Letter to Editor
Severe: A False Friend
El falso amigo: «severo»
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"apellidos" => "Borbujo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0001731015000095" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2014.12.009" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731015000095?idApp=UINPBA000044" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S157821901500133X?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/15782190/0000010600000006/v1_201506260207/S157821901500133X/v1_201506260207/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to Editor</span>" "titulo" => "Severe: A False Friend" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "To the Editor:" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "525" "paginaFinal" => "526" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "G. Blasco-Morente, C. Garrido-Colmenero, J. Tercedor-Sánchez, M. Tercedor-Sánchez" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Blasco-Morente" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "gonzaloblascomorente@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Garrido-Colmenero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Tercedor-Sánchez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Tercedor-Sánchez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Gestión Clínica, Dermatología Médico Quirúrgica y Venereología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Traducción e Interpretación, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El falso amigo: «severo»" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1457 "Ancho" => 3295 "Tamanyo" => 681084 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Extract from a concordance search for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sever</span>* in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corpus de referencia del español actual.</span> A filter was applied to eliminate all but medical texts.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The correctness of the writer's medical language has always been one of the parameters used to measure the quality of scientific texts. To clearly convey the intended message without giving rise to confusion or error, medical language must be precise and meticulous.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Language errors have, however, become increasingly common since, as doctors, we are not exactly devotees of the study of language, its rules, or of the errors that have crept in as a result of the incursion of English into our scientific language, for the most part since 1950.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The language we use in dermatology makes use of loan translations (calques) taken from English. In many cases, the words or terms used exist in Spanish, but their meaning is not the same as that intended by the author (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> For example many writers in Spanish habitually use the word <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severo</span> as a translation of the English word <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severe</span>, creating terms like <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dermatitis atópica severa</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acné severo</span>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dictionary of the Real Academia Española (the Spanish language academy) defines the adjective <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severo</span> as follows: “riguroso, áspero, duro en el trato o castigo; exacto y rígido en la observancia de una ley, precepto o regla; dicho de una estación del año, que tiene temperaturas extremas”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> (“strict, tough, harsh in treatment or punishment; precise and rigid in the application of a law, rule or precept; said of a season that has extreme temperatures”). The first of these three meanings of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severo</span> is the most common, and it is used to describe the character of a person.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Spanish term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">extranjerismo</span> refers to words that have their origin in a foreign language; if the language of origin is English we call them <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">anglicismos.</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Foreign words and phrases have been accumulating in our language for centuries, and it is estimated that 73% of Spanish words today are of Latin origin, while the remaining 27% come from other languages.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> For a foreign word to be accepted and become a neologism, that is, a new element in the language, two basic conditions must be met: there must be a need (in that no other word exists in the language to express the meaning of the neologism); and there must be euphony (the neologism must fit in harmoniously and adapt to the rules of the target language).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> Since the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severo</span> does not fulfill the conditions, it is not a neologism, but rather a homophone borrowing or false friend.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> An interesting point is that the acceptance of borrowings and calques by users is affected by a number of factors, including the degree of contact between the two languages. Thus, in areas where there is greater contact with English, we find more English terms in medical language as a result of interference.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Looking at a concordance extracted from a reference corpus for Spanish<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> we see that the use of morphological variants of “sever*” in texts about health care is widespread (1453 cases in this corpus). These variants are found primarily in texts from Latin American countries, such as Venezuela and Mexico, where the influence of English is greater and the two languages are in closer contact (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). However, in all these cases the term can be replaced by another adjective in Spanish, and it is the noun modified by the adjective <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severe</span> that will determine the most appropriate collocate, taking into account Spanish semantics and lexical combinations. For example, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">casos severos</span> can be replaced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">casos graves</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">espasmo severo</span> can be expressed as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">espasmo intenso</span>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fernando A. Navarro has described the phenomenon of the unnecessary loan translation of the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severe</span> to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severo</span> and has also explained how the English word can have multiple translations in Spanish and why the calque <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severo</span> should not be used.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> Very often, the most apt translation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severe</span> is the Spanish word <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">grave</span>: for example, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in a severe condition</span> translates as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">en estado grave</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severe trauma</span> can be rendered <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">traumatismo grave</span>. However, contrary to what some people believe, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">grave</span> is not the only possible translation of the English term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severe</span>. The English word can have other meanings, which can be rendered by taking advantage of the lexical richness of our language.