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Therefore&#44; patients with sebaceous carcinoma should be carefully assessed by taking an extensive personal and family oncologic history&#44; performing a detailed physical examination&#44; and ordering any additional tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a> Patients should then be closely followed-up&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Clinical Case 1</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 48-year-old woman&#44; whose only history of interest was hypothyroidism&#44; attended in our clinic for the appearance and rapid growth of a lesion in the left axilla&#46; The tumor was asymptomatic&#46; In the physical examination&#44; a mass measuring 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm across was found&#46; The exophytic&#44; papilliform lesion was pedunculated and of yellowish coloration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; There were no enlarged lymph nodes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tumor was excised and biopsied&#46; The pathologic analysis showed a nodular lesion with surface ulceration&#46; Areas of malignant proliferation could be seen&#44; with tumor cells growing to form solid lobes&#46; Under higher magnification&#44; 2 cell populations were observed&#44; 1 of small basaloid cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; and 1 of cells with characteristic sebaceous differentiation and cytoplasmic vacuolization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Sebaceous cells at different stages of maturity were seen in the specimen&#46; Some of these formed glandular structures that contained an eosinophilic substance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Immunohistochemical staining was positive in patches for epithelial membrane antigen &#40;EMA&#41;&#46; The histopathologic findings confirmed diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma&#46; A study of microsatellite instability was not possible&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The surgical margins of the lesion were then extended &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm for the lateral margins and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm for the deep margins&#41;&#46; No tumor remnants were detected&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study of disease progression consisted of axillary ultrasonography&#44; in which nonspecific enlarged axillary lymph nodes were observed&#44; measuring approximately 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm across&#44; and computed tomography of the thorax&#44; abdomen&#44; and pelvis&#44; which was normal&#46; In order to rule out visceral neoplasms in a possible Muir-Torre syndrome&#44; gynecologic ultrasonography&#44; cervical cytology&#44; and gastroscopy were also performed&#46; Colonoscopy revealed a hyperplasic polyp&#44; which was confirmed by histology&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After this complete study&#44; the patient&#39;s medical history was updated with the information that her maternal grandmother had breast cancer&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three months after excision of the sebaceous carcinoma&#44; a new nodule had appeared on the left cheek&#46; Biopsy of that lesion confirmed the presence of a squamous cell carcinoma on an epidermal cyst&#46; The entire lesion was excised&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; after 3 years of follow-up in the dermatology and gastroenterology departments of the hospital&#44; the patient is asymptomatic and shows no signs of local recurrence or metastasis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Clinical Case 2</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 96-year-old woman with a personal history of hypertension&#44; repeated transient ischemic attacks&#44; and advanced Alzheimer disease was referred to our clinic for a lesion of several years growth on the left cheek&#46; In the physical examination&#44; a mass measuring 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm was found&#46; The lesion was exophytic and ulcerated&#44; with a tendency to bleed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; No palpable regional lymph nodes were detected&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesion was diagnosed as sebaceous carcinoma in the histologic study&#46; A study of microsatellite instability could not be performed&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Computed tomography showed that only the skin was involved&#44; with no invasion of subcutaneous tissue or deep structures&#46; After excision&#44; the surgical defect was closed with a local flap technique&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No family history of visceral neoplastic disease or skin tumors of the sebaceous type was found on further investigation&#46; Given the advanced age of the patient and her comorbidities&#44; no further tests were performed to rule out internal tumors&#46; After 8 months of follow-up&#44; there were no signs of local recurrence or metastasis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare adnexal tumor characterized