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Pyoderma Gangrenosum: A Report of 15 Cases and Review of the Literature
Pioderma gangrenoso: Presentación de 15 casos y revisión de la literatura
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A. Imagen izquierda: hematoxilina-eosina x4. B. Imagen derecha: hematoxilina-eosina x10.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J.A. Suárez-Pérez, E. Herrera-Acosta, N. López-Navarro, F. Vilchez-Márquez, J.D. Prieto, R.J. Bosch" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.A." "apellidos" => "Suárez-Pérez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Herrera-Acosta" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "López-Navarro" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Vilchez-Márquez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.D." "apellidos" => "Prieto" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R.J." "apellidos" => "Bosch" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." 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A, Baseline (PASI 15.2). B, At 4 months (PASI 2.4).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "S. Vañó-Galván, M.T. Gárate, B. Fleta-Asín, Á. Hidalgo, M. Fernández-Guarino, T. Bermejo, P. Jaén" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Vañó-Galván" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.T." "apellidos" => "Gárate" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Fleta-Asín" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Á." "apellidos" => "Hidalgo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Fernández-Guarino" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Bermejo" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Jaén" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0001731011002729" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2011.05.002" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731011002729?idApp=UINPBA000044" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219012000649?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/15782190/0000010300000002/v1_201304241253/S1578219012000649/v1_201304241253/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1578219012000807" "issn" => "15782190" "doi" => "10.1016/j.adengl.2011.11.020" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-03-01" "aid" => "525" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "ssu" "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012;103:111-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2681 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 55 "HTML" => 2024 "PDF" => 602 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Novelties in Dermatology</span>" "titulo" => "Multiplatform Application to Determine Presence of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Psoriasis" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "111" "paginaFinal" => "119" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Calculadora multiplataforma para síndrome metabólico y riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con psoriasis" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 3340 "Ancho" => 2502 "Tamanyo" => 469669 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular risk calculator (according to REGICOR tables). 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Suárez-Pérez, E. Herrera-Acosta, N. López-Navarro, F. Vilchez-Márquez, J.D. Prieto, R.J. Bosch" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.A." "apellidos" => "Suárez-Pérez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jasuape@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Herrera-Acosta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "López-Navarro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Vilchez-Márquez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J.D." "apellidos" => "Prieto" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R.J." "apellidos" => "Bosch" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Herrera" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Pioderma gangrenoso: Presentación de 15 casos y revisión de la literatura" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 870 "Ancho" => 2337 "Tamanyo" => 234639 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Appearance before (A) and after (B) treatment with oral prednisone.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a skin condition characterized by the presence of single or multiple erythematous pustules that progress rapidly to form necrotic ulcers with a depressed violaceous border.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The incidence of PG is estimated at 2 to 3 cases per million inhabitants per year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> It is most frequent in individuals aged between 30 and 50 years and is slightly more common in women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> Half of all cases are associated with systemic disease, the most frequent being inflammatory bowel disease and seronegative arthritis, followed by lymphoproliferative syndromes and paraproteinemias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> There are 4 clinical forms of PG: ulcerative (classic form), bullous, pustulous, and vegetative (superficial granulomatous form).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> It is usually treated with immunosuppressant drugs, generally corticosteroids or ciclosporin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the relatively low incidence of PG, only limited information is available on its epidemiology. Notably, no reports have been published describing clinical findings and treatment response in Spanish patients. Furthermore, almost no clinical trials are available that would allow an evidence-based treatment algorithm to be established.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics and the treatments used in a series of patients with PG seen over a 10-year period in the Department of Dermatology at Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria in Malaga, Spain, and to compare the findings with those described in other regions.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and Methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective, observational study was undertaken in the Department of Dermatology at Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria in Málaga, Spain between January 2000 and December 2009 and included all patients diagnosed with PG during that period. The health care area covered by the hospital serves a population of 460 000.