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Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in the Treatment of Chronic Lower Limb Ulcers
Aplicación de membrana amniótica en el tratamiento de las úlceras crónicas de extremidades inferiores
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Estudio retrospectivo de 62 casos" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 655 "Ancho" => 1401 "Tamanyo" => 128633 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Depiction of differences in the defect left after conventional surgery (left) and after Mohs surgery (right) The dark central area denotes the lentigo maligna melanoma. The more lightly tinted area shows the standard margin (e.g., 0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm) of healthy skin removed from around the tumor. 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Alsina-Gibert, S. Pedregosa-Fauste" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Alsina-Gibert" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "malsina@clinic.ub.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Pedregosa-Fauste" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic, Transplant Services Foundation, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Aplicación de membrana amniótica en el tratamiento de las úlceras crónicas de extremidades inferiores" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1002 "Ancho" => 1628 "Tamanyo" => 115623 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Changes in the pain intensity reported by patients following amniotic membrane transplantation.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Venous and arterial lower limb ulcers are very common and affect approximately 1% of the general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The standard treatment, which consists of cleaning, debridement, and application of dressings, achieves cure rates of 65% to 85%. About 25% of these ulcers become chronic, resulting in pain, loss of patient autonomy, increased morbidity, and increased health care costs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> The biological, synthetic, and biosynthetic dressings developed to promote healing include human cadaver skin and tissue-engineered skin equivalents,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> but these are not routinely used because of their high cost.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amniotic membrane is currently used in ophthalmology to reconstruct the corneal surface in cases of corneal ulcer. In this application amniotic membrane has shown protective, antimicrobial, and bacteriostatic properties without inducing immunological reactions because of its low expression of the HLA-A, B, C and DR antigens, its capacity to inhibit proteases and to stimulate inflammatory cells into rapid apoptosis, and the (as yet not fully demonstrated) presence of antibacterial factors in amniotic fluid.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The use of human amniotic membrane in dermatology as a dressing for wounds and burns dates back to the early 20th century. With the improvement in sterilization techniques in the late 20th century, the possibility of using amniotic membrane to treat vascular ulcers was considered.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–11</span></a> In 2007 Mermet et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> performed the first prospective study of long-standing vascular ulcers refractory to standard treatment, demonstrating that amniotic membrane significantly reduced ulcer size, pain intensity, and reepithelialization time through its capacity to promote growth, adhesion, and differentiation of epithelial cells and to prevent their apoptosis.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subsequently, Pesteil et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,13</span></a> confirmed these results. The benefits obtained by these authors and those reported in the literature for other dermatological conditions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8–18</span></a> raised the possibility of using amniotic membrane to treat vascular ulcers refractory to standard treatment. In conjunction with the tissue bank at our hospital, which provided us with the amniotic membrane, we set up a prospective, uncontrolled, observational pilot study based on a series of clinical cases in order to investigate the effectiveness of amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of refractory chronic leg ulcers.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and Methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the clinical research ethics committee at Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. Following the signing of informed consent, amniotic membrane was grafted onto 4 refractory chronic vascular ulcers on the lower limbs of 3 patients. The patients had venous and arterial lower limb ulcers that had appeared over 6 months earlier. After treatment for 1 year with hydrocolloid and polyurethane foam dressings and even, in 1 case, with the failed application of an autograft, the patients had acheived reepithelialization of less than 0.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> per month and had negative serology for hepatitis B and C viruses and human immunodeficiency virus.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ulcers with bacterial infection or presence of fibrotic or necrotic tissue were excluded.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The amniotic membrane was obtained and processed at the tissue bank of the Transplant Services Foundation of Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. The criteria for selecting amniotic membrane donors were based on the standards of the Spanish Association of Tissue Banks. Specific exclusion criteria were uncontrolled pregnancy, an abnormal obstetric history, symptoms of infection in the newborn, delivery before 34 weeks’ gestation, and membrane rupture more than 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours before delivery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> The donors gave written informed consent for the donation and use of the amniotic membrane and were screened antepartum for hepatitis B and C viruses and human immunodeficiency virus. The placentas were obtained from elective cesarean deliveries to avoid structural defects and contamination of the placenta by the vaginal flora, chlamydia, herpes, or