by its aggressive course&#46; Local recurrence is reported in more than one-third of cases&#44; while lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis occur in 25&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The etiology is not known&#46; One hypothesis is that the tumor originates in the epithelium of sebaceous glands&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> but recent studies suggest that it may be derived from a pluripotent cell able to differentiate into any cell line&#44; including sebaceous cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma can present in any part of the body where sebaceous glands are present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Three-quarters of cases occur in the periocular region&#44; particularly on the eyelids&#46; There are up to 5 types of sebaceous glands in this region&#44; although the meibomian glands are the ones most frequently affected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The most common extraocular site is the head and neck &#40;20&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> as in our second case&#44; followed by other hairy regions of the body &#40;as in our first case&#41; including the genitals &#40;5&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>For years&#44; the extraocular tumors were thought to have a worse prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> At present though&#44; the biological behavior and prognosis of sebaceous carcinoma are not considered to depend on the site of presentation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; sebaceous carcinoma presents as an occasionally pedunculated subcutaneous nodule or mass of firm consistency whose coloration varies between pinkish and red&#44; although it sometimes has a yellowish tone&#46; In one-third of the cases&#44; there is a tendency for ulceration and spontaneous bleeding&#46; Generally&#44; these tumors are not painful<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> or symptomatic&#44; as was the case in our 2 patients&#46; The clinical and histologic findings for this carcinoma may resemble an inflammatory disease &#40;chalazion&#44; blepharitis&#41; or other tumors &#40;sebaceous adenoma&#44; basal cell carcinoma&#44; and squamous cell carcinoma&#41;&#46; The lack of strong clinical pathologic correlation in sebaceous carcinoma can cause a delay in diagnosis&#44; inappropriate treatment&#44; and an increase in morbidity and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma is most common in elderly individuals and in women&#44; as shown in a recent study in which the mean age of patients was 72 years and 73&#37; were women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Most sebaceous carcinomas are de novo lesions&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> although cases have been reported of such tumors arising on a preexisting sebaceous nevus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma has been associated with Muir-Torre syndrome&#44; a hereditary disease of autosomal dominant transmission&#46; Muir-Torre syndrome is characterized by the association of at least a skin tumor of sebaceous lineage &#40;sebaceous adenoma&#44; sebaceoma&#44; sebaceous epithelioma&#44; sebaceous carcinoma&#44; or basal cell carcinoma with sebaceous differentiation&#41;&#44; with or without a keratoacanthoma associated with 1 or more visceral neoplasms&#46; The most frequently associated visceral tumors are gastrointestinal&#44; located mainly in the proximal colon&#44; followed by tumors of the genitourinary tract&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;12</span></a> Approximately 23&#37; of the patients with Muir-Torre syndrome have sebaceous carcinoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;10</span></a> Thus&#44; when patients present with a sebaceous carcinoma&#44; they should be carefully screened by taking a personal and family history of cancer and performing a full physical examination and baseline laboratory tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;10</span></a> Patients should then be referred to internal medicine for a preliminary study and appropriate follow-up&#46; Lesions associated with Muir-Torre syndrome often have unstable microsatellites&#44; in which there is DNA repair defect after replication due to a mutation in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MutS homolog &#40;MSH&#41;-2</span>&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MutL homolog &#40;MLH&#41;-1</span>&#44; and more recently and less often the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MSH-6</span> genes&#46; The proteins coded by these genes can be used in screening to enable early identification of this syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10&#44;12&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologically&#44; sebaceous carcinoma can be well&#44; moderately&#44; or poorly differentiated&#46; Tumor cells have hyperchromatic nuclei of variable shapes and sizes&#44; with high mitotic activity and basaloid characteristics&#46; Less well differentiated cells contain a lipid-rich eosinophilic cytoplasm&#44; giving a foamy appearance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The