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&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL for caspofungin&#44; and 0&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL for terbinafine&#46; No accumulation of liquid or gas was observed on ultrasound&#46; The ulcer started to heal after treatment with amphotericin B 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg daily for 10 days combined with surgical debridement of the wound&#46; Re-epithelization occurred 3 months after topical application of silver sulfadiazine &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fungi of the order Mucorales are ubiquitous in nature&#44; and can be found in soil&#44; organic substrates &#40;wood&#44; fruit&#44; excrements&#44; etc&#46;&#41; or as pathogens in animals and plants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Approximately 70&#37; to 80&#37; of Mucorales infections in humans are caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhizopus</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mucor</span>&#44; or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lichtheimia</span> genera and tend to affect immunodepressed individuals&#46; Infections progress fast&#44; do not respond to standard antifungals&#44; and have high morbidity and mortality&#46; The remaining 20&#37; to 30&#37; of cases are caused by the rarer genera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cunninghamella&#44; Rhizomucor</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saksenaea</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apophysomyces&#44; Syncephalastrum&#44; Cokeromyces</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomucor&#46;</span> Infections in these cases tend to run a benign course&#44; with exclusive skin and subcutaneous tissue involvement&#46; They are associated with low mortality and respond well to amphotericin B and azoles&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infections due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#160;vasiformis</span> have been reported worldwide&#44; although most cases have been described in the United States&#44; Central America&#44; Brazil&#44; Europe&#44; India&#44; and Australia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In our search of PubMed&#44; we found 6 cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S vasiformis</span> infection reported for Spain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;8</span></a> One of these was in the same area as our hospital&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and they all occurred in adults aged over 45 years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; In most of the cases&#44; the fungus had penetrated the skin following an accident involving contact with soil&#46; The cases involving local cutaneous involvement were resolved by administration of specific treatment or amputation of the affected limb&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> The patients with noncutaneous forms of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#160;vasiformis</span> infection forms died regardless of their underlying immune status&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These opportunistic fungi gain entry through injuries or wounds caused by trauma&#44; with most cases involving major trauma&#44; such as traffic accidents&#44; farming accidents &#40;wound contamination&#41; and surgery&#46; There have&#44; however&#44; also been descriptions of infections by Mucorales fungi following minor trauma&#44; including bites and stings&#46; There have been reports of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S vasiformis</span> infection in a patient pecked by a magpie<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and stung by a scorpion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The first case was resolved by wound debridement and administration of amphotericin B&#44; although a skin graft was required to repair the wound defect&#46; In the second case&#44; amputation of the affected leg was necessary&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infections due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S vasiforms</span> are probably underdiagnosed as these fungi do not easily produce spores in standard fungal media&#46; A high index of clinical suspicion is therefore necessary to ensure early treatment and avoid amputations and fatal outcomes&#46;</p></span>"
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Coronel-P&#233;rez I&#44; Rodr&#237;guez-Rey E&#44; Castilla-Guerra L&#44; Dom&#237;nguez M&#46; Mucormicosis cut&#225;nea primaria por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saksenaea vasiformis</span> en paciente inmunocompetente&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2015&#59;106&#58;516&#8211;518&#46;</p>"
      ]
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      0 => array:7 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Necrotic 5-cm ulcer surrounded by friable tissue&#44; areas with a lumpy cotton-like appearance&#44; and swelling of the forearm and dorsum of the left hand&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forearm 3 months later&#46; The ulcer had almost completely re-epithelialized following treatment with amphotericin B&#44; surgical debridement of the wound&#44; and topical application of silver sulfadiazine&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&#47;Age&#44; y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mechanism of Infection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Presentation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Immune Status&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Outcome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cefai et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> 1987&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&#47;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fall with elbow fracture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gangrenous cellulitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not specified&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Resolution after amputation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">G&#243;mez Merino et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> 2003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Man&#47;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cranioencephalic trauma due to traffic accident&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cellulitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunocompetent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Resolution&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Garc&#237;a Mart&#237;nez et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> 2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Man&#47;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Possible inhalation of spores &#40;gardener&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Invasive rhinocerebral mucormycosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunodepressed &#40;diabetes&#44; metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma&#44; corticosteroid therapy&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dom&#237;nguez et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> 2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&#47;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unknown&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disseminated infection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunocompetent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mayayo et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&#47;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Traffic accident&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Necrotizing fasciitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunocompetent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">G&#243;mez Camarasa et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> 2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Man&#47;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Farm accident&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cutaneous mucormycosis with subsequent dissemination&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunodepressed &#40;diabetes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Present case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Man&#47;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bite&#47;sting of unknown origin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cellulitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunocompetent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Published Cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saksenaea vasiformis</span> Infection in Spain&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
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Case and Research Letters
Primary Cutaneous Mucormycosis Due to Saksenaea vasiformis in an Immunocompetent Patient
Mucormicosis cutánea primaria por Saksenaea vasiformis en paciente inmunocompetente
I.M. Coronel-Péreza,
Autor para correspondencia
mcoronel@aedv.es

Corresponding author.