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> In fact, the use of other translations—including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">intenso</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fuerte—</span>is more common in dermatology. The following are just a few examples: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">intenso</span>, itching is severe (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">el prurito es intenso</span>) or severe dyspnea (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">disnea intensa</span>); <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">extenso</span>, severe psoriasis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">psoriasis extenso</span>) or severe rash (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">erupción cutánea extensa</span>); and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">avanzado</span>, severe melanoma (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">melanoma avanzado</span>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Moreover, there are other translations that should be adapted to the context; for example, severe acne (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acné noduloquístico</span>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore, the increasingly common use of the adjective <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">severo</span> in Spanish is not a valid justification for its use as a substitute for Spanish adjectives that would result in a clearer, more accurate, and more scientifically rigorous text.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Blasco-Morente G, Garrido-Colmenero C, Tercedor-Sánchez J, Tercedor-Sánchez M. El falso amigo: «severo». Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2015;106:525–526.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1457 "Ancho" => 3295 "Tamanyo" => 681084 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Extract from a concordance search for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sever</span>* in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corpus de referencia del español actual.</span> A filter was applied to eliminate all but medical texts.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adapted from: Benavent and Iscla.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">English term \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">False friend \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Correct Spanish Translation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">severo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">grave, intenso, fuerte \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">pathology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">patología \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">anatomía patológica \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">bulla \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">bulla \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ampolla, vesícula \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">actual, actually \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">actual, actualmente \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">real, realmente \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">adverse \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">adverso \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">secundario, colateral \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">discontinue \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">discontinuar \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">interrumpir, suspender \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">management \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">manejo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">tratamiento \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">“score” \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">puntuación \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab849505.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Examples of Translation Errors Caused by False Friends in English.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 2024 Octubre | 81 | 51 | 132 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 83 | 28 | 111 |
| 2024 Agosto | 115 | 48 | 163 |
| 2024 Julio | 89 | 33 | 122 |
| 2024 Junio | 76 | 28 | 104 |
| 2024 Mayo | 81 | 33 | 114 |
| 2024 Abril | 76 | 21 | 97 |
| 2024 Marzo | 62 | 34 | 96 |
| 2024 Febrero | 82 | 25 | 107 |
| 2024 Enero | 59 | 29 | 88 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 45 | 24 | 69 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 53 | 34 | 87 |
| 2023 Octubre | 45 | 25 | 70 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 53 | 29 | 82 |
| 2023 Agosto | 33 | 15 | 48 |
| 2023 Julio | 46 | 33 | 79 |
| 2023 Junio | 54 | 20 | 74 |
| 2023 Mayo | 43 | 22 | 65 |
| 2023 Abril | 47 | 18 | 65 |
| 2023 Marzo | 43 | 24 | 67 |
| 2023 Febrero | 48 | 25 | 73 |
| 2023 Enero | 32 | 25 | 57 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 61 | 45 | 106 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 24 | 22 | 46 |
| 2022 Octubre | 19 | 28 | 47 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 21 | 31 | 52 |
| 2022 Agosto | 23 | 19 | 42 |
| 2022 Julio | 22 | 29 | 51 |
| 2022 Junio | 29 | 26 | 55 |
| 2022 Mayo | 68 | 27 | 95 |
| 2022 Abril | 67 | 35 | 102 |
| 2022 Marzo | 57 | 46 | 103 |
| 2022 Febrero | 40 | 31 | 71 |
| 2022 Enero | 89 | 33 | 122 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 63 | 38 | 101 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 48 | 41 | 89 |
| 2021 Octubre | 63 | 55 | 118 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 51 | 26 | 77 |
| 2021 Agosto | 53 | 31 | 84 |
| 2021 Julio | 40 | 25 | 65 |
| 2021 Junio | 62 | 30 | 92 |
| 2021 Mayo | 46 | 21 | 67 |
| 2021 Abril | 62 | 71 | 133 |
| 2021 Marzo | 79 | 18 | 97 |
| 2021 Febrero | 66 | 33 | 99 |
| 2021 Enero | 36 | 20 | 56 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 46 | 16 | 62 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 16 | 17 | 33 |
| 2020 Octubre | 37 | 19 | 56 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 35 | 10 | 45 |
| 2020 Agosto | 33 | 20 | 53 |
| 2020 Julio | 30 | 12 | 42 |
| 2020 Junio | 39 | 29 | 68 |
| 2020 Mayo | 28 | 25 | 53 |
| 2020 Abril | 32 | 25 | 57 |
| 2020 Marzo | 32 | 20 | 52 |
| 2020 Febrero | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2020 Enero | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2019 Octubre | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2019 Julio | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 Junio | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2019 Mayo | 3 | 18 | 21 |
| 2019 Abril | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 Marzo | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2019 Febrero | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Octubre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 Mayo | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 Abril | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 Marzo | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2018 Febrero | 25 | 3 | 28 |
| 2018 Enero | 31 | 6 | 37 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 47 | 13 | 60 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 43 | 9 | 52 |
| 2017 Octubre | 27 | 7 | 34 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 18 | 11 | 29 |
| 2017 Agosto | 24 | 8 | 32 |
| 2017 Julio | 17 | 10 | 27 |
| 2017 Junio | 32 | 5 | 37 |
| 2017 Mayo | 18 | 7 | 25 |
| 2017 Abril | 14 | 7 | 21 |
| 2017 Marzo | 15 | 5 | 20 |
| 2017 Febrero | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2017 Enero | 22 | 4 | 26 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 26 | 10 | 36 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 34 | 14 | 48 |
| 2016 Octubre | 33 | 20 | 53 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| 2016 Julio | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2016 Junio | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2016 Mayo | 6 | 9 | 15 |
| 2016 Abril | 7 | 22 | 29 |
| 2016 Marzo | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2016 Febrero | 9 | 1 | 10 |
| 2016 Enero | 7 | 13 | 20 |
| 2015 Diciembre | 0 | 6 | 6 |
| 2015 Noviembre | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2015 Septiembre | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2015 Agosto | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2015 Julio | 0 | 1 | 1 |
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