70 |
| 2022 Julio | 38 | 36 | 74 |
| 2022 Junio | 23 | 26 | 49 |
| 2022 Mayo | 42 | 30 | 72 |
| 2022 Abril | 45 | 38 | 83 |
| 2022 Marzo | 59 | 41 | 100 |
| 2022 Febrero | 63 | 25 | 88 |
| 2022 Enero | 33 | 59 | 92 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 35 | 35 | 70 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 38 | 41 | 79 |
| 2021 Octubre | 43 | 44 | 87 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 37 | 33 | 70 |
| 2021 Agosto | 34 | 27 | 61 |
| 2021 Julio | 29 | 27 | 56 |
| 2021 Junio | 19 | 26 | 45 |
| 2021 Mayo | 34 | 30 | 64 |
| 2021 Abril | 62 | 54 | 116 |
| 2021 Marzo | 66 | 7 | 73 |
| 2021 Febrero | 73 | 19 | 92 |
| 2021 Enero | 39 | 19 | 58 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 40 | 22 | 62 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 22 | 20 | 42 |
| 2020 Octubre | 20 | 20 | 40 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 26 | 22 | 48 |
| 2020 Agosto | 29 | 21 | 50 |
| 2020 Julio | 17 | 12 | 29 |
| 2020 Junio | 46 | 29 | 75 |
| 2020 Mayo | 39 | 18 | 57 |
| 2020 Abril | 28 | 20 | 48 |
| 2020 Marzo | 31 | 25 | 56 |
| 2020 Febrero | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2019 Agosto | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 Junio | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| 2019 Mayo | 3 | 19 | 22 |
| 2019 Abril | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2019 Marzo | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2019 Enero | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Octubre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 Mayo | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2018 Abril | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2018 Marzo | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2018 Febrero | 18 | 7 | 25 |
| 2018 Enero | 27 | 7 | 34 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 24 | 9 | 33 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 34 | 12 | 46 |
| 2017 Octubre | 29 | 7 | 36 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 20 | 22 | 42 |
| 2017 Agosto | 29 | 12 | 41 |
| 2017 Julio | 23 | 12 | 35 |
| 2017 Junio | 28 | 31 | 59 |
| 2017 Mayo | 20 | 12 | 32 |
| 2017 Abril | 35 | 19 | 54 |
| 2017 Marzo | 6 | 38 | 44 |
| 2017 Febrero | 24 | 12 | 36 |
| 2017 Enero | 16 | 15 | 31 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 24 | 15 | 39 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 19 | 17 | 36 |
| 2016 Octubre | 18 | 25 | 43 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| 2016 Agosto | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2016 Julio | 7 | 2 | 9 |
| 2016 Junio | 11 | 2 | 13 |
| 2016 Mayo | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2016 Abril | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2016 Marzo | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2016 Febrero | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2016 Enero | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| 2015 Diciembre | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2015 Noviembre | 0 | 3 | 3 |
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