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected by review of patient records and pathology reports. In all cases included in the study, diagnosis was based on clinical suspicion and histopathology to establish compatibility of the diagnosis and rule out infections, tumors, or other conditions such as vasculitis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following variables were recorded: sex, age, time since appearance of symptoms, source of referral, and presence or absence of systemic disease. Treatment was also recorded, along with treatment response over a minimum follow-up period of 1 year.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 to obtain descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and means) and between-group comparisons.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the clinical characteristics of the patients. Of the 15 patients included in the study, 7 (43%) were men and 8 (57%) were women, which corresponds to a female to male ratio of 1.14 to 1. The mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 49.2 (17.4) years (range, 25-75 years) in the complete group.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean age at diagnosis was 44.4 (18.7) years (range, 25-75 years) in men and 45.3 (15.4) years (range, 28-75 years) in women. Comparison of age groups revealed that 80% of patients were between 20 and 40 (6 patients) or between 60 and 80 years of age (6 patients); there were no patients younger than 25 or older than 75 years.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ulcerative PG was the most common clinical form, accounting for 80% of the sample (12 cases). Peristomal PG was diagnosed in 3 patients (20%).</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inflammatory bowel disease was the most common associated systemic condition and was found in 40% of patients with PG (6 cases). Ulcerative colitis was present in 33% (5 cases) and Crohn disease in 7% (1 case). A surgical procedure had previously been carried out in the affected area in 20% of patients (3 cases), all of whom had peristomal PG. Only 1 patient had ankylosing spondylitis. The remaining 5 cases (33%) were idiopathic and there was no associated systemic disease. Consequently, if we exclude patients with prior surgical procedures, we find that 47% of patients (7 cases) had PG associated with a systemic condition. Comparison of those patients by age group showed that the majority (5 cases, 71.5%) were in the younger age group (20-40 years); 1 patient (14.25%) was in the middle age group (40-60) and another (14.25%) was in the older age group (60-80) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with ulcerative colitis, the appearance of PG was linked to a flare of the disease, except in 1 case, where PG preceded the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis by 6 months. In contrast, no relationship between PG and the course of the systemic disease was observed in patients with Crohn disease or ankylosing spondylitis.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 20% of patients (3 cases) were referred directly to the dermatology department from primary care or the emergency department. The most common primary referral was to gastroenterology (4 patients, 26%) or general surgery (4 patients, 26%), followed by vascular surgery (3 cases, 20%) and urology (1 case, 8%).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with underlying systemic disease such as inflammatory bowel disease or ankylosing spondylitis, immunosuppressant drugs were chosen in consultation with the gastroenterology or rheumatology department, taking into consideration the activity of the disease and prior treatments. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the immunosuppressant drugs used for the treatment of PG and the associated level of evidence. Dressings were an important part of treatment in all patients in order to reduce infection and favor repair of destroyed tissue.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 8 patients (53.3%), treatment was initiated with oral corticosteroids (prednisone 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg). Of those, only 2 had systemic disease (ulcerative colitis), and 1 had been diagnosed 6 months after the appearance of PG. All patients showed significant improvements within 2 weeks of initiation of oral corticosteroids. In all patients, ulcers were replaced by brownish plaques of scar tissue after 6 to 8 weeks of treatment (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two patients with ulcerative colitis were initially treated with infliximab. In one of those patients, infliximab was replaced with adalimumab after the patient experienced severe urticaria and hypotension. In the other patient, the lesions were completely resolved after 6 weeks of treatment with infliximab in combination with topical tacrolimus (0.03%).</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adalimumab was used as first-line treatment in 4 patients (26.65%). Two of those patients had ulcerative colitis, 1 had ankylosing spondylitis, and 1 had Crohn disease. In the 2 patients with ulcerative colitis, complete resolution of PG was achieved 30 days after initiation of treatment, although adjuvant sulfasalazine (3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/d) was required in 1 patient. The patient with Crohn disease, who had additional concomitant disease (hypertension, insulin-dependent diabetes with diabetic nephropathy, and sulfasalazine intolerance due to headaches), required weekly dosing of adalimumab to control her intestinal disease and peristomal PG. The patient with ankylosing spondylitis required combined adalimumab and sulfasalazine when positive results were not obtained with adalimumab and oral prednisone or ciclosporin (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, 2 patients were treated with topical immunosuppressant drugs (0.05% clobetasol cream and dermojet injection of triamcinolone). One patient died 1 month after diagnosis of PG due to stage III carcinoma of the bladder, and the other showed significant improvement after 2 intralesional dermojet injections of triamcinolone (40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/mL) 14 days apart.