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The deep dermal infiltrate was composed predominantly of neutrophils with abundant nuclear dust&#46; Other vasculitis signs were absent &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Clinical and histopathological features were consistent with Neutrophilic Figurate Erythema of Infancy &#40;NFEI&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two months after the consultation&#44; the patient presented clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of mononucleosis syndrome due to Epstein&#8211;Barr virus&#46; During the infection&#44; the lesions increased in size and number&#46; No improvement was seen during febrile periods&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ten months after the beginning of plaques&#44; a complete blood count was performed&#44; which showed leukocytosis&#58; 28&#44;600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>WBC&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> with 22&#37; monocytes and blast cells&#46; A myelogram showed hypercellularity and 12&#37; blast cells with monocyte-like appearance&#46; The immunophenotype showed 17&#37; immature monocytoid cells&#46; Her fetal hemoglobin concentration was 24&#37;&#46; The translocation study &#40;t9&#58;22&#44; t8&#58;1 and t15&#58;17&#41; was negative&#46; Therefore&#44; juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia &#40;JMML&#41; was diagnosed&#46; She began oral chemotherapy with hydroxiurea&#44; observing an important improvement in the cutaneous lesions&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Annular or figurate erythemas of infancy &#40;AEI&#41; are characterized by a primary annular&#44; circinate&#44; arcuate or polycyclic pattern of cutaneous lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The lesions may be due to a known cause &#40;rheumatic marginated erythema&#44; neonatal lupus&#44; erythema chronicum migrans&#41; or may be idiopathic<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and may present with a localized or broad distribution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NFEI belongs to those figurate erythemas of unknown etiology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It is characterized by papular erythematous eruptions with rapid centrifugal enlargement to annular or polycyclic asymptomatic plaques with indurated borders devoid of vesicles&#44; crusts or desquamation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Frequently&#44; the eruptions begin on the face and then spread centrifugally to the limbs&#46; The patches tend to disappear within 2&#8211;4 weeks&#44; but the disease course is chronic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologically&#44; NFEI is characterized by a superficial and deep&#44; perivascular and interstitial infiltrate of neutrophils associated with leukocytoclasis but without other signs of vasculitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differential diagnosis of NFEI includes annular erythemas of infancy and dermatoses with a prominent neutrophilic infiltrate such as Sweet syndrome &#40;SS&#41; and pyoderma gangrenosum&#44; urticarial lesions of dermatitis herpetiformis or linear IgA dermatosis&#44; early lesions of bullous lupus erythematosus&#44; Still disease&#44; Sj&#246;gren&#39;s syndrome and early leukocytoclastic vasculitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sweet syndrome &#40;SS&#41; was very important in our differential diagnosis&#44; considering the association with JMML presented in this case&#46; However&#44; our patient lacked typical manifestations of SS&#44; as the lesions were asymptomatic and neither fever nor neutrophilia were present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Furthermore&#44; paraneoplastic SS in children usually presents mucosal involvement&#44; anemia and thrombocytopenia&#44; and the neoplasm is concomitant with skin eruptions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Finally&#44; SS histological findings differ from NFEI&#44; as SS is characterized by a dense nodular or diffuse dermal infiltrate of neutrophils with nuclear dust with a variable amount of lymphocytes&#44; histocytes&#44; extravasated erythrocytes and a Grenz zone&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7&#44;8</span></a> findings not found in NFEI descriptions or in this patient&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors have described cases of recurrent annular neutrophilic dermatosis in adulthood<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and have included this condition in the spectrum of neutrophilic dermatoses&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although NFEI has been considered a benign chronic condition&#44; only three pediatric cases have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;6</span></a> The association with a hematological neoplasm and its response to its treatment in our patient suggest that NFEI may be among the group of neutrophilic dermatoses&#46; Cytokines and other biochemical mediators produced by blast cells could be involved in the development or maintenance of the skin lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A standard treatment for NFEI has not been established&#46; Previous reported treatments include topical steroids&#44; systemic corticosteroids&#44; hydroxychloroquine and colchicine&#44; with poor responses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the first case of NFEI associated with JMML&#46; Histological findings and the association with a hematological neoplasm suggest that NFEI may be in the spectrum of neutrophilic dermatoses&#46; Therefore&#44; after a diagnosis of NFEI an exhaustive study to exclude inflammatory diseases and neoplasms is warranted&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case and Research Letter
Neutrophilic figurate erythema of infancy associated with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Eritema figurado neutrofílico de la infancia asociado a Leucemia Mielomonocítica Juvenil
C. del Puerto Troncosoa,
Autor para correspondencia
, M. Curi Tumab, S. González Bombardierec, S. Silva-Valenzuelaa
a Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
b Chilean Safety Association [Asociación Chilena de Seguridad], Santiago, Chile
c Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
