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Single-Lens Reflex&#44; Compact&#44; or Mirrorless&#63;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Choosing a camera type is probably the most difficult decision&#46; There are 3 basic types of camera&#58; single-lens reflex &#40;SLR&#41;&#44; compact&#44; and mirrorless&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In SLR cameras&#44; a reflex mirror reflects the light passing through the lens upward through a pentaprism&#44; where it is reflected through the viewfinder &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The inclusion of the reflex mirror makes SLR cameras bulkier and more expensive&#59; however&#44; because they have a larger sensor&#44; SLRs provide excellent image quality&#46; SLR cameras also include all the features required in dermatology&#44; including&#44; in particular&#44; the option of attaching macro lenses and using a ring flash &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compact cameras do not have a reflex mirror&#44; so they are smaller and more compact &#40;hence the name&#41;&#46; Most cameras of this type have no viewfinder&#8212;or&#44; at most&#44; a viewfinder of limited utility&#8212;and the image is displayed on a liquid crystal display &#40;LCD&#41; screen &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because compact cameras are small and light&#44; they are very portable and easy to use&#46; However&#44; their image quality is inferior to that of other types of camera&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On most compact cameras&#44; the lens cannot be replaced and the quality of the built-in lens is not comparable to that of the fixed-focal-length macro lenses available for SLRs&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Very few compact models are equipped with a hot shoe for mounting a ring flash&#46; In any case&#44; the use of a ring flash significantly increases the weight and volume of a compact camera&#44; thus negating its main advantage &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; High-end compact cameras do offer the advanced features that are essential to dermatologists&#44; such as aperture priority mode and flash intensity control&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; new camera types have been introduced to fill the growing gap between SLRs and compact cameras&#46; Of these&#44; mirrorless cameras are the category that has gained the most ground in the last 2 or 3 years&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the name implies&#44; mirrorless cameras have no reflex mirror&#46; Therefore&#44; they are small-bodied&#44; like compact cameras&#44; yet they offer superior features and lens interchangeability&#8212;in particular&#44; the possibility of attaching a macro lens &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mirrorless design reduces the size of the camera body but also obliges users to either compose their photographs on the LCD screen&#44; as in a compact camera&#44; or else to use an electronic viewfinder &#40;a tiny screen viewed through an eyepiece&#41;&#46; The viewfinder may be built in or optional &#40;in certain models that do not include it as standard&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lack of a through-the-lens optical viewfinder is the main difference between mirrorless cameras and SLRs&#46; Nevertheless&#44; mirrorless cameras&#44; like their larger counterparts&#44; have advanced features and accept high-performance macro lenses &#40;although the range of compatible lenses available is limited&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lenses on mirrorless cameras&#44; unlike those of compact models&#44; do not retract into the camera body&#44; making the mirrorless a bulkier and less portable option&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With certain limitations&#44; a ring flash can be attached to a mirrorless camera&#44; although&#44; as in the case of compact cameras&#44; it reduces portability and ease of use&#46; The prices of mirrorless cameras fall midway between those of SLRs and mid-range compact cameras&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to these three main camera types&#44; the following are also available&#58; compact cameras with larger sensors and fixed-focal-length lenses&#44; compact cameras with small sensors and interchangeable lenses&#44; and even small cameras with interchangeable lenses and sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of all the variants in this intermediate group intended to bridge the gap between SLRs and compact cameras&#44; at present only mirrorless cameras are truly appropriate for dermatological photography&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> compares the characteristics of the 3 camera types&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Sensor</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sensor of a digital camera is equivalent to the film used in analog photography&#58; it captures the light that enters through the lens&#46; A sensor is made up of millions of photodetectors that convert light energy into an electronic signal&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The number of photodetectors in a sensor corresponds to the number of pixels in the images it generates&#46; Thus&#44; a sensor with 12 million photodetectors generates 12-megapixel &#40;12-million-pixel&#41; photographs&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The larger the size of each photodetector&#44; the greater the camera&#39;s ability to capture light and&#44; consequently&#44; the better the sensor&#39;s signal-to-noise ratio&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To illustrate this point&#44; it is useful to think of the noise or hissing sound made by an analog cassette tape when the volume is turned up&#46; If the original signal is strong and clear&#8212;as is the case with larger photodetectors&#8212;there is no need to raise the volume&#44; and no hissing sound can be heard&#46; However&#44; if the original signal is weak&#8212;as is the case with smaller photodetectors&#8212;the volume has to be turned up&#44; and the hissing sound becomes audible&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In photography&#44; digital noise appears as colored specks that cloud the representation of a photograph or as image granularity similar to that seen with high-sensitivity analog film &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A large sensor not only has larger photodetectors than a smaller sensor with the same number of pixels but also has more space between photodetectors than its smaller counterpart&#46; This extra space decreases digital noise by reducing interaction between neighboring electric currents&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sensors with larger photodetectors also tend to have a wider exposure latitude&#44; which improves the tonal gradation&#44; that is&#44; the number of different gray tones that can be discriminated in the final image&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In short&#44; with a given number of photodetectors &#40;and therefore pixels&#41;&#44; a larger sensor is generally preferable to a smaller one as it yields a higher-quality final image&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In SLR cameras&#44; sensor formats range in size from full-frame &#40;the size of a 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm slide&#41;&#44; which measures 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; to Advanced Photo System Classic &#40;APS-C&#41;&#44; which measures approximately 21&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; the actual size varies slightly between manufacturers&#46; The Four Thirds &#40;4&#47;3&#41; system uses sensors measuring 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the formats described above&#44; which are standard for SLR cameras&#44; a number of smaller sensor formats are also used in compact cameras&#44; including 1&#47;2&#46;5&#8221; and 1&#47;1&#46;6&#8221; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Full-frame and APS-C sensors adhere to the traditional 3&#58;2 aspect ratio &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in width for every 2 <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in height&#41;&#44; while the 4&#47;3 format has an aspect ratio of 4&#58;3&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sensors of compact cameras do not adhere to the traditional 3&#58;2 aspect ratio&#59; they tend to be closer to square or follow&#8212;or approximate&#8212;the 4&#47;3 format&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Micro 4&#47;3&#44; developed by Olympus and Panasonic&#44; is a mirrorless camera system that uses 4&#47;3 sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NEX&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> by Sony&#44; is the leading line of mirrorless cameras with APS-C sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are other options&#44; such as mirrorless cameras with sensors larger than those of compact cameras&#8212;the NX series by Samsung and the GXR series by Ricoh&#44; for example&#8212;but the cameras in this market segment have not been well received and have sold poorly&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nikon recently introduced 2 mirrorless camera models &#40;J1 and V1&#41; with sensors midway in size between compact camera sensors and Micro 4&#47;3 sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of technology and architecture&#44; there are basically 2 classes of sensor&#58; charge-coupled device &#40;CCD&#41; sensors and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor &#40;CMOS&#41; sensors&#46; In theory&#44; CCD sensors allow a wider tonal range&#44; while CMOS sensors consume less energy and are more affordable&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most mid-range and high-end cameras with a 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm or smaller sensor format have CMOS sensors&#44; which are continually improving in quality and are every bit as good as CCD sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compact cameras use both CCD and CMOS sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A camera&#39;s sensor determines the number of pixels in the photographs it produces&#46; Too much importance is often placed on the number of pixels&#44; which is not the most important parameter for a dermatologist to consider when buying a camera&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With between 8 and 14 million pixels&#44; the dermatologist&#39;s photography needs are covered&#46; With 8-megapixel photographs&#44; it is possible to print images measuring about 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>x 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm with a resolution of 300 dots per inch &#40;professional printing quality&#41;&#46; With 14 million pixels&#44; it is possible to print images measuring up to 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>x 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm without sacrificing resolution&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rarely is it necessary to print photographs larger than the aforementioned sizes&#46; More pixels would only be needed to maintain good resolution or size when cropping to eliminate unwanted details from a photograph&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Lens and Macro Capability</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In compact cameras&#44; the lens is just as important as the sensor&#44; or even more so&#46; Most compact cameras have zoom lenses&#44; which can make distant objects appear closer and nearby objects appear farther away&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The