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, only 15 patients with any type of PG were seen over a 10-year period (2000-2010). This low frequency represents a limitation when analyzing the results obtained. The incidence of PG in our reference population is 3.26 cases per million inhabitants per year. In our review of the literature, studies reported an estimated incidence of PG of between 2 and 3 cases per million inhabitants per year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> The incidence observed in our population is therefore consistent with published reports. PG has traditionally been thought to be slightly more common in women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,5–7</span></a> In our study, we observed a female to male ratio of 1.14 to 1. PG usually appears in patients aged between 30 and 50 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,6</span></a> The mean age at diagnosis in our study was 49.2 (17.4) years (range, 25–75 years). We nevertheless observed a peak incidence in patients aged between 60 and 80 years (6 cases, 40%).</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 20% of cases (3 patients) were referred first to the dermatology department, indicating that dermatology plays a secondary role in the care of patients with PG. This may be because almost half of the patients included in our study had gastrointestinal disease, with PG coinciding with periods of worsening of the systemic disease. Nevertheless, these findings may also reflect a lack of knowledge of the condition among nondermatologists, who may confuse it with infections or consider it as secondary to vascular disease and therefore make an inappropriate referral.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In between 50% and 70% of cases, PG is associated with systemic disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,8,9</span></a> Ruocco et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> report that idiopathic PG occurs in 25% to 50% of cases. In our study, 5 cases (33%) were not associated with systemic disease. We also did not observe any cases in which PG was associated with hematologic disease. In 3 cases (20%), PG was preceded by surgery: 1 sternotomy (aortic stenosis), 1 ileostomy (Crohn disease), and 1 nephrostomy (bladder carcinoma). The development of PG following surgery has been reported previously.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a> The most common systemic disease in our patients was inflammatory bowel disease (40%; 5 cases of ulcerative colitis and 1 case of Crohn disease), and in most of those (4 cases with ulcerative colitis), PG developed during a disease flare. This finding differs from previous reports, since PG has always been described as independent of the activity of inflammatory bowel disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,6</span></a> Following initiation of immunosuppressant therapy in those 4 patients, control of both PG and ulcerative colitis was achieved.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None of the articles we found in the literature discussed a relationship between age and associated systemic disease in patients with PG. In our study, 5 cases (71.5% of patients classed as having associated systemic disease after exclusion of those with prior surgery) involved patients aged between 20 and 40 years. Due to the small number of patients included in the study (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15), however, we were unable to assess a possible association between these 2 variables. It will be possible to examine such an association in future studies that pool data from multiple populations.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the low incidence of PG, there are no studies available to support the development of a standard treatment algorithm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,12</span></a> Nevertheless, before choosing local or systemic therapy, the following patient characteristics should be taken into consideration: history, presence of concomitant systemic disease, depth and size of ulcers, and disease course.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of dressings with hydrocolloids or hydrogels is particularly important, since they increase the production of collagen, improve the process of angiogenesis, optimize pain control, and reduce the likelihood of infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prednisone (1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg) was the most frequently used immunosuppressant drug (8 patients, 53.3%). Complete resolution of the lesions was observed within 45 days of treatment initiation in all patients. In the literature, prednisone is considered the first-line systemic treatment, with a level of evidence of 2,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5,12</span></a> and this is confirmed by our results. Ciclosporin can be used to lower the dose of corticosteroids, but its use should be restricted to idiopathic PG, since long-term ciclosporin therapy is not recommended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TNF inhibitors are used in patients with systemic disease and concomitant PG. Infliximab is the only biologic drug with demonstrated efficacy in double-blind placebo-controlled trials.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5,14</span></a> We only used infliximab in 2 patients, and the drug had to be withdrawn in one of them due to a severe infusion reaction. The use of adalimumab has also been reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,12,15</span></a> The regimen used is that applicable to inflammatory bowel disease or ankylosing spondylitis. In inflammatory bowel disease, an initial dose of 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg followed by 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg every 2 weeks is used, whereas in ankylosing spondylitis, there is no loading dose and a dose of 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg every 2 weeks is used. We prescribed adalimumab in 4 cases (26.65%); in 2 of those it was necessary to prescribe the drug in combination with sulfasalazine in order to obtain complete control of the associated systemic disease and resolution of the lesions. We did not observe adverse reactions with adalimumab.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment with local immunosuppressants is indicated for superficial lesions or in patients with multiple diseases, in whom there is an unacceptable likelihood of adverse reactions to systemic therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Our experience with local immunosuppressants is limited. One of our patients died 1 month after diagnosis of peristomal PG and it was not possible to assess the response to application of clobetasol 0.05%; the other patient was lost to follow-up after 3 months, although partial improvement had been observed at 1 month following 2 dermojet injections of triamcinolone.