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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">To the Editor</span>&#58;</p><p id="par0905" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Papular acantholytic dyskeratosis &#40;PAD&#41; is a skin condition that typically presents as multiple&#44; small whitish papular lesions that may coalesce into plaques&#59; more rarely it is seen as solitary papules&#46; Involvement of the vulva was first described by Chorzelski et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in 1984&#59; this form is most frequently observed on the labia majora of middle-aged women with no familial history of the disease&#46; Cases of PAD of the penis&#44; anal canal&#44; and inguinal skin folds have also been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> The condition is usually asymptomatic&#44; although intense pruritus may develop&#46; Histopathological changes include acantholysis with variable degrees of dyskeratosis&#44; and direct and indirect immunofluorescence have been negative in almost all cases studied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present a 58-year-old woman with no past medical history or family history of interest&#46; She was referred to the dermatology department for pruritic lesions that had developed 2 months earlier in the genital region&#46; She did not report any contact allergies or at-risk sexual activities&#46; Physical examination revealed multiple&#44; shiny whitish papules of 2 to 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter in a cobblestone pattern on the medial aspect of the thigh&#44; on the labia majora&#44; on the perineum&#44; and in the perianal region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; There were no similar lesions on other areas of the skin or mucosas and no nail changes&#46; Laboratory tests &#40;routine blood tests&#59; serology for hepatitis B and C viruses&#44; human immunodeficiency virus&#44; and antinuclear&#44; antibasement membrane&#44; and antidesmoglein 1 and 3 antibodies&#59; and cultures for bacteria and fungi&#41; were normal or negative&#46; Biopsy findings included mild epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis&#44; parakeratosis&#44; acanthosis&#44; focal acantholysis with suprabasal clefts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; and dyskeratosis with corps ronds and grains &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#59; a mild perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate was present in the papillary dermis&#46; Direct immunofluorescence with immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41; M&#44; IgG&#44; IgA&#44; complement components C3 and C1q&#44; and fibrinogen antisera was negative&#46; With a diagnosis of PAD of the genitocrural region&#44; treatment was started with topical clobetasol&#44; which produced an improvement in the pruritus&#44; though the lesions persisted&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main differential diagnosis of PAD is with Hailey-Hailey disease and Darier disease&#44; which are hereditary genodermatoses in which loss of function mutations of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ATP2C1</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ATP2A2</span> calcium pump genes&#44; respectively&#44; have been reported in peripheral blood DNA samples&#46; Darier disease&#44; with very similar histopathological findings to those observed in our patient&#44; usually develops in adolescence and is characterized by verrucous papules and plaques in seborrheic regions&#44; with punctate palmoplantar keratoderma&#44; verrucous papules on the dorsum of the hands and the feet&#44; and characteristic nail changes&#46; Hailey-Hailey disease can also show histological similarities with reported cases of PAD but&#44; in contrast to Darier disease&#44; there is a predominance of acantholysis and the dyskeratosis is very mild or absent&#59; the disease typically presents in young adults&#44; with painful erosions in the skin folds&#46; Transient acantholytic dermatosis &#40;Grover disease&#41; should also be included in the differential diagnosis because of its histopathological similarities with PAD&#44; although it typically presents in adults as transient confluent pruritic papules on the trunk&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The individual responses of patients with PAD to treatment with corticosteroids&#44; topical retinoids&#44; cryotherapy&#44; electrocoagulation&#44; or surgery have been reported as variable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In a recent study&#44; laser therapy achieved lasting symptomatic improvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The issues we have discussed regarding the classification of PAD as a separate entity from Darier or Hailey-Hailey disease arise because there have been reports of cases of Darier and Hailey-Hailey disease localized to the genitocrural region that have been histologically similar to PAD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> The fact that Hailey-Hailey disease can show a variable degree of penetration and can present at different ages leads to even greater confusion&#46; Two recent publications have reported a mutation in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ATP2C1</span> in 3 cases of PAD of the genitocrural area&#44; suggesting that at least some cases of PAD could be localized variants of Hailey-Hailey disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;10</span></a> It was not possible to perform a genetic study in our patient&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we believe that PAD has not yet been fully defined&#44; and that its final characterization will require genetic study to exclude localized Darier or Hailey-Hailey disease&#44; as there may be clinical and histopathological overlap&#46;</p></span>"
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Case and research letter
Papular Acantholytic Dermatosis in the Genito-Crural Region: A Localized Form of Darier Disease or Hailey-Hailey Disease?
Dermatosis acantolítica papular del área genitocrural: ¿forma localizada de Darier o Hailey-Hailey?
M.C. Montis-Palosa,
Autor para correspondencia
mmontis@aedv.es

Corresponding author.