wide-angle zoom range &#40;zoom moved to the left&#41; makes a nearby subject appear farther away&#44; therefore allowing it to fit within the frame&#46; Traditionally used for landscape photography&#44; the wide-angle range comprises focal lengths between 24 and 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The telephoto zoom range&#8212;typically used for portraits&#44; detailed shots of faraway objects&#44; etc&#46;&#8212;makes a distant subject appear nearer&#46; The telephoto range comprises longer focal lengths&#44; starting at 70-80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatological photographs should be taken with the zoom halfway between the wide-angle and telephoto ranges&#44; ideally at focal lengths of 50-60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; although focal lengths of up to 105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm are acceptable&#46; A zoom lens set to the wide-angle position can cause the subject to appear distorted and therefore should not be used in dermatological photography&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unfortunately&#44; for technical reasons&#44; most compact cameras only allow the use of macro mode&#8212;for focusing at very close range&#8212;in the wide-angle position&#46; In dermatological photography&#44; the macro mode is essential to ensure that tumors&#44; nails&#44; and other small details fill most of the frame&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When choosing a camera&#44; it is essential to consider its macro capability&#44; which is defined as the minimum focus distance in relation to focal length&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Manufacturers are reluctant to provide precise details on the macro capability of their compact cameras&#46; Macro capability is often described as follows&#58; &#8220;Macro&#58; wide-angle 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#47; telephoto 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm-infinity&#46;&#8221; This description means that in macro mode the camera can take photographs with autofocus as close as 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm from the subject&#44; provided that the zoom is set to the maximum wide-angle position &#40;all the way to the left&#41;&#59; however&#44; with the zoom set to the telephoto range&#8212;ideal for dermatological photography&#8212;the minimum focus distance is 1 meter&#44; and therefore the actual magnification ratio is poor&#46; Therefore&#44; when choosing a compact camera&#44; dermatologists should look for a camera with a minimum focus distance between 1 and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in wide-angle mode and no more than 30 to 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in telephoto mode&#46; These parameters will vary&#44; of course&#44; according to the wide-angle focal length of each camera&#46; Photographing a subject 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm away with a focal length of 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm is not the same as photographing the same subject with a focal length of 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; This principle also applies to telephoto focal lengths&#58; it is not the same to photograph a subject 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm away with a focal length of 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm as with a focal length of 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; the magnification ratio of the latter is twice that of the former&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatologists who buy an SLR camera have to consider the camera&#39;s sensor format when choosing a lens&#46; Cameras with a 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>x<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm sensor &#40;a format only available in high-end SLR cameras&#41; do not require the user to apply a focal length multiplier&#46; However&#44; cameras equipped with a sensor in any of the APS-C formats do require the use of a focal length multiplier&#46; In such cases we recommend using a macro lens with a focal length of 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>to 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and a lens speed of f&#47;2 to f&#47;2&#46;8&#46; Using a focal length multiplier of&#44; for example&#44; 1&#46;5 &#40;or thereabouts&#44; as in the case of the APS-C formats&#41;&#44; the focal length of the lens is effectively multiplied by 1&#46;5&#59; thus&#44; a macro lens with a focal length of 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm would have the same field of view as a lens with a focal length of 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A focal length of about 90&#160;mm allows the photographer to achieve good magnification ratios without having to stand too close to the subject&#46; Moreover&#44; at the resulting focus distances&#44; the flash does not cast shadows on the area being photographed&#46; For half-body shots&#44; however&#44; the photographer is obliged to move further away from the subject&#44; and in a small consultation room this can be very inconvenient&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An SLR camera with a full-frame sensor can be fitted with a macro lens with a focal length either in the 50 to 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm range or in the 90 to 105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm range&#46; Macro lenses with a focal length in the 50 to 60&#160;mm range force the photographer to move in very close when photographing small subjects&#59; these lenses are very practical for half-body shots&#44; however&#44; because the photographer does not need to stand back as far as with longer focal lengths&#46; To achieve a field of view similar to that of an SLR camera with an APS-C sensor and a lens with a 50-60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm focal length&#44; we recommend using a macro lens with a longer focal length &#40;90-105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46; Lenses of this type&#44; however&#44; can be expensive and heavy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Aperture Priority Mode</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aperture priority mode is a semiautomatic program that allows the user to select the desired aperture value while the camera selects the most appropriate corresponding shutter speed &#40;the length of time that the shutter remains open&#44; exposing the sensor to light&#41;&#46; This feature is standard on SLR and mirrorless cameras while in the compact range it is only available on advanced models&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aperture priority mode is an essential feature for dermatological photography&#46; Small apertures must be used to achieve a good depth of field and ensure a zone of sharpness that includes all planes of the image&#46; Dermatologists should not consider any compact camera that does not have a semiautomatic aperture priority mode&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">LCD Screen</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LCD screen on the back of the camera body is used to check that the photograph has been taken correctly&#46; In compact cameras&#44; the LCD screen is also used to compose photographs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LCD screen may not seem like a very important feature&#44; but in some respects it makes a great difference&#46; Users of the first digital cameras would often find&#44; upon downloading their photographs to a computer&#44; that some images were out of focus or blurry&#46; With the tiny LCD screens available on these early cameras&#44; it was virtually impossible to review images on the spot&#46; The higher the resolution of the screen &#40;represented by the number of pixels&#41; the greater the photographer&#39;s ability to review the quality of each shot&#46;</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Today&#44; digital camera LCD screens range in size from 2 to 3 inches and in resolution from 200&#160;000 to 1 million pixels&#46;</p><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screen size is of key importance&#44; but resolution is even more so&#46; At a resolution of 900&#160;000 pixels or more&#44; it is possible to zoom in on an image sufficiently to determine whether or not it is in focus&#46; Only high-end cameras have screens with 900&#160;000 to 1 million pixels&#46; We recommend screens with at least 400&#160;000 pixels&#46;</p><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One recent advance in screen technology is the introduction of organic light emitting diode &#40;OLED&#41; screens&#44; which are more energy-efficient and are said to produce less glare&#46; However&#44; OLED screens have other disadvantages&#44; such as a shorter lifespan and reduced performance in bright outdoor conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A flip-out screen is very desirable&#44; although not essential&#46; Flip-out screens allow the user to comfortably compose photographs in positions that would otherwise be awkward&#46; For example&#44; without a flip-out screen&#44; photographing a patient lying on a stretcher may be difficult because the camera has to be positioned above the patient&#39;s body&#46;</p><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To date&#44; Canon is the only manufacturer offering cameras &#40;SLR models EOS 550D and 600D&#41; in which the LCD screen and the sensor have the same aspect ratio &#40;3&#58;2&#41;&#46; The advantage of these models is that the previewed images fill the entire screen rather than being letterboxed&#46;</p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some cameras have a touchscreen&#44; which the photographer uses to control certain menu functions&#46; This feature is unimportant and should not influence a dermatologist&#39;s choice of camera&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Viewfinder</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In compact cameras&#44; optical viewfinders are irrelevant&#44; because photographs taken with this type of camera are usually composed on the LCD screen&#46;</p><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">High-end mirrorless cameras offer a high-quality electronic viewfinder&#8212;useful for composing photographs in bright outdoor light conditions&#8212;as a standard or optional feature&#46; Low-end mirrorless models do not offer an electronic viewfinder even as an optional feature&#46;</p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With mirrorless cameras&#44; the decision to use the LCD screen or an electronic viewfinder is entirely personal&#44; as dermatological photographs are taken indoors&#46;</p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LCD screen on an SLR camera can be used in live-view mode to compose photographs in real time&#46; This use of the screen is uncommon&#44; however&#44; as the optical viewfinder is the primary tool for composing photographs in such cameras&#46;</p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Composition results depend largely on the luminosity and size of the viewfinder&#46; A viewfinder with 100&#37; coverage is always preferable to a viewfinder that covers just 90&#37;&#44; 92&#37;&#44; or 95&#37; of the final image&#46; With a viewfinder that provides less than full coverage&#44; distracting elements not seen during composition may be visible at the edges of the image&#44; making it necessary to crop the final photograph&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Operating Speed</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The operating speeds of compact digital cameras have improved