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, PG is a rare condition in Spain. It affects similar numbers of men and women and is normally associated with systemic disease, particularly inflammatory bowel disease. All of these findings agree with the results reported in the literature. Notably, however, in our study there was a larger proportion of patients aged over 60 years than reported in the literature.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to our findings, age younger than 40 years appears to be related to an increase in the probability of having an associated systemic disease in patients with PG. Nevertheless, further studies in a much larger sample of patients are required to confirm this hypothesis.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although systemic corticosteroids continue to be the treatment of choice, we consider adalimumab to be a good alternative for the treatment of PG with concomitant systemic disease, given that it is effective, can be used in combination with other immunosuppressant drugs and dressings, is well tolerated, and has a favorable safety profile.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres95661" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Background" 2 => "Objective" 3 => "Material and methods" 4 => "Results" 5 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec82817" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres95660" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Introducción" 2 => "Objetivo" 3 => "Material y métodos" 4 => "Resultados" 5 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec82818" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2011-01-23" "fechaAceptado" => "2011-04-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec82817" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Pyoderma gangrenosum" 1 => "Epidemiology" 2 => "Treatment" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec82818" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Pioderma gangrenoso" 1 => "Epidemiología" 2 => "Tratamiento" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pyoderma gangrenosum is a condition that is included among the neutrophilic dermatoses. Given its low incidence, few studies have addressed its epidemiology or treatment.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with pyoderma gangrenosum along with our experience of treating the condition in a referral hospital in Malaga, Spain.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective, observational study was undertaken in the Department of Dermatology at Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria in Malaga, Spain between January 2000 and December 2009 and included all patients diagnosed with pyoderma gangrenosum.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of pyoderma gangrenosum in our reference population is 3.26 cases per million inhabitants per year. The most frequent concomitant systemic disease was ulcerative colitis (5 cases, 33%). In 4 patients with that disease, pyoderma gangrenosum appeared during a flare-up. In 80% of cases, patients were not referred to a dermatologist during the initial phase of pyoderma gangrenosum, and most referrals were from gastroenterology or general surgery (4 patients each, 52%).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with pyoderma gangrenosum are often referred to dermatologists by other specialists after a varying period of time has elapsed without achieving an accurate diagnosis. In these patients, especially those between 20 and 40 years of age, it is essential to rule out concomitant disease. Adalimumab is a good treatment option for pyoderma gangrenosum.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introducción</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El pioderma gangrenoso (PG) es un proceso incluido en el grupo de las denominadas dermatosis neutrofílicas, del que existen pocos trabajos epidemiológicos y de abordaje terapéutico en la bibliografía dada su relativa escasa incidencia.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas y exponer nuestra experiencia terapéutica en los pacientes con PG de un hospital de segundo nivel de Málaga (España).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El estudio observacional y retrospectivo incluyó todos los pacientes diagnosticados de PG en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (Málaga) en un periodo de 10 años, comprendido entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2009.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia del PG en nuestra población de referencia es de 3,26 casos por millón de habitantes y año. La enfermedad sistémica asociada con mayor frecuencia a la aparición del PG fue la colitis ulcerosa (5 casos, 33%). En 4 pacientes con colitis ulcerosa el PG apareció durante un brote de la enfermedad. El 80% de los pacientes no fueron derivados a Dermatología en la fase inicial del PG, siendo los servicios con más derivaciones Digestivo y Cirugía general, con 4 pacientes cada uno (52%).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El PG a menudo llega al dermatólogo remitido por otros especialistas tras un tiempo variable sin diagnóstico correcto. Ante este proceso es básico descartar la existencia de alguna patología asociada, especialmente en pacientes entre 20 y 40 años. Adalimumab es una buena opción terapéutica en el tratamiento del PG.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as: Suárez-Pérez JA, et al. Pioderma gangrenoso: Presentación de 15 casos y revisión de la literatura: Actas Dermosifiliogr.2012;103:120-126.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1357 "Ancho" => 2252 "Tamanyo" => 554561 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Biopsy of the edge of an ulcer diagnosed as pyoderma gangrenosum. A notable neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate is visible in the upper dermis. A, Hematoxylin-eosin; original magnification ×4. B, Hematoxylin-eosin; original magnification ×10.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1083 "Ancho" => 2236 "Tamanyo" => 131508 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relationship between age and association of pyoderma gangrenosum with systemic disease.