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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antiphospholipid syndrome &#40;APS&#41; is an acquired prothrombotic state characterized by recurrent thromboses&#44; pregnancy loss&#44; thrombocytopenia&#44; and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies&#44; anticardiolipin antibodies&#44; lupus anticoagulant and&#47;or anti-&#946;2-glycoprotein antibody&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> The original clinical and laboratory criteria for APS&#44; called the Sapporo criteria&#44; were first published in 1999&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> These were replaced by the Sydney criteria in 2006&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> when patients were required to have at least 1 clinical criterion and 1 laboratory criterion for a diagnosis of APS to be made&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A wide variety of dermatologic manifestations have been described in patients with APS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> including livedo reticularis&#44; livedoid vasculitis&#44; digital gangrene&#44; erythematous macules&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> skin ulcerations&#44; and&#44; on rare occasions&#44; extensive cutaneous necrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> We report the case of a patient with widespread cutaneous necrosis as the initial manifestation of APS&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 48-year-old woman presented at the emergency room with a 2-week history of fever&#44; arthralgia&#44; malaise&#44; and chest pain&#46; On examination she was noted to have 3 bullous erythematous violaceous plaques on her right leg &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Her medical history was remarkable for hypothyroidism&#44; systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41;&#44; and obsessive-compulsive disorder&#46; Medications included thyroxine&#44; olanzapine&#44; risperidone&#44; and sertraline&#46; Laboratory tests revealed thrombocytopenia &#40;platelet count 25&#44;000&#41; and normal prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times&#46; Lupus anticoagulant was present and the antinuclear antibody titer was 1&#58;320&#46; C3 and C4 levels were normal&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesions deteriorated rapidly despite initiation of corticosteroid therapy with prednisolone at a dosage of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#46; The dermatology service was called to evaluate the patient on day 7 of hospitalization&#46; Examination revealed extensive cutaneous necrosis on the right leg &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Further laboratory data revealed an elevated anticardiolipin antibody immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41; G titer &#40;30&#59; normal &#60;23&#41;&#46; Anti-&#946;2-glycoprotein antibody IgG levels were also elevated&#44; but cryoglobulins and cryofibrinogens were normal&#46; A 4-mm punch biopsy from the periphery of a lesion revealed hemorrhage throughout the dermis with organized thrombi in many dermal vessels&#44; with no evidence of vasculitis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; No further lesions developed after the addition of intravenous heparin&#46; At discharge&#44; the heparin was replaced by long-term oral anticoagulation therapy and prednisone was tapered over 8 weeks&#46; At the 3-month follow-up&#44; only residual scarring remained &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; There have been no new thrombotic events in 1 year of follow-up&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 23 cases of extensive cutaneous necrosis linked to APS have been reported in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8</span></a> Most of the patients have been young women and the underlying diseases included SLE &#40;9 cases&#41;&#44; lupus-like disease &#40;1 case&#41;&#44; urinary tract infection &#40;2 cases&#41;&#44; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome &#40;1 case&#41;&#44; rheumatoid arthritis &#40;1 case&#41;&#44; mycosis fungoides &#40;1 case&#41;&#44; and mixed connective tissue disease &#40;7 cases&#41;&#46; Seven patients had no underlying disease&#46; All of the patients developed thrombotic complications limited to skin&#44; and&#44; as in our patient&#44; the lower limbs were the most commonly affected site&#46; Skin biopsy revealed the presence of thrombi in dermal venules and capillaries&#44; with no evidence of vasculitis&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mechanisms of thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies remain unknown&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The main entities to take into consideration in the differential diagnosis are catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our patient achieved complete healing with prednisolone at a dose of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d and heparin&#44; 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Case and Research Letters
Widespread Cutaneous Necrosis as the First Clinical Manifestation of Secondary Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Necrosis cutánea extensa como la primera manifestación clínica de un síndrome antifosfolípidico
M.R. Perelló-Alzamoraa,
Autor para correspondencia
mariarosaperello@yahoo.es

Corresponding author.