considerably&#46; Nevertheless&#44; buyers should be aware of the acceptable ranges&#44; and avoid models that offer subpar speeds in the following areas&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Start-up time&#58; the delay between the &#8216;on&#8217; button being pressed and the camera being ready to shoot&#46; Acceptable maximum&#58; 1 to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shutter lag&#58; the delay between the shutter-release button being pressed and the photograph being taken&#46; This delay can be broken down into 2 parts&#58; the autofocus time&#44; which begins when the shutter-release button is pressed halfway down&#44; and the time required for the actual shot&#44; which begins when the button is pressed the rest of the way down&#46; The total shutter lag should not be more than 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shot-to-shot speed&#58; the time that the camera needs to be ready to shoot again after a photograph is taken&#46; Acceptable maximum&#58; 1 to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Memory card writing speed&#46; The time it takes to save a photograph to the memory card mainly depends on the speed of the card itself as well as parameters such as the image format &#40;raw vs&#46; JPEG&#41;&#46; This factor is not particularly important in dermatological photography&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SLR cameras tend to be faster than compact cameras&#46; Operating speed is rarely a handicap with any of the digital SLRs currently on the market&#46;</p><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prospective buyers should regard advertised technical specifications with a skeptical eye&#46; On handling some cameras&#44; the user may find that the photo-taking experience is hampered by a weakness in one of the operating-speed factors mentioned above&#46; Whenever possible&#44; therefore&#44; prospective buyers should test cameras before purchase to ensure that their expectations are met and to find one they feel comfortable handling&#46; Some stores&#8212;usually the more expensive ones&#8212;allow customers to return cameras after a few days if they are not satisfied&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Flash</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For dermatological photography&#44; the ideal flash is a ring flash with multiple flash tubes that can be individually adjusted for intensity&#46; This allows the photographer to use flat light to avoid shadows or angled light to highlight the relief of the lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once mounted&#44; many ring flashes can be rotated around the main &#40;i&#46;e&#46; front-to-back&#41; axis of the lens to avoid unwanted reflections&#46;</p><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The much higher-quality results obtained with a ring &#40;or ring-type&#41; flash are yet another reason for dermatologists to choose an SLR camera over a compact or mirrorless model &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SLR cameras come with a specific hot shoe for mounting a ring flash&#46; Some ring flash models can even be operated wirelessly&#44; without being connected to the hot shoe&#46;</p><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most mirrorless cameras and high-end compact cameras have a hot shoe for mounting an external flash&#46; However&#44; if the photographer wishes to maintain the small size and easy portability of these camera types&#44; it makes little sense to use a bulky external flash unit &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most compact camera models have a low-intensity flash built into the camera body&#46; With these built-in flashes&#44; the camera lens tends to cast a shadow in close-range photographs&#46; Furthermore&#44; the light emitted by a built-in flash strikes the subject head-on&#59; the resulting glare can only be avoided by changing the angle of the shot&#44; not by rotating or moving the flash&#46;</p><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Built-in compact camera flashes differ from one another mainly in whether they have flash intensity adjustment and flash exposure compensation features&#44; and whether the flash can be turned off manually&#46; Flash exposure compensation is essential because many photographs&#8212;particularly close-ups&#8212;appear washed out when the flash intensity is excessive&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Battery</span><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Above a certain quality level&#44; most compact&#44; mirrorless&#44; and SLR cameras use proprietary rechargeable batteries rather than general-purpose batteries&#46;</p><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A typical compact camera battery allows between 200 and 350 shots per charge&#46; Some SLR models have batteries with an average life per charge 2 or 3 times greater than that of a compact camera battery&#44; or even more&#46; As compared to their compact counterparts&#44; SLR batteries have greater capacity but similar charging times&#46;</p><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In dermatological photography&#44; most shots are taken with flash&#46; Dermatologists who use the built-in flash on their camera&#8212;whether SLR&#44; mirrorless&#44; or compact&#8212;should always carry a spare battery in their camera case&#44; as the use of the built-in flash shortens battery life&#46; Dermatologists who use an external flash should carry spare general-purpose batteries for the flash&#46;</p><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most digital cameras use nickel&#8211;metal hydride &#40;NiMH&#41; batteries&#44; which perform better than other types&#46; We recommend using batteries with a capacity of at least 1000 mAh&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Memory Card Type</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; memory cards have moved towards standard formats and become very affordable&#46; For these and other reasons&#44; the choice of a card type is no longer very important&#46; The most common format&#44; Secure Digital &#40;SD&#41;&#44; is used in the compact&#44; mirrorless&#44; and low-end SLR models&#46; Secure Digital High Capacity &#40;SDHC&#41; and Secure Digital Extended Capacity &#40;SDXC&#41; are high-capacity variants of the SD format&#46;</p><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CompactFlash is the standard memory card format in high-end SLR cameras&#46;</p><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is advisable to use a high-capacity memory card capable of storing many high-resolution photos&#59; nevertheless&#44; photographs should be downloaded to a computer on a regular basis in order to avoid accidental loss&#46;</p><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The read and write speed of the memory card are not important because dermatologists&#44; unlike sports or nature photographers&#44; never take multiple photographs in rapid succession&#46; The only reason for having a high-performance card would be to record high-resolution video&#44; an operation that requires a minimum card speed of 133&#215; &#40;20 MB&#47;s&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The memory card&#39;s read speed affects the time needed to download photographs from the card to a computer&#46; However&#44; download speed also depends on other factors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Raw Image Format</span><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The images produced by a digital camera can be saved in different file formats&#46; The most popular is the JPEG &#40;or JPG&#41; compression format&#44; named after the Joint Photographic Experts Group&#46; Digital cameras can save JPEG files in different sizes with varying degrees of compression &#40;depending on the model&#41;&#46; With greater compression&#44; photographs take up less space but lose quality&#46; To maintain high image quality&#44; the camera should be set to a low level of JPEG compression&#46;</p><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A raw image format is the digital equivalent of a negative&#46; Because they are in an uncompressed format&#44; raw image files give the best photographic results&#46; If a photograph is initially saved in a raw format&#44; copies can be saved and later modified using specific software while the original is left intact&#46;</p><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If a photograph with defects such as under- or overexposure &#40;dark or washed out&#41; or color imbalance &#40;dominance of a particular color&#41; is initially saved in a raw image format&#44; it may be possible to recover details&#44; correct the color balance&#44; etc&#46;&#44; without losing quality&#46; Photographs initially saved in JPEG format allow much less room for maneuver&#46; Also&#44; every change made to a JPEG image leads to a further loss in quality because the image must be decompressed and recompressed each time it is retouched&#46;</p><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unfortunately&#44; photographs in a raw image format are much larger than JPEG files&#44; so a memory card can hold fewer raw files&#46; Time is also a factor&#58; whereas JPEG is a ready-to-use image format&#44; photographs saved in a raw format require additional processing before use&#46;</p><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some high-end cameras allow the photographer to save photographs in both JPEG and a raw format simultaneously&#46; This feature enables the photographer to use the JPEG file directly from the memory card while retaining the raw file in case a photograph should require extensive retouching&#46;</p><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In dermatological photography&#44; raw image formats are not widely used&#46; It is probably not necessary to use this format as long as photographs are taken correctly&#44; at a good size&#44; and with low JPEG compression&#46;</p><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; dermatologists considering the purchase of a digital camera should learn more about the macro capability of the various compact models available on the market&#44; for example by visiting <a href="http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;dpreview&#46;com&#47;reviews&#47;</a>&#46; This website gives each camera&#39;s minimum focus distance in macro mode for both the telephoto and wide-angle ranges&#46; It also specifies&#44; for both ranges&#44; image quality issues such as chromatic aberrations&#44; distortion&#44; and blurriness in the center and corners of images&#46;</p><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For an example of a description of a compact camera&#39;s performance&#44; we recommend reading the following analysis of the Canon G11 in macro mode&#58; <a href="http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/canong11/page8.asp">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;dpreview&#46;com&#47;reviews&#47;canong11&#47;page8&#46;asp</a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
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        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres96089"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83246"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres96088"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83245"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Camera Type&#58; Single-Lens Reflex&#44; Compact&#44; or Mirrorless&#63;"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Sensor"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Lens and Macro Capability"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Aperture Priority Mode"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "LCD Screen"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Viewfinder"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Operating Speed"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Flash"
