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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Localized myxedema is a late manifestation of thyroid dermopathy&#44; occurring mainly secondary to Graves disease&#46; While the condition most commonly affects the pretibial region&#44; it can also affect the upper limbs&#44; neck&#44; and face&#46; It is usually self-limiting and may involve cosmetic or functional impairment&#46; We report the case of a patient with thyroid dermopathy located on the hand that responded well to topical corticosteroids&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Case presentation</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 64-year-old woman diagnosed with Graves disease consulted for a pruriginous lesion on the back of her left hand that had first appeared 2 months previously&#46; The patient had a history of rheumatoid arthritis treated with sulfasalazine and leflunomide&#46; Six years before consulting&#44; she had received radioactive iodide for thyroid disease and was being treated with levothyroxine for iatrogenic hypothyroidism&#46; She had also been in follow-up for pretibial myxedema for the last 3 years&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical examination revealed a slightly indurated erythematous&#8211;edematous plaque with diffuse borders affecting the anatomical snuff box and the metacarpal region of the second and third finger on the dorsum of the left hand &#40;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The examination also revealed exophthalmos&#46; The only finding of interest in the laboratory work-up was slightly increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone values&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology of the skin biopsy specimen revealed basket-weave orthokeratosis in the epidermis &#40;compact in some areas&#41; and acanthosis-papillomatosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Alcian blue staining revealed mucin deposits between the collagen bundles in the dermis and a scant perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate that was compatible with myxedema &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesion was treated with clobetasol cream under an occlusive dressing&#46; It had improved clinically 1 month later&#44; with improvement in edema and accompanying pruritis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Discussion</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term myxedema &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">myxo</span>&#58; mucus&#41; was first used in 1877 by Ord&#44; who believed that the cutaneous manifestations of thyroid diseases were due to excessive mucus formation in the subcutaneous tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thyroid dermopathy is a type of cutaneous mucinosis that affects the dermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> While the standard term is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pretibial myxedema</span>&#44; it seems more appropriate to use the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">thyroid dermopathy</span>&#44; since it can affect other areas&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This condition is a late manifestation of Graves disease and affects less than 5&#37; of patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It has been reported in patients with other thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism secondary to treatment of Graves disease &#40;see above&#41;&#44; Hashimoto thyroiditis&#44; and&#44; albeit less frequently&#44; in patients with a healthy thyroid function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thyroid dermopathy is the second most frequent extrathyroidal manifestation &#40;the first is ophthalmopathy&#41; and tends to affect women in the sixth decade of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While the pathophysiology is unknown&#44; various mechanisms have been postulated to explain the clinical manifestations&#46; The most widely accepted is the presence of antibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors that act on the activation of fibroblasts&#46; The participation of insulin-like growth factor type 1 &#40;IGFR1&#41; has also been reported&#46; IGFR1 leads to an increase in the production of glycosaminoglycans in the dermis and&#44; consequently&#44; their deposition in tissue and subsequent formation of edema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thyroid dermopathy takes the form of plaques and&#47;or generally bilateral nonpitting edema&#46; It can vary in terms of coloring&#44; from erythematous and erythematous&#8211;violaceous to flesh tone with a translucid appearance&#46; It is waxy in appearance and indurated on palpation&#44; with accentuation of the hair follicles&#44; leading it to resemble orange peel&#46; The condition may be associated with pruritus and more commonly affects the lower limbs &#40;pretibial myxedema&#41;&#44; although&#44; as in the case we report&#44; it can compromise other regions&#44; such as the upper limbs&#44; face&#44; and even scar tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In most cases&#44; these manifestations are asymptomatic or mild and self-limiting&#44; resolving in a few months or years&#46; Their main drawback is cosmetic impairment&#44; although they may also lead to functional compromise and local malaise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology may reveal separation of collagen fibers in the dermis owing to mucin deposits&#44; which are clearly visible with specific stains such as Alcian blue and colloidal iron&#46; A perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate and mastocytes may also be seen&#46; In more advanced cases&#44; we can observe papillomatosis&#44; acanthosis&#44; and hyperkeratosis&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The question of whether a return to normal thyroid values improves the skin lesions remains open to debate&#44; since no supporting evidence for this hypothesis has been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the decision is taken to treat the lesion&#44; for either cosmetic reasons or the presence of functional abnormality&#44; the treatment of choice is medium- to high-potency topical corticosteroids under an occlusive dressing&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alternative treatments have been proposed&#44; although some have not been standardized and are based on small case series or free papers&#46; They include systemic or intralesional corticosteroids&#44; intralesional octreotide&#44; intravenous immunoglobulin&#44; plasmapheresis&#44; isotretinoin&#44; and even surgical resection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The interest in the presentation of this condition lies in the uncommon topography of thyroid dermopathy&#44; which progresses well and responds favorably to topical treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case and Research Letter
Thyroid Dermopathy in an Unusual Location
Dermatopatía tiroidea de localización inusual
M.P. Bordón
Autor para correspondencia
mpazbordon@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, A. Campastri, G. Bendjuia