other infectious agents present in the birth canal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After donation the placenta was washed with physiological saline to remove traces of blood and kept at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. A smear was taken immediately after collection of the placenta and placed for no longer than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours in RPMI medium containing 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/mL amphotericin, 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/mL penicillin, and 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/mL streptomycin. In the laboratory, the amniotic membrane was identified and separated from the placenta by dissection in a laminar flow chamber; fragments with no infiltrated blood, tearing, or other abnormalities were considered suitable. The stromal side of the membrane was located, placed on the filter paper used as a support, and trimmed. The fragments were placed in labeled containers and a sample of each was taken for microbiological tests.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amniotic membrane transplantation was performed on an outpatient basis in the day hospital of the dermatology department of Hospital Clínic de Barcelona.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The causes of the ulcers were treated where possible and ulcer size was measured using the Visitrak digital system. Bacterial infection was ruled out according to the clinical appearance of the ulcer, the surrounding skin, and the exudate. Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale, where 0 represented no pain and 10 represented the worst pain imaginable. Data were collected at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The preparation of the ulcers included sponging with soap, mechanical debridement of fibrinous debris or slough with a scalpel or curette when necessary, and a compression bandage in cases without contraindications. The membrane preservation solution was removed by washing with physiological saline and the membrane was applied directly onto the ulcer bed. The graft was immediately covered with petrolatum-impregnated gauze and a secondary polyurethane foam dressing. Patients were confined to bed for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours and then allowed to do moderate activity for the next 5 days.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In all cases a single amniotic membrane transplantation was performed and 2 follow-up visits were held per week to assess progress and to perform standard wound care.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Stat Crunch computer program was used to record ulcer size and pain intensity prior to amniotic membrane transplantation and 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after treatment. The data were analyzed descriptively using absolute and relative frequencies, means (SD), and medians (range).</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 3 patients we performed a single amniotic membrane transplantation on a total of 4 ulcers located on the distal third of the lower limbs, 2 on the left leg and 2 on the right leg. The mean age of the patients was 71.3 years. The ulcers were venous in 3 cases (ankle-arm index,<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.9) and arterial in 1 case (ankle-arm index, 0.48). The mean ulcer size was 9.15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> (range, 4.6-18.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) and the mean time since onset was 126 months with a maximum of 180 months (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ulcer size decreased progressively after the amniotic membrane transplantation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). In the follow-up visit in week 8 complete reepithelialization of 1 of the ulcers was observed. The mean reduction in ulcer size compared with baseline was 81.93% (range, 61.70%-100%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>)</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One patient (ulcer 3) reported no pain at any time during the study. Two patients reported the disappearance of pain perceived after the procedure. However, the patient with ulcer 2 reported an increase in pain in the follow-up visit at week 12 and this pain continued until the end of the study. Taking into account all cases the pain intensity decreased by 86.66% compared with baseline (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two of the patients had perilesional irritant dermatitis at week 4, so the foam dressing was replaced with a carbon and colloidal silver dressing and betamethasone and gentamicin cream was applied to the damaged skin as needed, with a follow-up visit after 7 days.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No clinical infection or increase in size was observed in any of the ulcers.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of amniotic membrane for treating skin lesions can be traced back to the early 20th century. Interest in their use in vascular ulcers of the lower limbs began to increase in the 1990s.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8,11–13,16</span></a> This interest stems from the fact that the membrane's antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antiangiogenic, and reepithelializing properties<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,7,9,10,12,17–21</span></a>are considered ideal characteristics for a dressing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Amniotic membrane is also easy to obtain and does not require invasive application techniques.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is the first in Spain that has used amniotic membrane transplantation to foster or accelerate healing of refractory leg ulcers. It was a pilot study designed to test the advantages reported in the literature and therefore included only 4 cases.