presence of sebaceous differentiation can be shown by staining with Oil Red O or Sudan IV&#44; or with immunohistochemical markers such as EMA and Leu-M1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment of choice for the sebaceous carcinoma is excision with margins of 5 to 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Local recurrence occurs in 32&#37; of the cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;13</span></a> Use of Mohs micrographic surgery has been reported&#44; with lower local recurrence rates &#40;approximately 12&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> Sentinel node biopsy has been used to identify subclinical metastasis in both ocular and extraocular sebaceous carcinomas&#44; but it is not a standard technique and its clinical utility has not been established&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Radiotherapy has been used in the treatment of metastatic sebaceous carcinoma&#44; in patients with orbital involvement who refuse excision&#44; and in elderly patients with local recurrence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the exception of sebaceous hyperplasia&#44; diagnosis of any sebaceous neoplasm such as sebaceous carcinoma can be important for the diagnosis of Muir-Torre syndrome&#46; The role of the dermatologist is essential for the diagnosis&#44; assessment&#44; and follow-up of these patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Extraocular sebaceous carcinoma"
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            0 => "Carcinoma seb&#225;ceo extraocular"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare&#44; aggressive adnexal tumor of unknown etiology&#59; 75&#37; of these tumors arise in the periocular region while 25&#37; arise at extraocular sites&#46; This cutaneous tumor is a diagnostic sign of Muir-Torre syndrome&#44; a disorder associated with visceral malignancies and gene abnormalities&#46; Patients with sebaceous carcinoma should therefore be carefully evaluated&#59; a detailed personal and family history of cancer&#44; a thorough physical examination&#44; additional tests where appropriate&#44; and close monitoring will all be required&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We report 2 cases of extraocular sebaceous carcinoma and review the literature&#44; focusing on the association between sebaceous carcinoma and Muir-Torre syndrome&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El carcinoma seb&#225;ceo es un tumor anexial raro y agresivo&#46; Su etiolog&#237;a es desconocida&#46; El 75&#37; de estos tumores son de localizaci&#243;n periocular y el 25&#37; extraocular&#46; Es uno de los marcadores cut&#225;neos diagn&#243;sticos del s&#237;ndrome de Muir-Torre&#44; una enfermedad gen&#233;tica asociada a neoplasias viscerales&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; los pacientes con carcinoma seb&#225;ceo deben ser cuidadosamente valorados&#44; realiz&#225;ndose una historia oncol&#243;gica personal y familiar adecuada&#44; una exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica cuidadosa&#44; pruebas complementarias necesarias y un seguimiento estrecho&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se presentan 2 casos de carcinomas seb&#225;ceos extraoculares y se realiza una revisi&#243;n de la literatura&#44; destacando la asociaci&#243;n entre el carcinoma seb&#225;ceo y el s&#237;ndrome de Muir-Torre&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; Cieza-D&#237;az DE&#44; et al&#46; Carcinoma seb&#225;ceo extraocular&#58; presentaci&#243;n de 2 casos&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2012&#59;103&#58;919&#8211;22&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Exophytic tumor on the left axilla&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cells with a clear sebaceous differentiation&#44; characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization&#46; Hematoxylin-eosin&#44; original magnification x40&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Glandular structures containing an eosinophilic substance that constitutes the sebaceous secretion&#46; Hematoxylin-eosin&#44; original magnification x40&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ulcerated exophytic tumor on the left cheek&#46;</p>"
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Case Report
Extraocular Sebaceous Carcinoma: A Report of 2 Cases
Carcinoma sebáceo extraocular: presentación de 2 casos
D.E. Cieza-Díaz
Autor para correspondencia
deysycieza@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, N. Cano-Martínez, L. Barchino-Ortiz, I. Longo-Imedio