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 870 "Ancho" => 2337 "Tamanyo" => 234639 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Appearance before (A) and after (B) treatment with oral prednisone.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 885 "Ancho" => 2337 "Tamanyo" => 213795 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Appearance before (A) and after (B) treatment with adalimumab in combination with sulfasalazine in a patient with pyoderma gangrenosum and ankylosing spondylitis.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Clinical Presentation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary Referral \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age, y \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Systemic Disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Temporal Relationship With Systemic Disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Course \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral prednisone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 2 months of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative colitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Preceding \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral prednisone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 2 months of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vascular surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral prednisone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 2 months of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gastroenterology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative colitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Flare \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Infliximab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 6 weeks of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dermatology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ankylosing spondylitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adalimumab/sulfasalazine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 2 months of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gastroenterology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative colitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Flare \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral prednisone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 2 months of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Peristomal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Crohn Disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adalimumab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 1 month of treatment Required weekly dosing \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gastroenterology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative colitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Flare \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adalimumab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 1 month of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vascular surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral prednisone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 2 months of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Peristomal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vascular surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Surgical intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral prednisone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 2 months of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gastroenterology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative colitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Flare \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adalimumab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 1 month of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Peristomal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Surgical intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Triamcinolone dermojet injection \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Improvement without complete resolution of lesions after 1 month of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dermatology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral prednisone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 2 months of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ulcerative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dermatology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral prednisone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions after 2 months of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Peristomal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Urology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Surgical intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Topical corticosteroids \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Died during the first month of follow-up \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab181994.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical Characteristics of the Patients.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source: Ruocco et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Level of Evidence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral prednisone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ciclosporin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Thalidomide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Methotrexate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Azathioprine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Infliximab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adalimumab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Etanercept \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab181995.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Level of Evidence for the Different Treatment Options.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Neutrophilic Dermatoses" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S. Moschella" 1 => "M. Davis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Dermatology" "paginaInicial" => "383" "paginaFinal" => "387" "serieFecha" => "2008" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with hidradenitis suppurativa: a case report and review of the literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A.E. Garcia-Rabasco" 1 => "A. Esteve-Martinez" 2 => "V. Zaragoza-Ninet" 3 => "J.L. Sanchez-Carazo" 4 => "V. Alegre-de-Miquel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "101" "paginaInicial" => "717" "paginaFinal" => "721" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20965015" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pyoderma gangrenosum: an updated review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "E. Ruocco" 1 => "S. Sangiuliano" 2 => "A.G. Gravina" 3 => "A. Miranda" 4 => "G. Nicoletti" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03199.