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with indurated borders and petechiae on the rims&#46; The plaques were devoid of vesicles&#44; crusts&#44; erosions or desquamation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; and were distributed on her upper chest&#44; abdomen and upper back&#46; There was no hepatosplenomegaly&#44; lymphadenopathy&#44; or arthritis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory studies disclosed a normal white cell count with normal differential&#46; Immunoglobulin G titers were slightly elevated&#59; IgM&#44; IgA&#44; IgE&#44; antistreptolysin O titers&#59; serum levels of C3 and C4 were normal&#46; Anti-SS-A &#40;Ro&#41; and anti-SS-B &#40;La&#41; antibodies were negative&#46; A stool examination for parasites and serologic tests for Toxocara&#44; Bartonella hensenlae&#44; Epstein&#8211;Barr virus and hepatitis B virus infection were negative&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histological examination of an annular plaque revealed superficial and deep perivascular and interstitial mixed-cell dermatitis&#46; The deep dermal infiltrate was composed predominantly of neutrophils with abundant nuclear dust&#46; Other vasculitis signs were absent &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Clinical and histopathological features were consistent with Neutrophilic Figurate Erythema of Infancy &#40;NFEI&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two months after the consultation&#44; the patient presented clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of mononucleosis syndrome due to Epstein&#8211;Barr virus&#46; During the infection&#44; the lesions increased in size and number&#46; No improvement was seen during febrile periods&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ten months after the beginning of plaques&#44; a complete blood count was performed&#44; which showed leukocytosis&#58; 28&#44;600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>WBC&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> with 22&#37; monocytes and blast cells&#46; A myelogram showed hypercellularity and 12&#37; blast cells with monocyte-like appearance&#46; The immunophenotype showed 17&#37; immature monocytoid cells&#46; Her fetal hemoglobin concentration was 24&#37;&#46; The translocation study &#40;t9&#58;22&#44; t8&#58;1 and t15&#58;17&#41; was negative&#46; Therefore&#44; juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia &#40;JMML&#41; was diagnosed&#46; She began oral chemotherapy with hydroxiurea&#44; observing an important improvement in the cutaneous lesions&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Annular or figurate erythemas of infancy &#40;AEI&#41; are characterized by a primary annular&#44; circinate&#44; arcuate or polycyclic pattern of cutaneous lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The lesions may be due to a known cause &#40;rheumatic marginated erythema&#44; neonatal lupus&#44; erythema chronicum migrans&#41; or may be idiopathic<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and may present with a localized or broad distribution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NFEI belongs to those figurate erythemas of unknown etiology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It is characterized by papular erythematous eruptions with rapid centrifugal enlargement to annular or polycyclic asymptomatic plaques with indurated borders devoid of vesicles&#44; crusts or desquamation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Frequently&#44; the eruptions begin on the face and then spread centrifugally to the limbs&#46; The patches tend to disappear within 2&#8211;4 weeks&#44; but the disease course is chronic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologically&#44; NFEI is characterized by a superficial and deep&#44; perivascular and interstitial infiltrate of neutrophils associated with leukocytoclasis but without other signs of vasculitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differential diagnosis of NFEI includes annular erythemas of infancy and dermatoses with a prominent neutrophilic infiltrate such as Sweet syndrome &#40;SS&#41; and pyoderma gangrenosum&#44; urticarial lesions of dermatitis herpetiformis or linear IgA dermatosis&#44; early lesions of bullous lupus erythematosus&#44; Still disease&#44; Sj&#246;gren&#39;s syndrome and early leukocytoclastic vasculitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sweet syndrome &#40;SS&#41; was very important in our differential diagnosis&#44; considering the association with JMML presented in this case&#46; However&#44; our patient lacked typical manifestations of SS&#44; as the lesions were asymptomatic and neither fever nor neutrophilia were present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Furthermore&#44; paraneoplastic SS in children usually presents mucosal involvement&#44; anemia and thrombocytopenia&#44; and the neoplasm is concomitant with skin eruptions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Finally&#44; SS histological findings differ from NFEI&#44; as SS is characterized by a dense nodular or diffuse dermal infiltrate of neutrophils with nuclear dust with a variable amount of lymphocytes&#44; histocytes&#44; extravasated erythrocytes and a Grenz zone&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7&#44;8</span></a> findings not found in NFEI descriptions or in this patient&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors have described cases of recurrent annular neutrophilic dermatosis in adulthood<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and have included this condition in the spectrum of neutrophilic dermatoses&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although NFEI has been considered a benign chronic condition&#44; only three pediatric cases have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;6</span></a> The association with a hematological neoplasm and its response to its treatment in our patient suggest that NFEI may be among the group of neutrophilic dermatoses&#46; Cytokines and other biochemical mediators produced by blast cells could be involved in the development or maintenance of the skin lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A standard treatment for NFEI has not been established&#46; Previous reported treatments include topical steroids&#44; systemic corticosteroids&#44; hydroxychloroquine and colchicine&#44; with poor responses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the first case of NFEI associated with JMML&#46; Histological findings and the association with a hematological neoplasm suggest that NFEI may be in the spectrum of neutrophilic dermatoses&#46; Therefore&#44; after a diagnosis of NFEI an exhaustive study to exclude inflammatory diseases and neoplasms is warranted&#46;</p></span></span>"
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