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General de Agudos Dr José María Ramos Mejía, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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    "titulo" => " Thyroid Dermopathy in an Unusual Location"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hyperkeratosis and mild acanthosis&#8211;papillomatosis&#46; Mucin deposits between collagen bundles in the dermis &#40;hematoxylin&#8211;eosin&#44; &#215;100&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Localized myxedema is a late manifestation of thyroid dermopathy&#44; occurring mainly secondary to Graves disease&#46; While the condition most commonly affects the pretibial region&#44; it can also affect the upper limbs&#44; neck&#44; and face&#46; It is usually self-limiting and may involve cosmetic or functional impairment&#46; We report the case of a patient with thyroid dermopathy located on the hand that responded well to topical corticosteroids&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Case presentation</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 64-year-old woman diagnosed with Graves disease consulted for a pruriginous lesion on the back of her left hand that had first appeared 2 months previously&#46; The patient had a history of rheumatoid arthritis treated with sulfasalazine and leflunomide&#46; Six years before consulting&#44; she had received radioactive iodide for thyroid disease and was being treated with levothyroxine for iatrogenic hypothyroidism&#46; She had also been in follow-up for pretibial myxedema for the last 3 years&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical examination revealed a slightly indurated erythematous&#8211;edematous plaque with diffuse borders affecting the anatomical snuff box and the metacarpal region of the second and third finger on the dorsum of the left hand &#40;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The examination also revealed exophthalmos&#46; The only finding of interest in the laboratory work-up was slightly increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone values&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology of the skin biopsy specimen revealed basket-weave orthokeratosis in the epidermis &#40;compact in some areas&#41; and acanthosis-papillomatosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Alcian blue staining revealed mucin deposits between the collagen bundles in the dermis and a scant perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate that was compatible with myxedema &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesion was treated with clobetasol cream under an occlusive dressing&#46; It had improved clinically 1 month later&#44; with improvement in edema and accompanying pruritis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Discussion</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term myxedema &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">myxo</span>&#58; mucus&#41; was first used in 1877 by Ord&#44; who believed that the cutaneous manifestations of thyroid diseases were due to excessive mucus formation in the subcutaneous tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thyroid dermopathy is a type of cutaneous mucinosis that affects the dermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> While the standard term is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pretibial myxedema</span>&#44; it seems more appropriate to use the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">thyroid dermopathy</span>&#44; since it can affect other areas&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This condition is a late manifestation of Graves disease and affects less than 5&#37; of patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It has been reported in patients with other thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism secondary to treatment of Graves disease &#40;see above&#41;&#44; Hashimoto thyroiditis&#44; and&#44; albeit less frequently&#44; in patients with a healthy thyroid function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thyroid dermopathy is the second most frequent extrathyroidal manifestation &#40;the first is ophthalmopathy&#41; and tends to affect women in the sixth decade of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While the pathophysiology is unknown&#44; various mechanisms have been postulated to explain the clinical manifestations&#46; The most widely accepted is the presence of antibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors that act on the activation of fibroblasts&#46; The participation of insulin-like growth factor type 1 &#40;IGFR1&#41; has also been reported&#46; IGFR1 leads to an increase in the production of glycosaminoglycans in the dermis and&#44; consequently&#44; their deposition in tissue and subsequent formation of edema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thyroid dermopathy takes the form of plaques and&#47;or generally bilateral nonpitting edema&#46; It can vary in terms of coloring&#44; from erythematous and erythematous&#8211;violaceous to flesh tone with a translucid appearance&#46; It is waxy in appearance and indurated on palpation&#44; with accentuation of the hair follicles&#44; leading it to resemble orange peel&#46; The condition may be associated with pruritus and more commonly affects the lower limbs &#40;pretibial myxedema&#41;&#44; although&#44; as in the case we report&#44; it can compromise other regions&#44; such as the upper limbs&#44; face&#44; and even scar tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In most cases&#44; these manifestations are asymptomatic or mild and self-limiting&#44; resolving in a few months or years&#46; Their main drawback is cosmetic impairment&#44; although they may also lead to functional compromise and local malaise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology may reveal separation of collagen fibers in the dermis owing to mucin deposits&#44; which are clearly visible with specific stains such as Alcian blue and colloidal iron&#46; A perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate and mastocytes may also be seen&#46; In more advanced cases&#44; we can observe papillomatosis&#44; acanthosis&#44; and hyperkeratosis&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The question of whether a return to normal thyroid values improves the skin lesions remains open to debate&#44; since no supporting evidence for this hypothesis has been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the decision is taken to treat the lesion&#44; for either cosmetic reasons or the presence of functional abnormality&#44; the treatment of choice is medium- to high-potency topical corticosteroids under an occlusive dressing&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alternative treatments have been proposed&#44; although some have not been standardized and are based on small case series or free papers&#46; They include systemic or intralesional corticosteroids&#44; intralesional octreotide&#44; intravenous immunoglobulin&#44; plasmapheresis&#44; isotretinoin&#44; and even surgical resection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The interest in the presentation of this condition lies in the uncommon topography of thyroid dermopathy&#44; which progresses well and responds favorably to topical treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 00017310
Idioma original: Inglés
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