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cells with a clear sebaceous differentiation&#44; characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization&#46; Hematoxylin-eosin&#44; original magnification x40&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare adnexal tumor that follows an aggressive clinical course&#44; with a risk of local recurrence and distant metastasis&#46; Its etiology is unknown&#46; Three-quarters of cases occur in the periocular region&#44; although the tumor can present on any part of the body&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma may resemble an inflammatory disease or another tumor&#44; leading to delays in diagnosis&#44; inappropriate treatments&#44; and increased morbidity and mortality&#46; It is also one of the cutaneous diagnostic markers of Muir-Torre syndrome&#44; a genetic disease associated with visceral neoplasms&#46; Therefore&#44; patients with sebaceous carcinoma should be carefully assessed by taking an extensive personal and family oncologic history&#44; performing a detailed physical examination&#44; and ordering any additional tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a> Patients should then be closely followed-up&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Clinical Case 1</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 48-year-old woman&#44; whose only history of interest was hypothyroidism&#44; attended in our clinic for the appearance and rapid growth of a lesion in the left axilla&#46; The tumor was asymptomatic&#46; In the physical examination&#44; a mass measuring 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm across was found&#46; The exophytic&#44; papilliform lesion was pedunculated and of yellowish coloration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; There were no enlarged lymph nodes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tumor was excised and biopsied&#46; The pathologic analysis showed a nodular lesion with surface ulceration&#46; Areas of malignant proliferation could be seen&#44; with tumor cells growing to form solid lobes&#46; Under higher magnification&#44; 2 cell populations were observed&#44; 1 of small basaloid cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; and 1 of cells with characteristic sebaceous differentiation and cytoplasmic vacuolization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Sebaceous cells at different stages of maturity were seen in the specimen&#46; Some of these formed glandular structures that contained an eosinophilic substance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Immunohistochemical staining was positive in patches for epithelial membrane antigen &#40;EMA&#41;&#46; The histopathologic findings confirmed diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma&#46; A study of microsatellite instability was not possible&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The surgical margins of the lesion were then extended &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm for the lateral margins and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm for the deep margins&#41;&#46; No tumor remnants were detected&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study of disease progression consisted of axillary ultrasonography&#44; in which nonspecific enlarged axillary lymph nodes were observed&#44; measuring approximately 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm across&#44; and computed tomography of the thorax&#44; abdomen&#44; and pelvis&#44; which was normal&#46; In order to rule out visceral neoplasms in a possible Muir-Torre syndrome&#44; gynecologic ultrasonography&#44; cervical cytology&#44; and gastroscopy were also performed&#46; Colonoscopy revealed a hyperplasic polyp&#44; which was confirmed by histology&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After this complete study&#44; the patient&#39;s medical history was updated with the information that her maternal grandmother had breast cancer&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three months after excision of the sebaceous carcinoma&#44; a new nodule had appeared on the left cheek&#46; Biopsy of that lesion confirmed the presence of a squamous cell carcinoma on an epidermal cyst&#46; The entire lesion was excised&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; after 3 years of follow-up in the dermatology and gastroenterology departments of the hospital&#44; the patient is asymptomatic and shows no signs of local recurrence or metastasis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Clinical Case 2</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 96-year-old woman with a personal history of hypertension&#44; repeated transient ischemic attacks&#44; and advanced Alzheimer disease was referred to our clinic for a lesion of several years growth on the left cheek&#46; In the physical examination&#44; a mass measuring 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm was found&#46; The lesion was exophytic and ulcerated&#44; with a tendency to bleed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; No palpable regional lymph nodes were detected&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesion was diagnosed as sebaceous carcinoma in the histologic study&#46; A study of microsatellite instability could not be performed&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Computed tomography showed that only the skin was involved&#44; with no invasion of subcutaneous tissue or deep structures&#46; After excision&#44; the surgical defect was closed with a local flap technique&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No family history of visceral neoplastic disease or skin tumors of the sebaceous type was found on further investigation&#46; Given the advanced age of the patient