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "23" "paginaInicial" => "1008" "paginaFinal" => "1017" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19470075" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pyoderma gangrenosum: a review and update on new therapies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J. Miller" 1 => "B.A. Yentzer" 2 => "A. Clark" 3 => "J.L. Jorizzo" 4 => "S.R. 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2024 Octubre | 122 | 63 | 185 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 126 | 40 | 166 |
| 2024 Agosto | 156 | 55 | 211 |
| 2024 Julio | 128 | 42 | 170 |
| 2024 Junio | 148 | 70 | 218 |
| 2024 Mayo | 120 | 45 | 165 |
| 2024 Abril | 128 | 38 | 166 |
| 2024 Marzo | 119 | 37 | 156 |
| 2024 Febrero | 120 | 40 | 160 |
| 2024 Enero | 107 | 56 | 163 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 103 | 39 | 142 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 104 | 34 | 138 |
| 2023 Octubre | 112 | 32 | 144 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 90 | 42 | 132 |
| 2023 Agosto | 107 | 23 | 130 |
| 2023 Julio | 99 | 49 | 148 |
| 2023 Junio | 94 | 25 | 119 |
| 2023 Mayo | 111 | 28 | 139 |
| 2023 Abril | 89 | 27 | 116 |
| 2023 Marzo | 80 | 25 | 105 |
| 2023 Febrero | 89 | 30 | 119 |
| 2023 Enero | 75 | 46 | 121 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 78 | 47 | 125 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 103 | 37 | 140 |
| 2022 Octubre | 90 | 31 | 121 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 72 | 57 | 129 |
| 2022 Agosto | 75 | 39 | 114 |
| 2022 Julio | 60 | 46 | 106 |
| 2022 Junio | 75 | 40 | 115 |
| 2022 Mayo | 104 | 37 | 141 |
| 2022 Abril | 178 | 50 | 228 |
| 2022 Marzo | 197 | 77 | 274 |
| 2022 Febrero | 157 | 36 | 193 |
| 2022 Enero | 149 | 46 | 195 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 103 | 38 | 141 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 116 | 47 | 163 |
| 2021 Octubre | 116 | 65 | 181 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 123 | 61 | 184 |
| 2021 Agosto | 178 | 55 | 233 |
| 2021 Julio | 111 | 27 | 138 |
| 2021 Junio | 149 | 36 | 185 |
| 2021 Mayo | 134 | 51 | 185 |
| 2021 Abril | 320 | 76 | 396 |
| 2021 Marzo | 181 | 37 | 218 |
| 2021 Febrero | 111 | 25 | 136 |
| 2021 Enero | 81 | 31 | 112 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 95 | 33 | 128 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 53 | 29 | 82 |
| 2020 Octubre | 43 | 16 | 59 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 70 | 25 | 95 |
| 2020 Agosto | 52 | 35 | 87 |
| 2020 Julio | 52 | 34 | 86 |
| 2020 Junio | 54 | 25 | 79 |
| 2020 Mayo | 44 | 15 | 59 |
| 2020 Abril | 65 | 27 | 92 |
| 2020 Marzo | 48 | 17 | 65 |
| 2020 Febrero | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2019 Octubre | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Junio | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2019 Mayo | 0 | 21 | 21 |
| 2019 Abril | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 Marzo | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| 2019 Enero | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Octubre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 Junio | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 Mayo | 0 | 17 | 17 |
| 2018 Abril | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2018 Marzo | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2018 Febrero | 68 | 10 | 78 |
| 2018 Enero | 90 | 12 | 102 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 92 | 7 | 99 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 90 | 6 | 96 |
| 2017 Octubre | 89 | 7 | 96 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 90 | 14 | 104 |
| 2017 Agosto | 110 | 7 | 117 |
| 2017 Julio | 114 | 8 | 122 |
| 2017 Junio | 129 | 19 | 148 |
| 2017 Mayo | 107 | 19 | 126 |
| 2017 Abril | 76 | 19 | 95 |
| 2017 Marzo | 83 | 40 | 123 |
| 2017 Febrero | 60 | 12 | 72 |
| 2017 Enero | 81 | 14 | 95 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 112 | 14 | 126 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 168 | 12 | 180 |
| 2016 Octubre | 179 | 23 | 202 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 203 | 17 | 220 |
| 2016 Agosto | 113 | 13 | 126 |
| 2016 Julio | 75 | 27 | 102 |
| 2016 Junio | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2016 Mayo | 8 | 8 | 16 |
| 2016 Abril | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2016 Marzo | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2016 Febrero | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2016 Enero | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| 2015 Diciembre | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| 2015 Noviembre | 26 | 2 | 28 |
| 2015 Octubre | 13 | 7 | 20 |
| 2015 Septiembre | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2015 Agosto | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| 2015 Julio | 135 | 14 | 149 |
| 2015 Junio | 78 | 7 | 85 |
| 2015 Mayo | 115 | 19 | 134 |
| 2015 Abril | 82 | 12 | 94 |
| 2015 Marzo | 98 | 10 | 108 |
| 2015 Febrero | 117 | 16 | 133 |
| 2015 Enero | 110 | 12 | 122 |
| 2014 Diciembre | 101 | 14 | 115 |
| 2014 Noviembre | 60 | 14 | 74 |
| 2014 Octubre | 89 | 18 | 107 |
| 2014 Septiembre | 86 | 14 | 100 |
| 2014 Agosto | 63 | 15 | 78 |
| 2014 Julio | 100 | 21 | 121 |
| 2014 Junio | 100 | 10 | 110 |
| 2014 Mayo | 89 | 22 | 111 |
| 2014 Abril | 75 | 16 | 91 |
| 2014 Marzo | 87 | 19 | 106 |
| 2014 Febrero | 20 | 16 | 36 |
| 2014 Enero | 31 | 9 | 40 |
| 2013 Diciembre | 27 | 8 | 35 |
| 2013 Noviembre | 25 | 9 | 34 |
| 2013 Octubre | 31 | 14 | 45 |
| 2013 Septiembre | 11 | 11 | 22 |
| 2013 Agosto | 10 | 22 | 32 |
| 2013 Julio | 8 | 19 | 27 |
| 2013 Junio | 10 | 27 | 37 |
| 2013 Mayo | 18 | 31 | 49 |
| 2013 Abril | 21 | 19 | 40 |
| 2013 Marzo | 12 | 11 | 23 |
| 2013 Febrero | 39 | 6 | 45 |
| 2013 Enero | 40 | 8 | 48 |
| 2012 Diciembre | 23 | 8 | 31 |
| 2012 Noviembre | 3 | 7 | 10 |
| 2012 Octubre | 2 | 5 | 7 |
| 2012 Septiembre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
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