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He was referred to the dermatologist for evaluation of a tumor on the neck &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41; that his parents had noticed approximately 6 months earlier&#46; There was no reported history of trauma&#46; This asymptomatic lesion was palpable more than visible and it had a maximum diameter of 0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A punch biopsy taken from the center of the lesion revealed epidermal hyperplasia with mild hyperpigmentation of the basal layer&#46; The full thickness of the dermis was affected by a proliferation of spindle-shaped cells in a fascicular arrangement&#44; with their axes mainly oriented parallel to the epidermis&#59; the lesion was paucicellular&#44; and no cellular atypia or mitotic figures were observed&#46; The spindle cells had slightly wavy nuclei &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; A and B&#41;&#46; No hyaline globules were observed in the cell cytoplasm&#46; Immunohistochemistry was negative for protein s100&#44; smooth muscle actin&#44; muscle specific actin&#44; desmin&#44; Caldesmon&#44; and CD34&#46; Complete excision of the lesion was then performed and histology study reported identical findings&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second patient was a 13-year-old boy with no relevant past medical history&#46; He was referred to dermatology for investigation of an asymptomatic erythematous nodule on the neck with a maximum diameter of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; The lesion had been present for at least 2 years&#46; No history of trauma to the area was reported&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Punch biopsy and subsequent complete excision revealed an epidermis and superficial and mid dermis with no significant alterations&#44; and a proliferation of spindle-shaped cells in the reticular dermis and most superficial part of the subcutaneous cellular tissue&#46; This proliferation&#44; which was paucicellular and showed no cellular atypia&#44; formed bundles running parallel to the epidermis&#46; The lesion presented noninfiltrative growth&#44; surrounding but not eliminating the skin adnexa&#46; Immunohistochemistry showed the cells to be negative for s100&#44; smooth muscle actin&#44; muscle specific actin&#44; desmin&#44; bcl-2&#44; CD34&#44; and CD99&#46; The histology findings were identical to those of the previous case&#44; shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; A and B&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both patients were followed up for 2 years after excision of the tumors and no recurrences were observed&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatomiofibroma is a rare tumor in the pediatric age range&#46; The first description of this tumor was published by H&#252;gel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in 1991&#46; It was initially called plaque fibromatosis&#46; The name dermatomyofibroma was proposed by Kamino<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> in 1992&#46; The largest global series was gathered by Mentzel et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> with a total of 56 patients aged between 3 and 51 years&#44; and there was a female predominance&#46; The main characteristic of the tumor is a proliferation of spindle cells oriented parallel to the surface of the epidermis&#46; Ultrastructural studies and immunophenotyping have shown these cells to be fibroblasts and myofibroblasts&#46; The immunohistochemical profile is very variable&#44; although vimentin is frequently expressed&#46; CD34 expression has been reported in some cases&#59; this can complicate the diagnosis as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans must then be considered in the differential diagnosis&#46; Immunohistochemistry is useful to orient the pathologist&#44; but the diagnosis is fundamentally morphological&#46; Treatment is surgical&#44; and recurrence is rare after excision with an adequate margin&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tard&#237;o et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> gathered a total of 34 cases in children and 56&#37; of those tumors were found on the neck&#44; as in the 2 patients we describe&#46; A primary characteristic of pediatric dermatomyofibroma therefore appears to be its tendency to arise in the cervical region&#46; In adults&#44; on the other hand&#44; the tumor arises most frequently on the shoulders or proximal region of the limbs and is less common on the neck&#46; The second characteristic is that the tumor predominantly affects boys&#46; In adults&#44; 90&#37; of cases are in women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8</span></a> It has been speculated that the tumor may spontaneously regress in male children at puberty and persist in girls&#44; leading to a higher prevalence in adult women&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The importance of this disease is its differentiation from other tumors formed of spindle cells&#44; such as desmoid tumor and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans&#46; In addition&#44; other mesenchymal lesions more typical of the pediatric age range&#44; such as fibrous hamartoma of infancy&#44; myofibromatosis&#44; connective tissue nevus&#44; and smooth muscle hamartoma&#44; must be excluded&#46; A guide to the differential diagnosis of these tumors is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span>"
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Roman&#237; J&#44; Leal L&#44; S&#225;ez A&#44; Luelmo J&#46; Dermatomiofibroma en la nuca&#58; descripci&#243;n de 2 casos en la edad pedi&#225;trica&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2014 105&#58;315&#8211;317&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical image of the tumors on the neck of patient 1 &#40;A&#41; and of patient 2 &#40;B&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology image of the tumor&#46; A&#44; at low magnification &#40;original magnification&#44; &#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#41; and B&#44; a high magnification &#40;original magnification&#44; &#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200&#41; &#40;hematoxylin-eosin&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Morphology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Immunohistochemistry&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dermatomyofibroma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bundles of cells running parallel to the epidermis&#46; Noninvasive pattern&#46; Increased and fragmented elastic fibers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Variable&#46; Usually vimentin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43; Stains for smooth muscle actin&#44; desmin&#44; factor <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">xiii</span>a&#44; and CD34 occasionally positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Storiform pattern&#44; invasion of adnexa and subcutaneous tissue&#44; decreased elastic fibers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CD34&#43; Factor <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">xiii</span>a-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Desmoid fibromatosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infiltrative tumor in the subcutaneous tissue&#46; Dermis spared&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Beta-catenin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43; Actin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fibrous hamartoma of infancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oval or stellate mesenchymal cells in a myxoid stroma&#44; mature adipocytes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Smooth muscle actin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43; Calponin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43; Some cells&#58; vimentin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Connective tissue nevus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Paucicellular&#46; Predominance of stroma with compact or sclerotic collagen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Smooth muscle hamartoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disordered fascicles of muscle cells&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Smooth muscle actin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Myofibromatosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multinodular configuration&#44; association with hemangiopericytoid vessels&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vimentin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43; Actin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hypopigmented blue nevus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spindle cells orientated parallel to the epidermis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S100&#43; and other melanocytic markers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dermatofibroma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Storiform pattern&#44; reduced elastic fibers&#44; presence of histiocytes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Factor <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">xiii</span>a&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Key to the Differential Diagnosis of Mesenchymal Tumors in the Children&#46;</p>"
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      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
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CASE AND RESEARCH LETTER
Dermatomyofibroma on the Nape of the Neck: A Report of 2 Pediatric Cases
Dermatomiofibroma en la nuca: descripción de 2 casos en la edad pediátrica
J. Romanía,
Autor para correspondencia
jromani@tauli.cat

Corresponding author.
, L. Leala, A. Sáezb, J. Luelmoa
a Servicio de Dermatología, Corporación Sanitaria Parc Taulí, Hospital Universitario Parc Taulí, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Corporación Sanitaria Parc Taulí, Hospital Universitario Parc Taulí, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatomyofibroma is a rare benign tumor of myofibroblastic origin that was initially called plaque fibromatosis in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is most common in young women&#44; but has occasionally been described in pediatric patients&#46; A recently published review gathered a total of 34 cases in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> We present 2 pediatric cases &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; A and B&#41; recently diagnosed and treated in our hospital&#46; These cases support the benign nature of the lesion and the tendency of the tumor to arise on the neck&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first patient was a 5-year-old boy with no past medical history of interest&#46; He was referred to the dermatologist for evaluation of a tumor on the neck &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41; that his parents had noticed approximately 6 months earlier&#46; There was no reported history of trauma&#46; This asymptomatic lesion was palpable more than visible and it had a maximum diameter of 0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A punch biopsy taken from the center of the lesion revealed epidermal hyperplasia with mild hyperpigmentation of the basal layer&#46; The full thickness of the dermis was affected by a proliferation of spindle-shaped cells in a fascicular arrangement&#44; with their axes mainly oriented parallel to the epidermis&#59; the lesion was paucicellular&#44; and no cellular atypia or mitotic figures were observed&#46; The spindle cells had slightly wavy nuclei &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; A and B&#41;&#46; No hyaline globules were observed in the cell cytoplasm&#46; Immunohistochemistry was negative for protein s100&#44; smooth muscle actin&#44; muscle specific actin&#44; desmin&#44; Caldesmon&#44; and CD34&#46; Complete excision of the lesion was then performed and histology study reported identical findings&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second patient was a 13-year-old boy with no relevant past medical history&#46; He was referred to dermatology for investigation of an asymptomatic erythematous nodule on the neck with a maximum diameter of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; The lesion had been present for at least 2 years&#46; No history of trauma to the area was reported&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Punch biopsy and subsequent complete excision revealed an epidermis and superficial and mid dermis with no significant alterations&#44; and a proliferation of spindle-shaped cells in the reticular dermis and most superficial part of the subcutaneous cellular tissue&#46; This proliferation&#44; which was paucicellular and showed no cellular atypia&#44; formed bundles running parallel to the epidermis&#46; The lesion presented noninfiltrative growth&#44; surrounding but not eliminating the skin adnexa&#46; Immunohistochemistry showed the cells to be negative for s100&#44; smooth muscle actin&#44; muscle specific actin&#44; desmin&#44; bcl-2&#44; CD34&#44; and CD99&#46; The histology findings were identical to those of the previous case&#44; shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; A and B&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both patients were followed up for 2 years after excision of the tumors and no recurrences were observed&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatomiofibroma is a rare tumor in the pediatric age range&#46; The first description of this tumor was published by H&#252;gel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in 1991&#46; It was initially called plaque fibromatosis&#46; The name dermatomyofibroma was proposed by Kamino<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> in 1992&#46; The largest global series was gathered by Mentzel et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> with a total of 56 patients aged between 3 and 51 years&#44; and there was a female predominance&#46; The main characteristic of the tumor is a proliferation of spindle cells oriented parallel to the surface of the epidermis&#46; Ultrastructural studies and immunophenotyping have shown these cells to be fibroblasts and myofibroblasts&#46; The immunohistochemical profile is very variable&#44; although vimentin is frequently expressed&#46; CD34 expression has been reported in some cases&#59; this can complicate the diagnosis as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans must then be considered in the differential diagnosis&#46; Immunohistochemistry is useful to orient the pathologist&#44; but the diagnosis is fundamentally morphological&#46; Treatment is surgical&#44; and recurrence is rare after excision with an adequate margin&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tard&#237;o et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> gathered a total of 34 cases in children and 56&#37; of those tumors were found on the neck&#44; as in the 2 patients we describe&#46; A primary characteristic of pediatric dermatomyofibroma therefore appears to be its tendency to arise in the cervical region&#46; In adults&#44; on the other hand&#44; the tumor arises most frequently on the shoulders or proximal region of the limbs and is less common on the neck&#46; The second characteristic is that the tumor predominantly affects boys&#46; In adults&#44; 90&#37; of cases are in women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8</span></a> It has been speculated that the tumor may spontaneously regress in male children at puberty and persist in girls&#44; leading to a higher prevalence in adult women&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The importance of this disease is its differentiation from other tumors formed of spindle cells&#44; such as desmoid tumor and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans&#46; In addition&#44; other mesenchymal lesions more typical of the pediatric age range&#44; such as fibrous hamartoma of infancy&#44; myofibromatosis&#44; connective tissue nevus&#44; and smooth muscle hamartoma&#44; must be excluded&#46; A guide to the differential diagnosis of these tumors is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span>"
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Roman&#237; J&#44; Leal L&#44; S&#225;ez A&#44; Luelmo J&#46; Dermatomiofibroma en la nuca&#58; descripci&#243;n de 2 casos en la edad pedi&#225;trica&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2014 105&#58;315&#8211;317&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical image of the tumors on the neck of patient 1 &#40;A&#41; and of patient 2 &#40;B&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology image of the tumor&#46; A&#44; at low magnification &#40;original magnification&#44; &#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#41; and B&#44; a high magnification &#40;original magnification&#44; &#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200&#41; &#40;hematoxylin-eosin&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Morphology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Immunohistochemistry&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dermatomyofibroma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bundles of cells running parallel to the epidermis&#46; Noninvasive pattern&#46; Increased and fragmented elastic fibers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Variable&#46; Usually vimentin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43; Stains for smooth muscle actin&#44; desmin&#44; factor <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">xiii</span>a&#44; and CD34 occasionally positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Storiform pattern&#44; invasion of adnexa and subcutaneous tissue&#44; decreased elastic fibers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CD34&#43; Factor <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">xiii</span>a-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Desmoid fibromatosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infiltrative tumor in the subcutaneous tissue&#46; Dermis spared&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Beta-catenin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43; Actin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fibrous hamartoma of infancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oval or stellate mesenchymal cells in a myxoid stroma&#44; mature adipocytes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Smooth muscle actin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43; Calponin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43; Some cells&#58; vimentin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Connective tissue nevus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Paucicellular&#46; Predominance of stroma with compact or sclerotic collagen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Smooth muscle hamartoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disordered fascicles of muscle cells&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Smooth muscle actin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Myofibromatosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multinodular configuration&#44; association with hemangiopericytoid vessels&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vimentin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43; Actin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hypopigmented blue nevus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spindle cells orientated parallel to the epidermis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S100&#43; and other melanocytic markers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dermatofibroma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Storiform pattern&#44; reduced elastic fibers&#44; presence of histiocytes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Factor <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">xiii</span>a&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Key to the Differential Diagnosis of Mesenchymal Tumors in the Children&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Hugel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "H&#46; Kamino"
                            1 => "V&#46;B&#46; Reedy"
                            2 => "M&#46; Gero"
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                          ]
                        ]
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            2 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatomyofibroma&#58; Clinicopathologic and inmunohistochemical analysis of 56 cases and reappraisal of a rare and distinct cutaneous neoplasm"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Mentzel"
                            1 => "H&#46; Kutzner"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181914e6f"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Dermatopathol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19155724"
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                          ]
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatomyofibromas presenting in pediatric patients&#58; clinicopathologic characteristics and differential diagnosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;C&#46; Tardio"
                            1 => "D&#46; Azor&#237;n"
                            2 => "A&#46; Hern&#225;ndez-N&#250;&#241;ez"
                            3 => "A&#46; Guzm&#225;n"
                            4 => "A&#46; Torrelo"
                            5 => "M&#46; Herr&#225;iz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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ISSN: 15782190
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