and her comorbidities&#44; no further tests were performed to rule out internal tumors&#46; After 8 months of follow-up&#44; there were no signs of local recurrence or metastasis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare adnexal tumor characterized by its aggressive course&#46; Local recurrence is reported in more than one-third of cases&#44; while lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis occur in 25&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The etiology is not known&#46; One hypothesis is that the tumor originates in the epithelium of sebaceous glands&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> but recent studies suggest that it may be derived from a pluripotent cell able to differentiate into any cell line&#44; including sebaceous cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma can present in any part of the body where sebaceous glands are present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Three-quarters of cases occur in the periocular region&#44; particularly on the eyelids&#46; There are up to 5 types of sebaceous glands in this region&#44; although the meibomian glands are the ones most frequently affected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The most common extraocular site is the head and neck &#40;20&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> as in our second case&#44; followed by other hairy regions of the body &#40;as in our first case&#41; including the genitals &#40;5&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>For years&#44; the extraocular tumors were thought to have a worse prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> At present though&#44; the biological behavior and prognosis of sebaceous carcinoma are not considered to depend on the site of presentation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; sebaceous carcinoma presents as an occasionally pedunculated subcutaneous nodule or mass of firm consistency whose coloration varies between pinkish and red&#44; although it sometimes has a yellowish tone&#46; In one-third of the cases&#44; there is a tendency for ulceration and spontaneous bleeding&#46; Generally&#44; these tumors are not painful<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> or symptomatic&#44; as was the case in our 2 patients&#46; The clinical and histologic findings for this carcinoma may resemble an inflammatory disease &#40;chalazion&#44; blepharitis&#41; or other tumors &#40;sebaceous adenoma&#44; basal cell carcinoma&#44; and squamous cell carcinoma&#41;&#46; The lack of strong clinical pathologic correlation in sebaceous carcinoma can cause a delay in diagnosis&#44; inappropriate treatment&#44; and an increase in morbidity and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma is most common in elderly individuals and in women&#44; as shown in a recent study in which the mean age of patients was 72 years and 73&#37; were women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Most sebaceous carcinomas are de novo lesions&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> although cases have been reported of such tumors arising on a preexisting sebaceous nevus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma has been associated with Muir-Torre syndrome&#44; a hereditary disease of autosomal dominant transmission&#46; Muir-Torre syndrome is characterized by the association of at least a skin tumor of sebaceous lineage &#40;sebaceous adenoma&#44; sebaceoma&#44; sebaceous epithelioma&#44; sebaceous carcinoma&#44; or basal cell carcinoma with sebaceous differentiation&#41;&#44; with or without a keratoacanthoma associated with 1 or more visceral neoplasms&#46; The most frequently associated visceral tumors are gastrointestinal&#44; located mainly in the proximal colon&#44; followed by tumors of the genitourinary tract&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;12</span></a> Approximately 23&#37; of the patients with Muir-Torre syndrome have sebaceous carcinoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;10</span></a> Thus&#44; when patients present with a sebaceous carcinoma&#44; they should be carefully screened by taking a personal and family history of cancer and performing a full physical examination and baseline laboratory tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;10</span></a> Patients should then be referred to internal medicine for a preliminary study and appropriate follow-up&#46; Lesions associated with Muir-Torre syndrome often have unstable microsatellites&#44; in which there is DNA repair defect after replication due to a mutation in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MutS homolog &#40;MSH&#41;-2</span>&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MutL homolog &#40;MLH&#41;-1</span>&#44; and more recently and less often the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MSH-6</span> genes&#46; The proteins coded by these genes can be used in screening to enable early identification of this syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10&#44;12&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologically&#44; sebaceous carcinoma can be well&#44; moderately&#44; or poorly differentiated&#46; Tumor