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ulcers treated were mainly venous. The age of the patients, the time since onset, and the size of the ulcers were similar to those of other published cases. Complete reepithelialization was achieved in 1 of the 4 cases in approximately 6 weeks; a reduction in size of over 60% was achieved in the remaining ulcers at the end of the study period. These data are consistent with those obtained by other authors. Mermet et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> used amniotic membrane in 15 patients with mainly venous leg ulcers, observing after 3 months a reduction of not less than 50% in 12 patients (80%), of whom 3 (20%) achieved complete reepethelialization. Pesteil et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,13</span></a> used amniotic membrane in 8 patients with refractory arterial ulcers, observing complete reepithelialization in 2 of the patients (25%) after 26 weeks, a reduction of not less than 50% in a further 3 patients (about 35%) after 32 weeks, and no response in 3 patients.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In all cases amniotic membrane transplantation reduced pain significantly. This beneficial effect is also reported in the literature<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,12,13</span></a>; its basis is unknown, but it could result from the covering of the sensory nerve endings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The increase in pain intensity in 1 patient in our series suggests that it might be advisable to repeat the procedure in those cases in which pain increases.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No clinical infection was detected in any of the cases treated. This finding confirms that amniotic membrane can be safely grafted when it is harvested and handled following the strictest procedures. Its well-known antibacterial activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,19</span></a>may be due to several factors: presence of antibacterial substances in amniotic fluid, expression of antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system, biological closure of the wound, or good adherence to the wound.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the most valued features of amniotic membrane is its low immunogenicity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>: no adverse reactions have been reported after its use. However, in the first few weeks of the study 2 of our patients developed irritant dermatitis, which responded to topical corticosteroids and a dressing change aimed at improving control of the exudate. We therefore considered that the dermatitis was not caused by a reaction to the membrane but by excess exudate.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amniotic membrane is more expensive than common dressings. However, in a previous study comparing the cost-effectiveness of amniotic membrane with that of autografts and allografts of biocompatible skin substitutes for the treatment of vascular ulcers on the lower limbs, we concluded that amniotic membrane transplantation was the second most efficient option, after autografts.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, our results suggest that amniotic membrane may be an effective and safe alternative for treating refractory leg ulcers.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr. M. Alsina is currently director of the skin bank of the Transplant Services Foundation of Hospital Clínic de Barcelona but obtains no financial benefit from this post.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S. Pedregosa-Fauste reports no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres96169" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Introduction" 2 => "Objectives" 3 => "Patients and methods" 4 => "Results" 5 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83327" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres96168" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Introducción" 2 => "Objetivos" 3 => "Pacientes y métodos" 4 => "Resultados" 5 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83328" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interests" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2011-07-06" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-01-01" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83327" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Amniotic membrane" 1 => "Venous ulcer" 2 => "Therapy" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83328" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Membrana amniótica" 1 => "Úlcera venosa" 2 => "Terapia" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Approximately 1% of the general population have venous or arterial lower limb ulcers. These lesions can be treated with biological skin substitutes such as cadaver skin or tissue-engineered skin equivalents, but treatment fails in 25% of cases, resulting in pain and loss of patient autonomy, as well as increased morbidity and health care costs. In the treatment of corneal ulcers, amniotic membrane has been shown to have antimicrobial and bacteriostatic properties, and to protect the wound without eliciting an immune response. The same properties have been reported in the treatment of burns and postthrombotic ulcers.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectives</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the effectiveness of amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of refractory chronic leg ulcers.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Amniotic membrane was grafted onto 4 refractory ulcers in 3 patients. The mean time required for partial and complete reepithelialization was calculated by measuring the wound area at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16. Pain intensity was assessed at the same intervals using a visual analog scale.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Complete wound reepithelialization was achieved for 1 ulcer by week 8; in the other 3 cases, there was a 50% reduction in size compared to baseline. At week 16, the mean reduction in wound size for the 4 ulcers was 81.93%. The corresponding reduction in pain intensity was 86.6%. No adverse effects were observed.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Amniotic membrane transplantation might be an effective alternative for the treatment of refractory chronic vascular ulcers on the lower limbs.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introducción</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las úlceras vasculares (venosas y arteriales) de las extremidades inferiores afectan aproximadamente al 1% de la población. Para su tratamiento pueden utilizarse equivalentes cutáneos vivos procedentes de donantes cadavéricos o desarrollados mediante bioingeniería tisular. Un 25% de las úlceras no se resuelven, lo que conlleva dolor y pérdida de autonomía para los pacientes, además de un aumento de la morbilidad y de los costes sanitarios. La membrana amniótica aplicada en úlceras corneales ha demostrado poseer propiedades antimicrobianas y bacteriostáticas, y ser capaz de proteger la herida sin inducir respuesta inmunológica. En úlceras postrombóticas y quemaduras también se han descrito estas mismas cualidades.