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Epidemiology of Contact Dermatitis: Prevalence of Sensitization to Different Allergens and Associated Factors
Epidemiología de la dermatitis de contacto: prevalencia de sensibilización a diferentes alérgenos y factores asociados
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"apellidos" => "Cruces" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219010705801?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/15782190/0000010100000001/v1_201304241512/S1578219010705801/v1_201304241512/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Epidemiology of Contact Dermatitis: Prevalence of Sensitization to Different Allergens and Associated Factors" "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0 "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "59" "paginaFinal" => "75" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>.T. Bordel-Gómez, A. Miranda-Romero, J. Castrodeza-Sanz" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>.T." "apellidos" => "Bordel-Gómez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "maitebordel@aedv.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Miranda-Romero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Castrodeza-Sanz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Asistencial de Zamora, Zamora, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Epidemiología de la dermatitis de contacto: prevalencia de sensibilización a diferentes alérgenos y factores asociados" ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2008-12-01" "fechaAceptado" => "2009-07-31" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec84656" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Contact dermatitis" 1 => "Allergic contact dermatitis" 2 => "Contact allergens" 3 => "Epidemiology" 4 => "Standard battery" 5 => "Patch tests" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec84657" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Eccema de contacto" 1 => "Dermatitis alérgica de contacto" 2 => "Alérgenos de contacto" 3 => "Epidemiología" 4 => "Serie de pruebas estándar" 5 => "Pruebas epicutáneas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In clinical practice, contact dermatitis is a relatively common skin complaint, whose prevalence has increased in recent years. Study by patch testing is essential for diagnosis of contact sensitization.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectives</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To study the prevalence of sensitization to different allergens in a standard battery and observe the influence of different epidemiological and clinical variables on contact sensitization. A large number of allergens were included in our battery in order to detect new sensitizations whose prevalence might justify further study.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a retrospective, observational, epidemiological study of 1092 patients, conducted in our skin allergy unit between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2005. All patients were studied with a battery of 51 allergens. We assessed the following variables: sex, age, type of referral, occupation, site and course of skin lesions, personal and family history of atopy, positive patch tests, clinical significance, diagnosis, source of sensitization, and occupational relationship.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">At least 1 positive result was found in 55% of the patients, and 55.7% presented contact dermatitis in one of its clinical variants: allergic contact dermatitis (28.2%), irritant contact dermatitis (20.1%), photoallergic contact dermatitis (2.2%), and phototoxic contact dermatitis (1.2%). The most prevalent allergens were nickel sulfate (29.3%), palladium chloride (11.7%), cobalt chloride (10.8%), potassium dichromate (7.5%), fragrance blends (6.3%), and p-phenylenediamine (6.1%).</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A positive occupational relationship was found in 41.1%, and 21.3% of the patients studied were diagnosed with occupational contact dermatitis. Metalworkers, construction workers, and professional hairdressers were the most strongly represented groups. The most common source of sensitization was contact with metallic objects, followed by drugs, cosmetics, and rubber items. Female sex was the only independent variable that had a significant influence on the risk of contact sensitization in general.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Women became sensitized at a younger age than men, and the frequency of positive results in the patch tests increased with age, reaching a maximum at between 60 and 69 years of age, when the greatest rate of sensitization occurred. Comparison of our results with other Spanish data showed a progressive and constant increase in sensitization to nickel sulfate, fragrance blends, balsam of Peru, and Colophonium, and a decrease in sensitization to potassium dichromate. The inclusion of new allergens such as palladium chloride, diallyl disulfide, and p-toluene sulfonamide formaldehyde improved the sensitivity of the standard battery in the detection of contact sensitization. We therefore recommend further studies of these allergens.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introducción</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El eccema de contacto (EC) constituye una enfermedad cutánea relativamente frecuente en la práctica clínica, cuya prevalencia ha aumentado en los últimos años. El estudio mediante pruebas epicutáneas (PE) es fundamental e imprescindible en el diagnóstico de la sensibilización de contacto.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudiar la prevalencia de sensibilización a diferentes alérgenos de la serie de pruebas estándar y observar la influencia de diferentes variables epidemiológicas y clínicas en la sensibilización de contacto. Introducimos un amplio número de alérgenos en nuestra serie de pruebas con la finalidad de detectar nuevas sensibilizaciones, cuya prevalencia justifique un estudio más detallado de éstos.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y métodos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, observacional y retrospectivo de 1.092 pacientes, llevado a cabo en nuestra unidad de alergia cutánea desde el 1 de enero de 2000 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2005. Se estudió a todos los pacientes con una serie de pruebas compuesta por 51 alérgenos. Valoramos las siguientes variables: sexo, edad, procedencia, profesión, localización y evolución de las lesiones cutáneas, antecedentes personales y familiares de atopia, positividad de las PE, relevancia clínica, diagnóstico, origen de la sensibilización y su relación profesional.