        ]
        12 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Battery"
        ]
        13 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Memory Card Type"
        ]
        14 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Raw Image Format"
        ]
        15 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest"
        ]
        16 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack35231"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        17 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-10-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-01-15"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83246"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Photography"
            1 => "Digital"
            2 => "Camera"
            3 => "Reflex"
            4 => "Macro"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83245"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Fotograf&#237;a"
            1 => "Digital"
            2 => "C&#225;mara"
            3 => "R&#233;flex"
            4 => "Macro"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Choosing a camera for use in the dermatology office is difficult&#44; particularly in the case of a digital camera because the market is constantly evolving&#46; This article explains the features that should be taken into account&#44; including camera type&#44; sensor&#44; lens and macro capability&#44; aperture priority mode&#44; screen&#44; viewfinder&#44; operating speed&#44; flash&#44; battery&#44; memory card&#44; and image format&#46; The most recent advances in the field of digital photography relevant to the dermatologist are discussed&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La elecci&#243;n de una c&#225;mara fotogr&#225;fica para su uso en Dermatolog&#237;a suele resultar un proceso dif&#237;cil&#44; tanto m&#225;s si esta es digital&#44; ya que el mercado evoluciona constantemente&#46; En el presente art&#237;culo se enuncian y describen los par&#225;metros en los que debemos basar nuestra elecci&#243;n y que incluyen el tipo de c&#225;mara&#44; el sensor&#44; el objetivo y su capacidad macro&#44; el modo prioridad a la apertura&#44; la pantalla&#44; el visor&#44; la velocidad de funcionamiento&#44; el flash&#44; la bater&#237;a&#44; la tarjeta y el formato de imagen&#46; Se apuntan los &#250;ltimos avances en el terreno de la fotograf&#237;a digital que pueden tener utilidad en las c&#225;maras de uso dermatol&#243;gico&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; L&#46; Barco&#44; M&#46; Ribera&#44; J&#46;M&#46; Casanova&#46; Gu&#237;a para la compra de una c&#225;mara en Dermatolog&#237;a&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2012&#59;103&#58;502-10&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:10 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagram of the interior of an SLR camera showing the reflex mirror inside the camera body&#46; The mirror reflects the light that passes through the lens upward into a pentaprism&#44; which in turn reflects the light through the viewfinder&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SLR camera with a macro lens and ring flash attached&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 633
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            "Tamanyo" => 96196
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Back of a compact camera with a liquid crystal display &#40;LCD&#41; screen&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 625
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compact camera with flash for macro photography&#46; With this setup&#44; image quality is increased but the convenience of the compact camera is lost&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Example of a mirrorless camera&#44; which is similar in size and appearance to a compact camera but offers superior features&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Noise in a digital photograph&#44; which appears as granularity or colored specks&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      6 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 7"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => false
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            "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative sizes of various types of digital camera sensors&#46; Adapted from&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor_format">http&#58;&#47;&#47;en&#46;wikipedia&#46;org&#47;wiki&#47;Image&#95;sensor&#95;format</span> &#91;Accessed on 20 August 2011&#93;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0040"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 8"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#44; In a compact camera&#44; moving the zoom indicator to the left activates the wide-angle range &#40;to make a nearby subject appear farther away&#41;&#46; B&#44; The zoom indicator to the right of the scale indicates the telephoto range &#40;to make a distant subject appear nearer&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      8 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; APS-C&#44; Advanced Photo System Classic &#40;a digital camera sensor format of approximately 23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#59; GB&#44; gigabyte&#59; MB&#44; megabyte&#59; NiMH&#44; nickel&#8211;metal hydride &#40;materials used to make NiMH rechargeable batteries&#41;&#59; SD&#44; Secure Digital&#59; SDHC&#44; Secure Digital High Capacity&#59; SDXC&#44; Secure Digital Extended Capacity &#40;digital-camera memory card formats&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristic&#47;Feature&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recommendation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Camera type&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLRMirrorlessAdvanced compact&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sensor &#40;format&#47;size&#47;pixels&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">APS-C &#40;in an SLR camera&#41;APS-C or Micro 4&#47;3 &#40;in a mirrorless camera&#41;Size<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#47;1&#46;7 in &#40;in a compact camera&#41;8-14 megapixels &#40;in an SLR&#44; mirrorless or compact camera&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lens&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#44; 50&#44; or 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm macro lens in an SLR camera with an APS-C sensor&#59; 60 to 105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm macro lens in an SLR camera with a 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;full-frame&#41; sensor45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;approximately&#41; macro lens in a mirrorless camera&#44; if possibleMinimum focus distance of 1 to 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in macro mode&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aperture priority mode&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Standard feature on SLR and mirrorless cameras&#46; Only available in mid-range to high-end compact cameras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LCD screen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2-3 inAt least 400&#160;000 pixelsIdeally with flip-out screen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Viewfinder&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Irrelevant in compact camerasIrrelevant in mirrorless cameras &#40;unless electronic&#41;Ideally with coverage of<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37; in an SLR camera&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Operating speed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Start-up time&#58; max&#46; 1-2 sShutter lag&#58; max&#46; 0&#46;5 sShot-to-shot speed&#58; max&#46; 1-2 s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Flash&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ideally ring flash or similar &#40;in an SLR camera&#41;Adjustable intensityManual on&#47;offLocated near the top of the camera body&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Battery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ideally NiMH200-350 shots per chargeCapacity<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1000 mAh&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Memory card&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SD &#40;or SDHC or SDXC variants&#41;&#47;CompactFlashCapacity<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 GBSpeed<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 MB&#47;s for video&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>A raw image format is a format in which images produced by a digital camera can be saved&#46; Raw image files&#8212;the digital equivalent of negatives&#8212;give the best photographic results&#46; Unlike JPEG files&#44; however&#44; they require additional processing with specific software before they can be used&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SLR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Compact&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mirrorless&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Macro lens&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes &#40;sold separately&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes &#40;sold separately&#44; has some limitations&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ring flash&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes &#40;sold separately&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Very rarely &#40;decreases portability&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes &#40;sold separately&#44; has some limitations&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sensor &#40;quality&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Excellent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Good&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Very good&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Raw image format<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Available&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Only on advanced models&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Available&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Volume&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Large&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Small&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Small-medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Weight&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Heavy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Light&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Light-moderate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Need for photographer to move up&#47;back for close-up&#47;distance shots&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">With a fixed-focal-length lens&#44; yes&#59; with a zoom lens like that of a compact camera&#44; no&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No &#40;the lens zooms in and out&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">With a fixed-focal-length lens&#44; yes&#59; with a zoom lens like that of a compact camera&#44; no&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode">http&#58;&#47;&#47;en&#46;wikipedia&#46;org&#47;wiki&#47;Organic&#95;light-emitting&#95;diode</a> &#91;accessed August 19&#44; 2011&#93;&#46;"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital">http&#58;&#47;&#47;en&#46;wikipedia&#46;org&#47;wiki&#47;Secure&#95;Digital</a> &#91;accessed August 19&#44; 2011&#93;&#46;"