, E.M. Rodríguez-Reya, L. Castilla-Guerrab, M.C. Domínguezc
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de la Merced, Área de Gestión Sanitaria de Osuna, Sevilla, Spain
b Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de la Merced, Área de Gestión Sanitaria de Osuna, Sevilla, Spain
c Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital de la Merced, Área de Gestión Sanitaria de Osuna, Sevilla, Spain
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        "titulo" => "Mucormicosis cut&#225;nea primaria por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saksenaea vasiformis</span> en paciente inmunocompetente"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forearm 3 months later&#46; The ulcer had almost completely re-epithelialized following treatment with amphotericin B&#44; surgical debridement of the wound&#44; and topical application of silver sulfadiazine&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 76-year-old man with a history of hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; and cerebral vascular accident presented with a necrotic lesion and intense inflammation of the surrounding soft tissues on the left forearm&#46; He attributed the lesion to a sting or bite of unknown origin during a hunting outing in the month of July&#46; The ulcer worsened despite treatment with oral doxycycline and intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanic acid&#44; and the patient was administered intravenous broad-spectrum empiric antibiotic therapy with imipenem and amphotericin B &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Hematoxylin-eosin staining of a biopsy specimen showed branching hyphae in the subcutaneous tissue together with necrosis and an intense inflammatory infiltrate&#46; Cultures were negative for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and mycobacteria&#46; Fungal culture in Sabouraud-dextrose agar permitted the identification of the microorganism responsible for the infection after 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours incubation at 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Microscopic examination with lactophenol cotton blue revealed the growth of a white downy colony&#44; without sporulation&#44; in addition to typical wide&#44; aseptate hyphae with right-angle branching characteristic of Mucorales fungi&#46; The strain was sent to the Mycology Laboratory at Instituto de Salud Carlos III&#44; where it was identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saksenaea vasiformis</span> with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL for amphotericin B&#44; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL for itraconazole and voriconazole&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL for posaconazole&#59; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL for caspofungin&#44; and 0&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL for terbinafine&#46; No accumulation of liquid or gas was observed on ultrasound&#46; The ulcer started to heal after treatment with amphotericin B 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg daily for 10 days combined with surgical debridement of the wound&#46; Re-epithelization occurred 3 months after topical application of silver sulfadiazine &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fungi of the order Mucorales are ubiquitous in nature&#44; and can be found in soil&#44; organic substrates &#40;wood&#44; fruit&#44; excrements&#44; etc&#46;&#41; or as pathogens in animals and plants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Approximately 70&#37; to 80&#37; of Mucorales infections in humans are caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhizopus</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mucor</span>&#44; or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lichtheimia</span> genera and tend to affect immunodepressed individuals&#46; Infections progress fast&#44; do not respond to standard antifungals&#44; and have high morbidity and mortality&#46; The remaining 20&#37; to 30&#37; of cases are caused by the rarer genera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cunninghamella&#44; Rhizomucor</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saksenaea</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apophysomyces&#44; Syncephalastrum&#44; Cokeromyces</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomucor&#46;</span> Infections in these cases tend to run a benign course&#44; with exclusive skin and subcutaneous tissue involvement&#46; They are associated with low mortality and respond well to amphotericin B and azoles&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infections due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#160;vasiformis</span> have been reported worldwide&#44; although most cases have been described in the United States&#44; Central America&#44; Brazil&#44; Europe&#44; India&#44; and Australia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In our search of PubMed&#44; we found 6 cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S vasiformis</span> infection reported for Spain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;8</span></a> One of these was in the same area as our hospital&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and they all occurred in adults aged over 45 years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; In most of the cases&#44; the fungus had penetrated the skin following an accident involving contact with soil&#46; The cases involving local cutaneous involvement were resolved by administration of specific treatment or amputation of the affected limb&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> The patients with noncutaneous forms of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#160;vasiformis</span> infection forms died regardless of their underlying immune status&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These opportunistic fungi gain entry through injuries or wounds caused by trauma&#44; with