Case and Research Letter
Malignant Chondroid Syringoma of the Face With Distant Metastasis
Siringoma condroide maligno de localización facial con metástasis a distancia
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Zalazar" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.A." "apellidos" => "Miranda" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "Ago_090@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.M." "apellidos" => "Mazzotta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "É.V." "apellidos" => "Zalazar" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cátedra de Dermatología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cátedra de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Siringoma condroide maligno de localización facial con metástasis a distancia" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1835 "Ancho" => 893 "Tamanyo" => 157841 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Firm multilobulated subcutaneous lesion adhering to deeper planes on the malar and lower maxillary area of the right half of the face. Frontal view (A) and lateral view (B).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malignant chondroid syringoma (MCS), which is also known as malignant cutaneous mixed tumor, is an extremely rare malignant neoplasm that originates in the adnexa. Approximately 50 cases have been reported in the literature to date.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In contrast with its benign counterpart (benign mixed tumor), which shows a predilection for men and generally affects the head, MCS is more common in women and mainly affects the limbs and trunk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> Only 10 cases of MCS affecting the head have been reported to date.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–10</span></a> Below, we report the case of giant facial MCS with distant metastasis.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 77-year-old man with myasthenia gravis and arterial hypertension under treatment presented with a painless tumor on the right cheek that had first appeared 2 years earlier. The lesion had grown abruptly in the previous 3 months. The patient reported difficulty chewing and reduced salivation. Physical examination revealed a firm multilobulated skin-colored subcutaneous tumor nodule measuring 11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm with multiple telangiectasias adhering to deeper planes. The nodule affected the malar and lower right maxillary areas of the face (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A and B). Enlarged lymph nodes were palpable in the ipsilateral axilla. Computed tomography of the head revealed a heterogeneous multilobulated lesion with hypodense areas measuring 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm at its widest diameter on the right side of the face. The lesion was in contact with the masseter and affected the ipsilateral parotid gland. Histology of an incisional biopsy specimen (hematoxylin–eosin) revealed tumor proliferation constituted by epithelial cells. These formed solid nests, cords, and gland-like structures, the main finding being foci of necrosis and other hypercellular foci with marked anisokaryosis, evident nucleoli, and several mitotic figures (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The surrounding stroma contained mainly sclerohyaline areas, myxoid areas, and other chondroid lesions. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive findings for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), protein S-100, and cytokeratin and a KI-67 result of 25%. Based on these results, we diagnosed the patient's condition as MCS. Positron-emission tomography revealed hyperdense and hypermetabolic nodular lesions compatible with metastasis to the brain, liver, right axillary lymph nodes, and soft tissue in the right arm. The patient died of respiratory causes during admission.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First described by Hirsch and Helwig in 1961, chondroid syringoma is a benign tumor that originates in the eccrine or apocrine sweat glands.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> It is very uncommon, accounting for only 0.01% of all primary skin neoplasms. It presents as a solitary, slow-growing, painless intradermal or subcutaneous nodule that affects the head and neck.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> It more commonly affects middle-aged men. The size of the tumor can range from 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm to more than 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm; tumors measuring more than 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm are more likely to be malignant.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast with its benign counterpart, MCS mainly affects women, has no predilection for age, and is more commonly observed on the limbs or the trunk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a> The tumor progresses slowly and is characterized by a final burst of rapid growth that can result in local destruction, metastasis, and death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The most common site of distant metastasis is the lung, followed by bone and the brain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4</span></a> In the case reported here, the tumor affected an elderly man, was located on the head and neck, and initially progressed slowly with a burst of growth later in its course. Local invasion was detected at diagnosis, as was metastasis to lymphatic tissue, the brain, liver, and soft tissue.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MCS can develop de novo or, more rarely, from an incompletely resected benign syringoma. Recurrence of the lesion should alert to the possibility of malignancy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> In the present case, the tumor developed de novo, and the patient reported previous removal of facial lesions.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While some authors have pointed to local injury as playing a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of the tumor, no clear risk factors for either benign or MCS have been identified to date.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologically, chondroid syringoma is characterized by both epithelial and mesenchymal components. The mesenchymal component may have myxoid, chondroid, osteoid, adipose, and fibrous characteristics and contain epithelial cell nests that differ depending on whether the eccrine or apocrine glands are affected.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The criteria for malignancy include cytological atypia, increased mitotic activity, tumor necrosis, capsular invasion with compromise of deep structures, and, possibly, satellite nodules.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,7</span></a> Immunohistochemistry reveals the simultaneous presence of luminal cells that were positive for cytokeratin, CEA, and EMA and myoepithelial cells that were positive for cytokeratin, protein S-100, and vimentin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Given its uncharacteristic clinical presentation, chondroid syringoma can only be diagnosed based on histopathology.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis includes epidermal cysts, dermoid cysts, pilar cysts, pilomatrixoma, trichoepithelioma, schwannoma, and neurofibroma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chondroid syringoma is treated by complete excision. Control of the disease and prevention of recurrence are necessarily based on a wide free margin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4</span></a> Local radiotherapy is often unsuccessful, although bone metastases do respond to it. Combination chemotherapy has not been reported to be beneficial in patients with metastasis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Give the high rate of recurrence of MCS (49%), the patient should be followed up closely. More importantly, follow-up should be long-term, since there have been reports of recurrence with dissemination to the lymphatic system and distant metastasis up to 12–20 years after the initial removal of the tumor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1835 "Ancho" => 893 "Tamanyo" => 157841 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Firm multilobulated subcutaneous lesion adhering to deeper planes on the malar and lower maxillary area of the right half of the face. Frontal view (A) and lateral view (B).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2028 "Ancho" => 847 "Tamanyo" => 369078 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A, Solid area of the tumor with foci of necrosis and bleeding (hematoxylin–eosin [H–E], 50×). B, Epithelial cell nests with central necrosis and atypia surrounded by stroma with a mucinous appearance (H–E, 100×). C, Epithelial cell cords and nests surrounded by fibrous stroma, with foci of tumor necrosis (H–E, 100×).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Unusual cystic lesion of the eyebrow: a case report of malignant chondroid syringoma" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J. Chauvel-Picard" 1 => "A. Pierrefeu" 2 => "O. Harou" 3 => "P. Breton" 4 => "N. 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