Cases for Diagnosis
Extensive Ulcerated Plaques and Nodules of Long-standing Duration in a Chinese Woman
Placas y nódulos ulcerados extensos y de larga evolución en una paciente de origen chino
V. Mora-Fernández
, V. Morillas-Lahuerta, J.M. Carrascosa Carrillo
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Servicio de Dermatología y venereología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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Carrascosa Carrillo" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Mora-Fernández" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "veroniamora@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Morillas-Lahuerta" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Carrascosa Carrillo" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología y venereología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Placas y nódulos ulcerados extensos y de larga evolución en una paciente de origen chino" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 433 "Ancho" => 650 "Tamanyo" => 34446 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopic image.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Medical History</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 63-year-old Chinese woman with no medical history of interest was referred to the dermatology clinic for long-standing skin lesions on the chest.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Physical Examination</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical examination revealed a geographic plaque covering a large area of the chest, formed by the confluence of infiltrated and exophytic nodules, with some erosive areas. The patient presented marked bilateral axillary and submandibular lymphadenopathy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Dermoscopy showed homogeneous orange areas with telangiectasias and erosions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Histopathology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histology of a punch biopsy showed the presence of compact, dense, superficial and deep granulomatous infiltrate with mild necrosis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). Ziehl-Neelsen staining, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span>, and bacterial culture were negative.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Additional Tests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory test findings revealed lymphopenia (0.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>/L) and negative results for serological tests (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], hepatitis B and C), interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), and tumor markers for lymphoproliferative processes (β2-microglobulin and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]). Thoracic computed tomography revealed the presence of marked lymphadenopathy of the axillary and supraclavicular lymph nodes and the internal mammary chains, as well as calcified subpleural nodules, all suggestive of a lymphoproliferative syndrome. The results of a purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test were positive. The axillary lymph node was resected for histological and microbiological examination. Histology showed findings similar to those of the skin biopsy, and culture and PCR were positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. tuberculosis</span>.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What is your diagnosis?</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lupus vulgaris in a patient with active lymph node tuberculosis.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Treatment and Disease Course</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tuberculostatic treatment was initiated with quadruple therapy (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol). The patient underwent follow-up for only 1 month, and was subsequently lost to follow-up after returning to her home country.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tuberculosis continues to be a prevalent infection. Lupus vulgaris accounts for 60% of skin manifestations of tuberculosis. The clinical differential diagnosis should include other chronic granulomatous infections, cutaneous lymphomas, and even cutaneous carcinomatosis of an unknown primary tumor. It should be borne in mind that culture for mycobacteria is positive in only 40% of cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Likewise, the diagnostic yield of Ziehl-Neelsen staining is limited by its poor sensitivity. Deep fungal infection and sarcoidosis should be considered as alternative histological diagnoses. The characteristic clinical presentation consists of granulomatous lesions that are usually asymptomatic (as in the present case), despite their striking presentation, grow slowly and progressively with a tendency towards ulceration, and have a characteristic “apple jelly”-like appearance on diascopy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Lupus vulgaris can be associated with active tuberculosis in other locations, such as the lymphatic system, as in our patient. Diagnosis is based on a suggestive clinical picture and compatible histology. IGRAs can produce false negative results, especially in patients with lymphopenia, regardless of etiology, as occurred in the present case. This technique consists of the detection of interferon-γ released by sensitized peripheral blood T lymphocytes after in vitro stimulation with specific <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. tuberculosis</span> antigens, which are absent in the attenuated strain of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium bovis</span> in the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, and in most environmental mycobacteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Of the 2 available IGRA types, QuantiFERON (QFT-GIT) and T-SPOT TB (ELISpot), the latter is the most sensitive in immunosuppressed patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In individuals with profound immunosuppression (mainly due to HIV, but also severe non-HIV-associated lymphopenia), IGRAs can produce positive results when the test is repeated once the patient recovers their immunity after receiving appropriate treatment. The striking presentation in our patient may be a consequence of the delay in seeking a consultation (due to the language barrier or social difficulties), or the disease course in this particular patient.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Funding</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work has not received any type of funding.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Medical History" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Physical Examination" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Histopathology" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Additional Tests" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Diagnosis" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Treatment and Disease Course" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 319 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 56737 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical image. Large plaque on the chest and cervical lymphadenopathy.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 433 "Ancho" => 650 "Tamanyo" => 34446 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopic image.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 491 "Ancho" => 650 "Tamanyo" => 109149 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hematoxylin–eosin, original magnification ×100.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Evolution of cutaneous tuberculosis over the past 30 years in a tertiary hospital on the European Mediterranean coast" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. Marcoval" 1 => "F. Alcaide" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2230.2012.04463.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Exp Dermatol" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "38" "paginaInicial" => "131" "paginaFinal" => "136" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23083073" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cutaneous tuberculosis: clinicopathologic arrays and diagnostic challenges" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Khadka" 1 => "S. Koirala" 2 => "J. Thapaliya" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1155/2018/7201973" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Dermatol Res Pract" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "2018" "paginaInicial" => "7201973" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30111996" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sumario ejecutivo de la guía de práctica clínica sobre el uso de las pruebas de liberación de interferón-gamma para el diagnóstico de infección tuberculosa" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "M. Santin" 1 => "J.-M. García-García" 2 => "D. Rigaud" 3 => "N. Altete" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2016.02.020" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "52" "paginaInicial" => "477" "paginaFinal" => "481" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0161642020304620" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01616420" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Impact of peripheral lymphocyte count on the sensitivity of 2 IFN-γ release assays QFT-G and ELISPOT, in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "K. Komiya" 1 => "H. Ariga" 2 => "H. Nagai" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3659" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int Med" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "49" "paginaInicial" => "1849" "paginaFinal" => "1855" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/00017310/0000011300000005/v1_202206110542/S0001731022002800/v1_202206110542/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "92865" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Casos para el diagnóstico / Cases for Diagnosis" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00017310/0000011300000005/v1_202206110542/S0001731022002800/v1_202206110542/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000044&text.app=https://actasdermo.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731022002800?idApp=UINPBA000044" ]
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| 2022 Junio | 90 | 61 | 151 |
| 2022 Mayo | 88 | 45 | 133 |
| 2022 Abril | 33 | 54 | 87 |
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