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El 55% de los pacientes estudiados tuvo alguna positividad y el 55,7% presentó EC en alguna de sus variedades clínicas: eccema alérgico de contacto (28,2%), eccema irritativo de contacto (20,1%), fotodermatitis alérgica de contacto (2,2%) y fotodermatitis tóxica de contacto (1,2%). Los alérgenos más prevalentes fueron sulfato de níquel (29,3%), cloruro de paladio (11,7%), cloruro de cobalto (10,8%), dicromato potásico (7,5%), mezcla de perfumes (6,3%) y parafenilendiamina (6,1%). El 41,1% de los pacientes con EC tuvo una relación profesional positiva y el 21,3% del total de los pacientes estudiados se diagnosticó de dermatitis de contacto profesional; los metalúrgicos, los trabajadores de la construcción y los peluqueros fueron los profesionales más representativos.</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El origen más frecuente de las sensibilizaciones fue el contacto con objetos metálicos, seguido de los medicamentos, los cosméticos y los objetos de goma.</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El sexo femenino fue la única variable independiente que influyó de forma significativa en la sensibilización de contacto en general.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las mujeres se sensibilizaron más precozmente que los hombres, y la prevalencia de positividad de las PE aumentó con la edad, y alcanzó el máximo a los 60-69 años, intervalo en el que también se encontró el mayor índice de sensibilización. Al comparar nuestros resultados con los nacionales, observamos un aumento progresivo y constante de la sensibilización al sulfato de níquel, a la mezcla de perfumes, al bálsamo del Perú y a la colofonia y un descenso en la sensibilización al dicromato potásico.</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La introducción de nuevos alérgenos, como el cloruro de paladio, el dialil disulfuro y la resina de paratolueno sulfonamida formaldehído, mejoró la sensibilidad de la serie de pruebas estándar en la detección de la sensibilización de contacto. Por esto, aconsejamos más estudios sobre estos alérgenos.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:78 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1." 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
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| 2023 Marzo | 50 | 28 | 78 |
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| 2022 Febrero | 32 | 42 | 74 |
| 2022 Enero | 23 | 39 | 62 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 37 | 57 | 94 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 41 | 59 | 100 |
| 2021 Octubre | 57 | 65 | 122 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 50 | 48 | 98 |
| 2021 Agosto | 52 | 40 | 92 |
| 2021 Julio | 38 | 27 | 65 |
| 2021 Junio | 32 | 25 | 57 |
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| 2021 Febrero | 64 | 40 | 104 |
| 2021 Enero | 56 | 19 | 75 |
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| 2020 Noviembre | 33 | 25 | 58 |
| 2020 Octubre | 31 | 16 | 47 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 28 | 18 | 46 |
| 2020 Agosto | 48 | 23 | 71 |
| 2020 Julio | 45 | 22 | 67 |
| 2020 Junio | 27 | 18 | 45 |
| 2020 Mayo | 44 | 30 | 74 |
| 2020 Abril | 27 | 21 | 48 |
| 2020 Marzo | 19 | 15 | 34 |
| 2020 Febrero | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2020 Enero | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 0 | 13 | 13 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2019 Octubre | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2019 Agosto | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2019 Julio | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2019 Junio | 0 | 6 | 6 |
| 2019 Mayo | 0 | 44 | 44 |
| 2019 Abril | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2019 Febrero | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2018 Junio | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 Mayo | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 Marzo | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2018 Febrero | 27 | 3 | 30 |
| 2018 Enero | 29 | 5 | 34 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 44 | 8 | 52 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 35 | 4 | 39 |
| 2017 Octubre | 43 | 2 | 45 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 53 | 14 | 67 |
| 2017 Agosto | 44 | 7 | 51 |
| 2017 Julio | 37 | 3 | 40 |
| 2017 Junio | 69 | 10 | 79 |
| 2017 Mayo | 73 | 14 | 87 |
| 2017 Abril | 65 | 8 | 73 |
| 2017 Marzo | 64 | 7 | 71 |
| 2017 Febrero | 49 | 13 | 62 |
| 2017 Enero | 33 | 14 | 47 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 42 | 13 | 55 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 54 | 6 | 60 |
| 2016 Octubre | 47 | 14 | 61 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 55 | 14 | 69 |
| 2016 Agosto | 63 | 20 | 83 |
| 2016 Julio | 52 | 6 | 58 |
| 2016 Junio | 5 | 14 | 19 |
| 2016 Mayo | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| 2016 Abril | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2016 Marzo | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2016 Febrero | 10 | 9 | 19 |
| 2016 Enero | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2015 Diciembre | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2015 Noviembre | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2015 Octubre | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2015 Septiembre | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2015 Agosto | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2015 Julio | 44 | 7 | 51 |
| 2015 Junio | 32 | 13 | 45 |
| 2015 Mayo | 81 | 20 | 101 |
| 2015 Abril | 72 | 20 | 92 |
| 2015 Marzo | 46 | 17 | 63 |
| 2015 Febrero | 36 | 9 | 45 |
| 2015 Enero | 39 | 19 | 58 |
| 2014 Diciembre | 50 | 15 | 65 |
| 2014 Noviembre | 33 | 19 | 52 |
| 2014 Octubre | 38 | 16 | 54 |
| 2014 Septiembre | 43 | 13 | 56 |
| 2014 Agosto | 45 | 15 | 60 |
| 2014 Julio | 59 | 26 | 85 |
| 2014 Junio | 52 | 8 | 60 |
| 2014 Mayo | 77 | 21 | 98 |
| 2014 Abril | 56 | 12 | 68 |
| 2014 Marzo | 58 | 14 | 72 |
| 2014 Febrero | 45 | 24 | 69 |
| 2014 Enero | 45 | 18 | 63 |
| 2013 Diciembre | 50 | 20 | 70 |
| 2013 Noviembre | 33 | 25 | 58 |
| 2013 Octubre | 25 | 26 | 51 |
| 2013 Septiembre | 28 | 35 | 63 |
| 2013 Agosto | 20 | 34 | 54 |
| 2013 Julio | 36 | 45 | 81 |
| 2013 Junio | 33 | 43 | 76 |
| 2013 Mayo | 33 | 31 | 64 |
| 2013 Abril | 32 | 34 | 66 |
| 2013 Marzo | 33 | 32 | 65 |
| 2013 Febrero | 14 | 11 | 25 |
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