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Valorar la eficacia de la aplicación del injerto de membrana amniótica en las úlceras vasculares crónicas refractarias de extremidades inferiores.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se aplicó el injerto de membrana amniótica en cuatro úlceras refractarias de tres pacientes. Se calculó el tiempo medio de epitelización total o parcial de la lesión mediante el registro del área y se valoró el dolor mediante escala visual analógica, en las semanas 0, 4, 8, 12 y 16.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En la semana 8 se observó la epitelización completa de una úlcera y la reducción del 50% de las otras tres. En la semana 16 la reducción del área fue de media un 81,93% en los cuatro casos. La intensidad del dolor percibido se redujo un 86,6%. No se detectaron efectos adversos.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La membrana amniótica puede ser una alternativa eficaz en el tratamiento de las úlceras vasculares crónicas refractarias de extremidades inferiores.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as: Alsina-Gibert M, Pedregosa-Fauste S. Aplicación de membrane amniótica en el tratamiento de las úlceras crónicas de extremidades inferiores. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012;103:608–613.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2247 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 432985 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ulcer size. A, week 0. B, week 16.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 986 "Ancho" => 1628 "Tamanyo" => 118363 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Changes in the size of the 4 ulcers following amniotic membrane transplantation.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1002 "Ancho" => 1628 "Tamanyo" => 115623 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Changes in the pain intensity reported by patients following amniotic membrane transplantation.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviation: VAS, visual analog scale (0 being no pain and 10 the worst pain imaginable).</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ulcer 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ulcer 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ulcer 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ulcer 4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age of patient, y \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">72</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Venous insufficiency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Arterial vasculopathy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Time since onset, mo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">156</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">180 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Site \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lower right leg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lower left leg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lower left leg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lower right leg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ankle-arm index \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Initial size, cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Initial VAS pain score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab182304.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic and Clinical Data of Patients and Description of Ulcers.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Tratamiento de las úlceras crónicas de extremidades inferiores con injertos cutáneos alogénicos. 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| 2019 Diciembre | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
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| 2018 Enero | 40 | 4 | 44 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 48 | 8 | 56 |
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| 2017 Octubre | 36 | 2 | 38 |
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| 2017 Mayo | 43 | 4 | 47 |
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| 2017 Enero | 46 | 7 | 53 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 60 | 10 | 70 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 112 | 15 | 127 |
| 2016 Octubre | 100 | 16 | 116 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 194 | 4 | 198 |
| 2016 Agosto | 93 | 10 | 103 |
| 2016 Julio | 39 | 19 | 58 |
| 2016 Junio | 9 | 16 | 25 |
| 2016 Mayo | 6 | 21 | 27 |
| 2016 Abril | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2016 Marzo | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2016 Febrero | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2016 Enero | 7 | 2 | 9 |
| 2015 Diciembre | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2015 Noviembre | 15 | 1 | 16 |
| 2015 Octubre | 15 | 4 | 19 |
| 2015 Septiembre | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2015 Agosto | 18 | 1 | 19 |
| 2015 Julio | 133 | 6 | 139 |
| 2015 Junio | 84 | 9 | 93 |
| 2015 Mayo | 92 | 14 | 106 |
| 2015 Abril | 78 | 12 | 90 |
| 2015 Marzo | 52 | 7 | 59 |
| 2015 Febrero | 64 | 9 | 73 |
| 2015 Enero | 54 | 13 | 67 |
| 2014 Diciembre | 58 | 13 | 71 |
| 2014 Noviembre | 50 | 5 | 55 |
| 2014 Octubre | 82 | 13 | 95 |
| 2014 Septiembre | 68 | 15 | 83 |
| 2014 Agosto | 38 | 4 | 42 |
| 2014 Julio | 31 | 9 | 40 |
| 2014 Junio | 48 | 5 | 53 |
| 2014 Mayo | 45 | 9 | 54 |
| 2014 Abril | 65 | 5 | 70 |
| 2014 Marzo | 64 | 14 | 78 |
| 2014 Febrero | 47 | 10 | 57 |
| 2014 Enero | 44 | 18 | 62 |
| 2013 Diciembre | 44 | 16 | 60 |
| 2013 Noviembre | 34 | 13 | 47 |
| 2013 Octubre | 29 | 9 | 38 |
| 2013 Septiembre | 31 | 10 | 41 |
| 2013 Agosto | 36 | 26 | 62 |
| 2013 Julio | 11 | 17 | 28 |
| 2013 Junio | 20 | 32 | 52 |
| 2013 Mayo | 12 | 17 | 29 |
| 2013 Abril | 15 | 14 | 29 |
| 2013 Marzo | 21 | 9 | 30 |
| 2013 Febrero | 35 | 7 | 42 |
| 2013 Enero | 50 | 6 | 56 |
| 2012 Diciembre | 32 | 6 | 38 |
| 2012 Noviembre | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2012 Octubre | 2 | 7 | 9 |
| 2012 Septiembre | 0 | 3 | 3 |
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