, J.C. Santos-Durana, A. Santos-Brizb, P. Unamunoa
a Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
b Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antiphospholipid syndrome &#40;APS&#41; is an acquired prothrombotic state characterized by recurrent thromboses&#44; pregnancy loss&#44; thrombocytopenia&#44; and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies&#44; anticardiolipin antibodies&#44; lupus anticoagulant and&#47;or anti-&#946;2-glycoprotein antibody&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> The original clinical and laboratory criteria for APS&#44; called the Sapporo criteria&#44; were first published in 1999&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> These were replaced by the Sydney criteria in 2006&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> when patients were required to have at least 1 clinical criterion and 1 laboratory criterion for a diagnosis of APS to be made&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A wide variety of dermatologic manifestations have been described in patients with APS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> including livedo reticularis&#44; livedoid vasculitis&#44; digital gangrene&#44; erythematous macules&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> skin ulcerations&#44; and&#44; on rare occasions&#44; extensive cutaneous necrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> We report the case of a patient with widespread cutaneous necrosis as the initial manifestation of APS&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 48-year-old woman presented at the emergency room with a 2-week history of fever&#44; arthralgia&#44; malaise&#44; and chest pain&#46; On examination she was noted to have 3 bullous erythematous violaceous plaques on her right leg &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Her medical history was remarkable for hypothyroidism&#44; systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41;&#44; and obsessive-compulsive disorder&#46; Medications included thyroxine&#44; olanzapine&#44; risperidone&#44; and sertraline&#46; Laboratory tests revealed thrombocytopenia &#40;platelet count 25&#44;000&#41; and normal prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times&#46; Lupus anticoagulant was present and the antinuclear antibody titer was 1&#58;320&#46; C3 and C4 levels were normal&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesions deteriorated rapidly despite initiation of corticosteroid therapy with prednisolone at a dosage of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#46; The dermatology service was called to evaluate the patient on day 7 of hospitalization&#46; Examination revealed extensive cutaneous necrosis on the right leg &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Further laboratory data revealed an elevated anticardiolipin antibody immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41; G titer &#40;30&#59; normal &#60;23&#41;&#46; Anti-&#946;2-glycoprotein antibody IgG levels were also elevated&#44; but cryoglobulins and cryofibrinogens were normal&#46; A 4-mm punch biopsy from the periphery of a lesion revealed hemorrhage throughout the dermis with organized thrombi in many dermal vessels&#44; with no evidence of vasculitis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; No further lesions developed after the addition of intravenous heparin&#46; At discharge&#44; the heparin was replaced by long-term oral anticoagulation therapy and prednisone was tapered over 8 weeks&#46; At the 3-month follow-up&#44; only residual scarring remained &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; There have been no new thrombotic events in 1 year of follow-up&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 23 cases of extensive cutaneous necrosis linked to APS have been reported in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8</span></a> Most of the patients have been young women and the underlying diseases included SLE &#40;9 cases&#41;&#44; lupus-like disease &#40;1 case&#41;&#44; urinary tract infection &#40;2 cases&#41;&#44; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome &#40;1 case&#41;&#44; rheumatoid arthritis &#40;1 case&#41;&#44; mycosis fungoides &#40;1 case&#41;&#44; and mixed connective tissue disease &#40;7 cases&#41;&#46; Seven patients had no underlying disease&#46; All of the patients developed thrombotic complications limited to skin&#44; and&#44; as in our patient&#44; the lower limbs were the most commonly affected site&#46; Skin biopsy revealed the presence of thrombi in dermal venules and capillaries&#44; with no evidence of vasculitis&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mechanisms of thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies remain unknown&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The main entities to take into consideration in the differential diagnosis are catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our patient achieved complete healing with prednisolone at a dose of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d and heparin&#44; which was replaced by oral anticoagulants at discharge&#46; At the time of writing&#44; after 1 year of follow-up&#44; there have been no further thrombotic episodes&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conclude that widespread cutaneous necrosis is a rare initial manifestation of APS and should be considered a major thrombotic event&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It is important to recognize these lesions because early diagnosis enables early treatment&#44; and&#44; possibly&#44; better prognosis&#46;</p></span>"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 15782190
Idioma original: Inglés
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