, E. Acebo-Mariñasa, B. Catón-Santarénb, R. Soloeta-Arechavalaa
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Santiago, Vitoria, Spain
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Santiago, Vitoria, Spain
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        "titulo" => "Dermatosis acantol&#237;tica papular del &#225;rea genitocrural&#58; &#191;forma localizada de Darier o Hailey-Hailey&#63;"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">To the Editor</span>&#58;</p><p id="par0905" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Papular acantholytic dyskeratosis &#40;PAD&#41; is a skin condition that typically presents as multiple&#44; small whitish papular lesions that may coalesce into plaques&#59; more rarely it is seen as solitary papules&#46; Involvement of the vulva was first described by Chorzelski et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in 1984&#59; this form is most frequently observed on the labia majora of middle-aged women with no familial history of the disease&#46; Cases of PAD of the penis&#44; anal canal&#44; and inguinal skin folds have also been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> The condition is usually asymptomatic&#44; although intense pruritus may develop&#46; Histopathological changes include acantholysis with variable degrees of dyskeratosis&#44; and direct and indirect immunofluorescence have been negative in almost all cases studied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present a 58-year-old woman with no past medical history or family history of interest&#46; She was referred to the dermatology department for pruritic lesions that had developed 2 months earlier in the genital region&#46; She did not report any contact allergies or at-risk sexual activities&#46; Physical examination revealed multiple&#44; shiny whitish papules of 2 to 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter in a cobblestone pattern on the medial aspect of the thigh&#44; on the labia majora&#44; on the perineum&#44; and in the perianal region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; There were no similar lesions on other areas of the skin or mucosas and no nail changes&#46; Laboratory tests &#40;routine blood tests&#59; serology for hepatitis B and C viruses&#44; human immunodeficiency virus&#44; and antinuclear&#44; antibasement membrane&#44; and antidesmoglein 1 and 3 antibodies&#59; and cultures for bacteria and fungi&#41; were normal or negative&#46; Biopsy findings included mild epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis&#44; parakeratosis&#44; acanthosis&#44; focal acantholysis with suprabasal clefts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; and dyskeratosis with corps ronds and grains &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#59; a mild perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate was present in the papillary dermis&#46; Direct immunofluorescence with immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41; M&#44; IgG&#44; IgA&#44; complement components C3 and C1q&#44; and fibrinogen antisera was negative&#46; With a diagnosis of PAD of the genitocrural region&#44; treatment was started with topical clobetasol&#44; which produced an improvement in the pruritus&#44; though the lesions persisted&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main differential diagnosis of PAD is with Hailey-Hailey disease and Darier disease&#44; which are hereditary genodermatoses in which loss of function mutations of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ATP2C1</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ATP2A2</span> calcium pump genes&#44; respectively&#44; have been reported in peripheral blood DNA samples&#46; Darier disease&#44; with very similar histopathological findings to those observed in our patient&#44; usually develops in adolescence and is characterized by verrucous papules and plaques in seborrheic regions&#44; with punctate palmoplantar keratoderma&#44; verrucous papules on the dorsum of the hands and the feet&#44; and characteristic nail changes&#46; Hailey-Hailey disease can also show histological similarities with reported cases of PAD but&#44; in contrast to Darier disease&#44; there is a predominance of acantholysis and the dyskeratosis is very mild or absent&#59; the disease typically presents in young adults&#44; with painful erosions in the skin folds&#46; Transient acantholytic dermatosis &#40;Grover disease&#41; should also be included in the differential diagnosis because of its histopathological similarities with PAD&#44; although it typically presents in adults as transient confluent pruritic papules on the trunk&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The individual responses of patients with PAD to treatment with corticosteroids&#44; topical retinoids&#44; cryotherapy&#44; electrocoagulation&#44; or surgery have been reported as variable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In a recent study&#44; laser therapy achieved lasting symptomatic improvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The issues we have discussed regarding the classification of PAD as a separate entity from Darier or Hailey-Hailey disease arise because there have been reports of cases of Darier and Hailey-Hailey disease localized to the genitocrural region that have been histologically similar to PAD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> The fact that Hailey-Hailey disease can show a variable degree of penetration and can present at different ages leads to even greater confusion&#46; Two recent publications have reported a mutation in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ATP2C1</span> in 3 cases of PAD of the genitocrural area&#44; suggesting that at least some cases of PAD could be localized variants of Hailey-Hailey disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;10</span></a> It was not possible to perform a genetic study in our patient&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we believe that PAD has not yet been fully defined&#44; and that its final characterization will require genetic study to exclude localized Darier or Hailey-Hailey disease&#44; as there may be clinical and histopathological overlap&#46;</p></span>"
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