most cases involving major trauma&#44; such as traffic accidents&#44; farming accidents &#40;wound contamination&#41; and surgery&#46; There have&#44; however&#44; also been descriptions of infections by Mucorales fungi following minor trauma&#44; including bites and stings&#46; There have been reports of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S vasiformis</span> infection in a patient pecked by a magpie<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and stung by a scorpion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The first case was resolved by wound debridement and administration of amphotericin B&#44; although a skin graft was required to repair the wound defect&#46; In the second case&#44; amputation of the affected leg was necessary&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infections due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S vasiforms</span> are probably underdiagnosed as these fungi do not easily produce spores in standard fungal media&#46; A high index of clinical suspicion is therefore necessary to ensure early treatment and avoid amputations and fatal outcomes&#46;</p></span>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Coronel-P&#233;rez I&#44; Rodr&#237;guez-Rey E&#44; Castilla-Guerra L&#44; Dom&#237;nguez M&#46; Mucormicosis cut&#225;nea primaria por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saksenaea vasiformis</span> en paciente inmunocompetente&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2015&#59;106&#58;516&#8211;518&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Necrotic 5-cm ulcer surrounded by friable tissue&#44; areas with a lumpy cotton-like appearance&#44; and swelling of the forearm and dorsum of the left hand&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forearm 3 months later&#46; The ulcer had almost completely re-epithelialized following treatment with amphotericin B&#44; surgical debridement of the wound&#44; and topical application of silver sulfadiazine&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&#47;Age&#44; y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mechanism of Infection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Presentation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Immune Status&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Outcome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cefai et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> 1987&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&#47;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fall with elbow fracture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gangrenous cellulitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not specified&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Resolution after amputation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">G&#243;mez Merino et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> 2003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Man&#47;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cranioencephalic trauma due to traffic accident&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cellulitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunocompetent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Resolution&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Garc&#237;a Mart&#237;nez et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> 2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Man&#47;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Possible inhalation of spores &#40;gardener&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Invasive rhinocerebral mucormycosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunodepressed &#40;diabetes&#44; metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma&#44; corticosteroid therapy&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dom&#237;nguez et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> 2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&#47;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unknown&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disseminated infection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunocompetent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mayayo et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&#47;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Traffic accident&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Necrotizing fasciitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunocompetent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">G&#243;mez Camarasa et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> 2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Man&#47;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Farm accident&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cutaneous mucormycosis with subsequent dissemination&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunodepressed &#40;diabetes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Present case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Man&#47;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bite&#47;sting of unknown origin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cellulitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunocompetent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Published Cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saksenaea vasiformis</span> Infection in Spain&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                          ]
                        ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                            1 => "R&#46;E&#46; Lewis"
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                    0 => array:2 [
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Zygomycetic gangrenous cellulitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Cefai"
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ISSN: 15782190
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