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      0 => array:3 [
        "identificador" => "xack35231"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors are grateful to Mauro A&#46; Fuentes &#193;lvarez of Fotomaf&#46;com for granting permission to use the photograph in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a> in this article&#46;</p>"
      ]
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Novelties in Dermatology
Guide to Buying a Camera for Dermatological Photography
Guía para la compra de una cámara fotográfica para Dermatología
L. Barcoa,
Autor para correspondencia
leobarco@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, M. Riberab, J.M. Casanovac
a Servicio de Dermatología, Clínica Mediterráneo, Almería, Spain
b Servei de Dermatologia, Hospital Universitari de Sabadell, Corporació Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
c Servei de Dermatologia, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Single-Lens Reflex&#44; Compact&#44; or Mirrorless&#63;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Choosing a camera type is probably the most difficult decision&#46; There are 3 basic types of camera&#58; single-lens reflex &#40;SLR&#41;&#44; compact&#44; and mirrorless&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In SLR cameras&#44; a reflex mirror reflects the light passing through the lens upward through a pentaprism&#44; where it is reflected through the viewfinder &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The inclusion of the reflex mirror makes SLR cameras bulkier and more expensive&#59; however&#44; because they have a larger sensor&#44; SLRs provide excellent image quality&#46; SLR cameras also include all the features required in dermatology&#44; including&#44; in particular&#44; the option of attaching macro lenses and using a ring flash &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compact cameras do not have a reflex mirror&#44; so they are smaller and more compact &#40;hence the name&#41;&#46; Most cameras of this type have no viewfinder&#8212;or&#44; at most&#44; a viewfinder of limited utility&#8212;and the image is displayed on a liquid crystal display &#40;LCD&#41; screen &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because compact cameras are small and light&#44; they are very portable and easy to use&#46; However&#44; their image quality is inferior to that of other types of camera&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On most compact cameras&#44; the lens cannot be replaced and the quality of the built-in lens is not comparable to that of the fixed-focal-length macro lenses available for SLRs&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Very few compact models are equipped with a hot shoe for mounting a ring flash&#46; 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unlike those of compact models&#44; do not retract into the camera body&#44; making the mirrorless a bulkier and less portable option&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With certain limitations&#44; a ring flash can be attached to a mirrorless camera&#44; although&#44; as in the case of compact cameras&#44; it reduces portability and ease of use&#46; The prices of mirrorless cameras fall midway between those of SLRs and mid-range compact cameras&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to these three main camera types&#44; the following are also available&#58; compact cameras with larger sensors and fixed-focal-length lenses&#44; compact cameras with small sensors and interchangeable lenses&#44; and even small cameras with interchangeable lenses and sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of all the variants in this intermediate group intended to bridge the gap between SLRs and compact cameras&#44; 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photographs&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The larger the size of each photodetector&#44; the greater the camera&#39;s ability to capture light and&#44; consequently&#44; the better the sensor&#39;s signal-to-noise ratio&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To illustrate this point&#44; it is useful to think of the noise or hissing sound made by an analog cassette tape when the volume is turned up&#46; If the original signal is strong and clear&#8212;as is the case with larger photodetectors&#8212;there is no need to raise the volume&#44; and no hissing sound can be heard&#46; However&#44; if the original signal is weak&#8212;as is the case with smaller photodetectors&#8212;the volume has to be turned up&#44; and the hissing sound becomes audible&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In photography&#44; digital noise appears as colored specks that cloud the representation of a photograph or as image granularity similar to that seen with high-sensitivity analog film &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A large sensor not only has larger photodetectors than a smaller sensor with the same number of pixels but also has more space between photodetectors than its smaller counterpart&#46; This extra space decreases digital noise by reducing interaction between neighboring electric currents&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sensors with larger photodetectors also tend to have a wider exposure latitude&#44; which improves the tonal gradation&#44; that is&#44; the number of different gray tones that can be discriminated in the final image&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In short&#44; with a given number of photodetectors &#40;and therefore pixels&#41;&#44; a larger sensor is generally preferable to a smaller one as it yields a higher-quality final image&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In SLR cameras&#44; sensor formats range in size from full-frame &#40;the size of a 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm slide&#41;&#44; which measures 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; to Advanced Photo System Classic &#40;APS-C&#41;&#44; which measures approximately 21&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; the actual size varies slightly between manufacturers&#46; The Four Thirds &#40;4&#47;3&#41; system uses sensors measuring 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the formats described above&#44; which are standard for SLR cameras&#44; a number of smaller sensor formats are also used in compact cameras&#44; including 1&#47;2&#46;5&#8221; and 1&#47;1&#46;6&#8221; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Full-frame and APS-C sensors adhere to the traditional 3&#58;2 aspect ratio &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in width for every 2 <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in height&#41;&#44; while the 4&#47;3 format has an aspect ratio of 4&#58;3&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sensors of compact cameras do not adhere to the traditional 3&#58;2 aspect ratio&#59; they tend to be closer to square or follow&#8212;or approximate&#8212;the 4&#47;3 format&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Micro 4&#47;3&#44; developed by Olympus and Panasonic&#44; is a mirrorless camera system that uses 4&#47;3 sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NEX&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> by Sony&#44; is the leading line of mirrorless cameras with APS-C sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are other options&#44; such as mirrorless cameras with sensors larger than those of compact cameras&#8212;the NX series by Samsung and the GXR series by Ricoh&#44; for example&#8212;but the cameras in this market segment have not been well received and have sold poorly&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nikon recently introduced 2 mirrorless camera models &#40;J1 and V1&#41; with sensors midway in size between compact camera sensors and Micro 4&#47;3 sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of technology and architecture&#44; there are basically 2 classes of sensor&#58; charge-coupled device &#40;CCD&#41; sensors and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor &#40;CMOS&#41; sensors&#46; In theory&#44; CCD sensors allow a wider tonal range&#44; while CMOS sensors consume less energy and are more affordable&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most mid-range and high-end cameras with a 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm or smaller sensor format have CMOS sensors&#44; which are continually improving in quality and are every bit as good as CCD sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compact cameras use both CCD and CMOS sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A camera&#39;s sensor determines the number of pixels in the photographs it produces&#46; Too much importance is often placed on the number of pixels&#44; which is not the most important parameter for a dermatologist to consider when buying a camera&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With between 8 and 14 million pixels&#44; the dermatologist&#39;s photography needs are covered&#46; With 8-megapixel photographs&#44; it is possible to print images measuring about 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>x 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm with a resolution of 300 dots per inch &#40;professional printing quality&#41;&#46; With 14 million pixels&#44; it is possible to print images measuring up to 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>x 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm without sacrificing resolution&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rarely is it necessary to print photographs larger than the aforementioned sizes&#46; More pixels would only be needed to maintain good resolution or size when cropping to eliminate unwanted details from a photograph&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Lens and Macro Capability</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In compact cameras&#44; the lens is just as important as the sensor&#44; or even more so&#46; Most compact cameras have zoom lenses&#44; which can make distant objects appear closer and nearby objects appear farther away&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The wide-angle zoom range &#40;zoom moved to the left&#41; makes a nearby subject appear farther away&#44; therefore allowing it to fit within the frame&#46; Traditionally used for landscape photography&#44; the wide-angle range comprises focal lengths between 24 and 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The telephoto zoom range&#8212;typically used for portraits&#44; detailed shots of faraway objects&#44; etc&#46;&#8212;makes a distant subject appear nearer&#46; The telephoto range comprises longer focal lengths&#44; starting at 70-80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatological photographs should be taken with the zoom halfway between the wide-angle and telephoto ranges&#44; ideally at focal lengths of 50-60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; although focal lengths of up to 105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm are acceptable&#46; A zoom lens set to the wide-angle position can cause the subject to appear distorted and therefore should not be used in dermatological photography&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unfortunately&#44; for technical reasons&#44; most compact cameras only allow the use of macro mode&#8212;for focusing at very close range&#8212;in the wide-angle position&#46; In dermatological photography&#44; the macro mode is essential to ensure that tumors&#44; nails&#44; and other small details fill most of the frame&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When choosing a camera&#44; it is essential to consider its macro