cells have hyperchromatic nuclei of variable shapes and sizes&#44; with high mitotic activity and basaloid characteristics&#46; Less well differentiated cells contain a lipid-rich eosinophilic cytoplasm&#44; giving a foamy appearance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The presence of sebaceous differentiation can be shown by staining with Oil Red O or Sudan IV&#44; or with immunohistochemical markers such as EMA and Leu-M1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment of choice for the sebaceous carcinoma is excision with margins of 5 to 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Local recurrence occurs in 32&#37; of the cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;13</span></a> Use of Mohs micrographic surgery has been reported&#44; with lower local recurrence rates &#40;approximately 12&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> Sentinel node biopsy has been used to identify subclinical metastasis in both ocular and extraocular sebaceous carcinomas&#44; but it is not a standard technique and its clinical utility has not been established&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Radiotherapy has been used in the treatment of metastatic sebaceous carcinoma&#44; in patients with orbital involvement who refuse excision&#44; and in elderly patients with local recurrence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the exception of sebaceous hyperplasia&#44; diagnosis of any sebaceous neoplasm such as sebaceous carcinoma can be important for the diagnosis of Muir-Torre syndrome&#46; The role of the dermatologist is essential for the diagnosis&#44; assessment&#44; and follow-up of these patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare&#44; aggressive adnexal tumor of unknown etiology&#59; 75&#37; of these tumors arise in the periocular region while 25&#37; arise at extraocular sites&#46; This cutaneous tumor is a diagnostic sign of Muir-Torre syndrome&#44; a disorder associated with visceral malignancies and gene abnormalities&#46; Patients with sebaceous carcinoma should therefore be carefully evaluated&#59; a detailed personal and family history of cancer&#44; a thorough physical examination&#44; additional tests where appropriate&#44; and close monitoring will all be required&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We report 2 cases of extraocular sebaceous carcinoma and review the literature&#44; focusing on the association between sebaceous carcinoma and Muir-Torre syndrome&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El carcinoma seb&#225;ceo es un tumor anexial raro y agresivo&#46; Su etiolog&#237;a es desconocida&#46; El 75&#37; de estos tumores son de localizaci&#243;n periocular y el 25&#37; extraocular&#46; Es uno de los marcadores cut&#225;neos diagn&#243;sticos del s&#237;ndrome de Muir-Torre&#44; una enfermedad gen&#233;tica asociada a neoplasias viscerales&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; los pacientes con carcinoma seb&#225;ceo deben ser cuidadosamente valorados&#44; realiz&#225;ndose una historia oncol&#243;gica personal y familiar adecuada&#44; una exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica cuidadosa&#44; pruebas complementarias necesarias y un seguimiento estrecho&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se presentan 2 casos de carcinomas seb&#225;ceos extraoculares y se realiza una revisi&#243;n de la literatura&#44; destacando la asociaci&#243;n entre el carcinoma seb&#225;ceo y el s&#237;ndrome de Muir-Torre&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; Cieza-D&#237;az DE&#44; et al&#46; Carcinoma seb&#225;ceo extraocular&#58; presentaci&#243;n de 2 casos&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2012&#59;103&#58;919&#8211;22&#46;</p>"
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2018 Abril 0 1 1
2018 Marzo 2 1 3
2018 Febrero 55 6 61
2018 Enero 63 10 73
2017 Diciembre 90 16 106
2017 Noviembre 67 15 82
2017 Octubre 70 10 80
2017 Septiembre 62 7 69
2017 Agosto 59 10 69
2017 Julio 61 6 67
2017 Junio 61 15 76
2017 Mayo 53 6 59
2017 Abril 44 13 57
2017 Marzo 56 1 57
2017 Febrero 126 11 137
2017 Enero 40 9 49
2016 Diciembre 77 21 98
2016 Noviembre 105 18 123
2016 Octubre 130 18 148
2016 Septiembre 195 19 214
2016 Agosto 149 20 169
2016 Julio 63 11 74
2016 Junio 8 0 8
2016 Mayo 9 16 25
2016 Abril 3 2 5
2016 Marzo 8 0 8
2016 Febrero 6 1 7
2016 Enero 5 1 6
2015 Diciembre 7 1 8
2015 Noviembre 19 1 20
2015 Octubre 36 2 38
2015 Septiembre 11 6 17
2015 Agosto 14 4 18
2015 Julio 128 14 142
2015 Junio 61 12 73
2015 Mayo 104 20 124
2015 Abril 98 8 106
2015 Marzo 83 8 91
2015 Febrero 65 7 72
2015 Enero 72 11 83
2014 Diciembre 97 10 107
2014 Noviembre 51 9 60
2014 Octubre 56 1 57
2014 Septiembre 33 5 38
2014 Agosto 36 7 43
2014 Julio 32 8 40
2014 Junio 49 5 54
2014 Mayo 58 15 73
2014 Abril 26 3 29
2014 Marzo 33 16 49
2014 Febrero 17 16 33
2014 Enero 9 10 19
2013 Diciembre 17 8 25
2013 Noviembre 23 10 33
2013 Octubre 18 12 30
2013 Septiembre 16 10 26
2013 Agosto 17 21 38
2013 Julio 12 14 26
2013 Junio 14 22 36
2013 Mayo 20 20 40
2013 Abril 14 26 40
2013 Marzo 21 22 43
2013 Febrero 38 14 52
2013 Enero 109 16 125
2012 Diciembre 57 8 65
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