capability&#44; which is defined as the minimum focus distance in relation to focal length&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Manufacturers are reluctant to provide precise details on the macro capability of their compact cameras&#46; Macro capability is often described as follows&#58; &#8220;Macro&#58; wide-angle 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#47; telephoto 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm-infinity&#46;&#8221; This description means that in macro mode the camera can take photographs with autofocus as close as 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm from the subject&#44; provided that the zoom is set to the maximum wide-angle position &#40;all the way to the left&#41;&#59; however&#44; with the zoom set to the telephoto range&#8212;ideal for dermatological photography&#8212;the minimum focus distance is 1 meter&#44; and therefore the actual magnification ratio is poor&#46; Therefore&#44; when choosing a compact camera&#44; dermatologists should look for a camera with a minimum focus distance between 1 and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in wide-angle mode and no more than 30 to 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in telephoto mode&#46; These parameters will vary&#44; of course&#44; according to the wide-angle focal length of each camera&#46; Photographing a subject 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm away with a focal length of 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm is not the same as photographing the same subject with a focal length of 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; This principle also applies to telephoto focal lengths&#58; it is not the same to photograph a subject 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm away with a focal length of 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm as with a focal length of 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; the magnification ratio of the latter is twice that of the former&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatologists who buy an SLR camera have to consider the camera&#39;s sensor format when choosing a lens&#46; Cameras with a 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>x<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm sensor &#40;a format only available in high-end SLR cameras&#41; do not require the user to apply a focal length multiplier&#46; However&#44; cameras equipped with a sensor in any of the APS-C formats do require the use of a focal length multiplier&#46; In such cases we recommend using a macro lens with a focal length of 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>to 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and a lens speed of f&#47;2 to f&#47;2&#46;8&#46; Using a focal length multiplier of&#44; for example&#44; 1&#46;5 &#40;or thereabouts&#44; as in the case of the APS-C formats&#41;&#44; the focal length of the lens is effectively multiplied by 1&#46;5&#59; thus&#44; a macro lens with a focal length of 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm would have the same field of view as a lens with a focal length of 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A focal length of about 90&#160;mm allows the photographer to achieve good magnification ratios without having to stand too close to the subject&#46; Moreover&#44; at the resulting focus distances&#44; the flash does not cast shadows on the area being photographed&#46; For half-body shots&#44; however&#44; the photographer is obliged to move further away from the subject&#44; and in a small consultation room this can be very inconvenient&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An SLR camera with a full-frame sensor can be fitted with a macro lens with a focal length either in the 50 to 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm range or in the 90 to 105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm range&#46; Macro lenses with a focal length in the 50 to 60&#160;mm range force the photographer to move in very close when photographing small subjects&#59; these lenses are very practical for half-body shots&#44; however&#44; because the photographer does not need to stand back as far as with longer focal lengths&#46; To achieve a field of view similar to that of an SLR camera with an APS-C sensor and a lens with a 50-60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm focal length&#44; we recommend using a macro lens with a longer focal length &#40;90-105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46; Lenses of this type&#44; however&#44; can be expensive and heavy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Aperture Priority Mode</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aperture priority mode is a semiautomatic program that allows the user to select the desired aperture value while the camera selects the most appropriate corresponding shutter speed &#40;the length of time that the shutter remains open&#44; exposing the sensor to light&#41;&#46; This feature is standard on SLR and mirrorless cameras while in the compact range it is only available on advanced models&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aperture priority mode is an essential feature for dermatological photography&#46; Small apertures must be used to achieve a good depth of field and ensure a zone of sharpness that includes all planes of the image&#46; Dermatologists should not consider any compact camera that does not have a semiautomatic aperture priority mode&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">LCD Screen</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LCD screen on the back of the camera body is used to check that the photograph has been taken correctly&#46; In compact cameras&#44; the LCD screen is also used to compose photographs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LCD screen may not seem like a very important feature&#44; but in some respects it makes a great difference&#46; Users of the first digital cameras would often find&#44; upon downloading their photographs to a computer&#44; that some images were out of focus or blurry&#46; With the tiny LCD screens available on these early cameras&#44; it was virtually impossible to review images on the spot&#46; The higher the resolution of the screen &#40;represented by the number of pixels&#41; the greater the photographer&#39;s ability to review the quality of each shot&#46;</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Today&#44; digital camera LCD screens range in size from 2 to 3 inches and in resolution from 200&#160;000 to 1 million pixels&#46;</p><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screen size is of key importance&#44; but resolution is even more so&#46; At a resolution of 900&#160;000 pixels or more&#44; it is possible to zoom in on an image sufficiently to determine whether or not it is in focus&#46; Only high-end cameras have screens with 900&#160;000 to 1 million pixels&#46; We recommend screens with at least 400&#160;000 pixels&#46;</p><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One recent advance in screen technology is the introduction of organic light emitting diode &#40;OLED&#41; screens&#44; which are more energy-efficient and are said to produce less glare&#46; However&#44; OLED screens have other disadvantages&#44; such as a shorter lifespan and reduced performance in bright outdoor conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A flip-out screen is very desirable&#44; although not essential&#46; Flip-out screens allow the user to comfortably compose photographs in positions that would otherwise be awkward&#46; For example&#44; without a flip-out screen&#44; photographing a patient lying on a stretcher may be difficult because the camera has to be positioned above the patient&#39;s body&#46;</p><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To date&#44; Canon is the only manufacturer offering cameras &#40;SLR models EOS 550D and 600D&#41; in which the LCD screen and the sensor have the same aspect ratio &#40;3&#58;2&#41;&#46; The advantage of these models is that the previewed images fill the entire screen rather than being letterboxed&#46;</p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some cameras have a touchscreen&#44; which the photographer uses to control certain menu functions&#46; This feature is unimportant and should not influence a dermatologist&#39;s choice of camera&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Viewfinder</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In compact cameras&#44; optical viewfinders are irrelevant&#44; because photographs taken with this type of camera are usually composed on the LCD screen&#46;</p><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">High-end mirrorless cameras offer a high-quality electronic viewfinder&#8212;useful for composing photographs in bright outdoor light conditions&#8212;as a standard or optional feature&#46; Low-end mirrorless models do not offer an electronic viewfinder even as an optional feature&#46;</p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With mirrorless cameras&#44; the decision to use the LCD screen or an electronic viewfinder is entirely personal&#44; as dermatological photographs are taken indoors&#46;</p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LCD screen on an SLR camera can be used in live-view mode to compose photographs in real time&#46; This use of the screen is uncommon&#44; however&#44; as the optical viewfinder is the primary tool for composing photographs in such cameras&#46;</p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Composition results depend largely on the luminosity and size of the viewfinder&#46; A viewfinder with 100&#37; coverage is always preferable to a viewfinder that covers just 90&#37;&#44; 92&#37;&#44; or 95&#37; of the final image&#46; With a viewfinder that provides less than full coverage&#44; distracting elements not seen during composition may be visible at the edges of the image&#44; making it necessary to crop the final photograph&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Operating Speed</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The operating speeds of compact digital cameras have improved considerably&#46; Nevertheless&#44; buyers should be aware of the acceptable ranges&#44; and avoid models that offer subpar speeds in the following areas&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Start-up time&#58; the delay between the &#8216;on&#8217; button being pressed and the camera being ready to shoot&#46; Acceptable maximum&#58; 1 to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shutter lag&#58; the delay between the shutter-release button being pressed and the photograph being taken&#46; This delay can be broken down into 2 parts&#58; the autofocus time&#44; which begins when the shutter-release button is pressed halfway down&#44; and the time required for the actual shot&#44; which begins when the button is pressed the rest of the way down&#46; The total shutter lag should not be more than 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shot-to-shot speed&#58; the time that the camera needs to be ready to shoot again after a photograph is taken&#46; Acceptable maximum&#58; 1 to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Memory card writing speed&#46; The time it takes to save a photograph to the memory card mainly depends on the speed of the card itself as well as parameters such as the image format &#40;raw vs&#46; JPEG&#41;&#46; This factor is not particularly important in dermatological photography&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SLR cameras tend to be faster than compact cameras&#46; Operating speed is rarely a handicap with any of the digital SLRs currently on the market&#46;</p><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prospective buyers should regard advertised technical specifications with a skeptical eye&#46; On handling some cameras&#44; the user may find that the photo-taking experience is hampered by a weakness in one of the operating-speed factors mentioned above&#46; Whenever possible&#44; therefore&#44; prospective buyers should test cameras before purchase to ensure that their expectations are met and to find one they feel comfortable handling&#46; Some stores&#8212;usually the more expensive ones&#8212;allow customers to return cameras after a few days if they are not satisfied&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Flash</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For dermatological photography&#44; the ideal flash is a ring flash with multiple flash tubes that can be individually adjusted for intensity&#46; This allows the photographer to use flat light to avoid shadows or angled light to highlight the relief of the lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once mounted&#44; many ring flashes can be rotated around the main &#40;i&#46;e&#46; front-to-back&#41; axis of the lens to avoid unwanted reflections&#46;</p><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The much higher-quality results obtained with a ring &#40;or ring-type&#41; flash are yet another reason for dermatologists to choose an SLR camera over a compact or mirrorless model &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SLR cameras come with a specific hot shoe for mounting a ring flash&#46; Some ring flash models can even be operated wirelessly&#44; without being connected to the hot shoe&#46;</p><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most mirrorless cameras and high-end compact cameras have a hot shoe for mounting an external flash&#46; However&#44; if the photographer wishes to maintain the small size and easy portability of these camera types&#44; it makes little sense to use a bulky external flash unit &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most compact camera models have a low-intensity flash built into the camera body&#46; With these built-in flashes&#44; the camera lens tends to cast a shadow in close-range photographs&#46; Furthermore&#44; the light emitted by a built-in flash strikes the subject head-on&#59; the resulting glare can only be avoided by changing the angle of the shot&#44; not by rotating or moving the flash&#46;</p><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Built-in compact camera flashes differ from one another mainly in whether they have flash intensity adjustment and flash exposure compensation features&#44; and whether the flash can be turned off manually&#46; Flash exposure compensation is essential because many photographs&#8212;particularly close-ups&#8212;appear washed out when the flash intensity is excessive&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Battery</span><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Above a certain quality level&#44; most compact&#44; mirrorless&#44; and SLR cameras use proprietary rechargeable batteries rather than general-purpose batteries&#46;</p><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A typical compact camera battery allows between 200 and 350 shots per charge&#46; Some SLR models have batteries with an average life per charge 2 or 3 times greater than that of a compact camera battery&#44; or even more&#46; As compared to their compact counterparts&#44; SLR batteries have greater capacity but similar charging times&#46;</p><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In dermatological photography&#44; most shots are taken with flash&#46; Dermatologists who use the built-in flash on their camera&#8212;whether SLR&#44; mirrorless&#44; or compact&#8212;should always carry a spare battery in their camera case&#44; as the use of the built-in flash shortens battery life&#46; Dermatologists who use an external flash should carry spare general-purpose batteries for the flash&#46;</p><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most digital cameras use nickel&#8211;metal hydride &#40;NiMH&#41; batteries&#44; which perform better than other types&#46; We recommend using batteries with a capacity of at least 1000 mAh&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Memory Card Type</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; memory cards have moved towards standard formats and become very affordable&#46; For these and other reasons&#44; the choice of a card type is no longer very important&#46; The most common format&#44; Secure Digital &#40;SD&#41;&#44; is used in the compact&#44; mirrorless&#44; and low-end SLR models&#46; Secure Digital High Capacity &#40;SDHC&#41; and Secure Digital Extended Capacity &#40;SDXC&#41; are high-capacity variants of the SD format&#46;</p><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CompactFlash is the standard memory card format in high-end SLR cameras&#46;</p><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is advisable to use a high-capacity memory card capable of storing many high-resolution photos&#59; nevertheless&#44; photographs should be downloaded to a computer on a regular basis in order to avoid accidental loss&#46;</p><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The read and write speed of the memory card are not important because dermatologists&#44; unlike sports or nature photographers&#44; never take multiple photographs in rapid succession&#46; The only reason for having a high-performance card would be to record high-resolution video&#44; an operation that requires a minimum card speed of 133&#215; &#40;20 MB&#47;s&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The memory card&#39;s read speed affects the time needed to download photographs from the card to a computer&#46; However&#44; download speed also depends on other factors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Raw Image Format</span><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The images produced by a digital camera can be saved in different file formats&#46; The most popular is the JPEG &#40;or JPG&#41; compression format&#44; named after the Joint Photographic Experts Group&#46; Digital cameras can save JPEG files in different sizes with varying degrees of compression &#40;depending on the model&#41;&#46; With greater compression&#44; photographs take up less space but lose quality&#46; To maintain high image quality&#44; the camera should be set to a low level of JPEG compression&#46;</p><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A raw image format is the digital equivalent of a negative&#46; Because they are in an uncompressed format&#44; raw image files give the best photographic results&#46; If a photograph is initially saved in a raw format&#44; copies can be saved and later modified using specific software while the original is left intact&#46;</p><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If a photograph with defects such as under- or overexposure &#40;dark or washed out&#41; or color imbalance &#40;dominance of a particular color&#41; is initially saved in a raw image format&#44; it may be possible to recover details&#44; correct the color balance&#44; etc&#46;&#44; without losing quality&#46; Photographs initially saved in JPEG format allow much less room for maneuver&#46; Also&#44; every change made to a JPEG image leads to a further loss in quality because the image must be decompressed and recompressed each time it is retouched&#46;</p><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unfortunately&#44; photographs in a raw image format are much larger than JPEG files&#44; so a memory card can hold fewer raw files&#46; Time is also a factor&#58; whereas JPEG is a ready-to-use image format&#44; photographs saved in a raw format require additional processing before use&#46;</p><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some high-end cameras allow the photographer to save photographs in both JPEG and a raw format simultaneously&#46; This feature enables the photographer to use the JPEG file directly from the memory card while retaining the raw file in case a photograph should require extensive retouching&#46;</p><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In dermatological photography&#44; raw image formats are not widely used&#46; It is probably not necessary to use this format as long as photographs are taken correctly&#44; at a good size&#44; and with low JPEG compression&#46;</p><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; dermatologists considering the purchase of a digital camera should learn more about the macro capability of the various compact models available on the market&#44; for example by visiting <a href="http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;dpreview&#46;com&#47;reviews&#47;</a>&#46; This website gives each camera&#39;s minimum focus distance in macro mode for both the telephoto and wide-angle ranges&#46; It also specifies&#44; for both ranges&#44; image quality issues such as chromatic aberrations&#44; distortion&#44; and blurriness in the center and corners of images&#46;</p><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For an example of a description of a compact camera&#39;s performance&#44; we recommend reading the following analysis of the Canon G11 in macro mode&#58; <a href="http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/canong11/page8.asp">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;dpreview&#46;com&#47;reviews&#47;canong11&#47;page8&#46;asp</a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:18 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres96089"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83246"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres96088"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83245"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Camera Type&#58; Single-Lens Reflex&#44; Compact&#44; or Mirrorless&#63;"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Sensor"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Lens and Macro Capability"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Aperture Priority Mode"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "LCD Screen"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Viewfinder"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Operating Speed"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Flash"
        ]
        12 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Battery"
        ]
        13 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Memory Card Type"
        ]
        14 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Raw Image Format"
        ]
        15 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest"
        ]
        16 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack35231"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        17 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-10-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-01-15"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83246"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Photography"
            1 => "Digital"
            2 => "Camera"
            3 => "Reflex"
            4 => "Macro"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec83245"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Fotograf&#237;a"
            1 => "Digital"
            2 => "C&#225;mara"
            3 => "R&#233;flex"
            4 => "Macro"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Choosing a camera for use in the dermatology office is difficult&#44; particularly in the case of a digital camera because the market is constantly evolving&#46; This article explains the features that should be taken into account&#44; including camera type&#44; sensor&#44; lens and macro capability&#44; aperture priority mode&#44; screen&#44; viewfinder&#44; operating speed&#44; flash&#44; battery&#44; memory card&#44; and image format&#46; The most recent advances in the field of digital photography relevant to the dermatologist are discussed&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La elecci&#243;n de una c&#225;mara fotogr&#225;fica para su uso en Dermatolog&#237;a suele resultar un proceso dif&#237;cil&#44; tanto m&#225;s si esta es digital&#44; ya que el mercado evoluciona constantemente&#46; En el presente art&#237;culo se enuncian y describen los par&#225;metros en los que debemos basar nuestra elecci&#243;n y que incluyen el tipo de c&#225;mara&#44; el sensor&#44; el objetivo y su capacidad macro&#44; el modo prioridad a la apertura&#44; la pantalla&#44; el visor&#44; la velocidad de funcionamiento&#44; el flash&#44; la bater&#237;a&#44; la tarjeta y el formato de imagen&#46; Se apuntan los &#250;ltimos avances en el terreno de la fotograf&#237;a digital que pueden tener utilidad en las c&#225;maras de uso dermatol&#243;gico&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; L&#46; Barco&#44; M&#46; Ribera&#44; J&#46;M&#46; Casanova&#46; Gu&#237;a para la compra de una c&#225;mara en Dermatolog&#237;a&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2012&#59;103&#58;502-10&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:10 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagram of the interior of an SLR camera showing the reflex mirror inside the camera body&#46; The mirror reflects the light that passes through the lens upward into a pentaprism&#44; which in turn reflects the light through the viewfinder&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SLR camera with a macro lens and ring flash attached&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 633
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            "Tamanyo" => 96196
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Back of a compact camera with a liquid crystal display &#40;LCD&#41; screen&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 625
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            "Tamanyo" => 67723
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compact camera with flash for macro photography&#46; With this setup&#44; image quality is increased but the convenience of the compact camera is lost&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Example of a mirrorless camera&#44; which is similar in size and appearance to a compact camera but offers superior features&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Noise in a digital photograph&#44; which appears as granularity or colored specks&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      6 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 7"
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            "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2803
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative sizes of various types of digital camera sensors&#46; Adapted from&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor_format">http&#58;&#47;&#47;en&#46;wikipedia&#46;org&#47;wiki&#47;Image&#95;sensor&#95;format</span> &#91;Accessed on 20 August 2011&#93;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0040"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 8"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#44; In a compact camera&#44; moving the zoom indicator to the left activates the wide-angle range &#40;to make a nearby subject appear farther away&#41;&#46; B&#44; The zoom indicator to the right of the scale indicates the telephoto range &#40;to make a distant subject appear nearer&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; APS-C&#44; Advanced Photo System Classic &#40;a digital camera sensor format of approximately 23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#59; GB&#44; gigabyte&#59; MB&#44; megabyte&#59; NiMH&#44; nickel&#8211;metal hydride &#40;materials used to make NiMH rechargeable batteries&#41;&#59; SD&#44; Secure Digital&#59; SDHC&#44; Secure Digital High Capacity&#59; SDXC&#44; Secure Digital Extended Capacity &#40;digital-camera memory card formats&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristic&#47;Feature&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recommendation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Camera type&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLRMirrorlessAdvanced compact&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sensor &#40;format&#47;size&#47;pixels&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">APS-C &#40;in an SLR camera&#41;APS-C or Micro 4&#47;3 &#40;in a mirrorless camera&#41;Size<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#47;1&#46;7 in &#40;in a compact camera&#41;8-14 megapixels &#40;in an SLR&#44; mirrorless or compact camera&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lens&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#44; 50&#44; or 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm macro lens in an SLR camera with an APS-C sensor&#59; 60 to 105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm macro lens in an SLR camera with a 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;full-frame&#41; sensor45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;approximately&#41; macro lens in a mirrorless camera&#44; if possibleMinimum focus distance of 1 to 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in macro mode&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aperture priority mode&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Standard feature on SLR and mirrorless cameras&#46; Only available in mid-range to high-end compact cameras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LCD screen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2-3 inAt least 400&#160;000 pixelsIdeally with flip-out screen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Viewfinder&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Irrelevant in compact camerasIrrelevant in mirrorless cameras &#40;unless electronic&#41;Ideally with coverage of<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37; in an SLR camera&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Operating speed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Start-up time&#58; max&#46; 1-2 sShutter lag&#58; max&#46; 0&#46;5 sShot-to-shot speed&#58; max&#46; 1-2 s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Flash&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ideally ring flash or similar &#40;in an SLR camera&#41;Adjustable intensityManual on&#47;offLocated near the top of the camera body&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Battery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ideally NiMH200-350 shots per chargeCapacity<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1000 mAh&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Memory card&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SD &#40;or SDHC or SDXC variants&#41;&#47;CompactFlashCapacity<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 GBSpeed<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 MB&#47;s for video&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab182255.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recommended Characteristics of a Digital Camera for Dermatological Photography&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      9 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>A raw image format is a format in which images produced by a digital camera can be saved&#46; Raw image files&#8212;the digital equivalent of negatives&#8212;give the best photographic results&#46; Unlike JPEG files&#44; however&#44; they require additional processing with specific software before they can be used&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SLR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Compact&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mirrorless&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Macro lens&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes &#40;sold separately&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes &#40;sold separately&#44; has some limitations&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ring flash&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes &#40;sold separately&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Very rarely &#40;decreases portability&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes &#40;sold separately&#44; has some limitations&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sensor &#40;quality&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Excellent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Good&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Very good&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Raw image format<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Available&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Only on advanced models&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Available&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Volume&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Large&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Small&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Small-medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Weight&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Heavy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Light&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Light-moderate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Need for photographer to move up&#47;back for close-up&#47;distance shots&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">With a fixed-focal-length lens&#44; yes&#59; with a zoom lens like that of a compact camera&#44; no&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No &#40;the lens zooms in and out&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">With a fixed-focal-length lens&#44; yes&#59; with a zoom lens like that of a compact camera&#44; no&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of the Characteristics of the 3 Camera Types&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
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            0 => array:3 [
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.four-thirds.org/en/microft/index.html">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;four-thirds&#46;org&#47;en&#47;microft&#47;index&#46;html</a> &#91;accessed August 21&#44; 2011&#93;&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://store.sony.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay%3FcatalogId=10551%26storeId=10151%26langId=-1%26identifier=S_NEX">http&#58;&#47;&#47;store&#46;sony&#46;com&#47;webapp&#47;wcs&#47;stores&#47;servlet&#47;CategoryDisplay&#63;catalogId&#61;10551&#38;storeId&#61;10151&#10216;Id&#61;-1&#38;identifier&#61;S&#95;NEX</a> &#91;accessed March 17&#44; 2012&#93;&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode">http&#58;&#47;&#47;en&#46;wikipedia&#46;org&#47;wiki&#47;Organic&#95;light-emitting&#95;diode</a> &#91;accessed August 19&#44; 2011&#93;&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital">http&#58;&#47;&#47;en&#46;wikipedia&#46;org&#47;wiki&#47;Secure&#95;Digital</a> &#91;accessed August 19&#44; 2011&#93;&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "identificador" => "xack35231"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors are grateful to Mauro A&#46; Fuentes &#193;lvarez of Fotomaf&#46;com for granting permission to use the photograph in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a> in this article&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
  ]
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