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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is very common in childhood&#46; Among adults it is an increasingly common reason for consultation and is diagnosed with increasing frequency&#46; Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the interleukin 4 &#40;IL-4&#41; receptor subunit &#945;&#44; decreasing activation of cells that express this receptor &#40;mainly Th2 lymphocytes&#41;&#46; The decreased polarization of na&#239;ve Th to Th2 lymphocytes results in a decrease in the secretion and function of the cytokines IL-4&#44; IL-13&#44; and IL-5&#46; Naive Th lymphocytes are instead polarized to Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes&#44; increasing the secretion of the corresponding cytokines&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therapeutic blockade of certain cytokines or their receptors causes certain immunological modifications&#46; Beneficial effects have been described for several such therapies&#44; mainly in patients with psoriasis&#44; although paradoxical reactions occur in some patients&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The persistence or de novo appearance of head and neck dermatitis&#44; which is observed in up to 10&#37; of the cases in clinical practice&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> was not reported in the phase 3 clinical trial of dupilumab&#46; Zhu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> reported the appearance or persistence of facial dermatitis in 14 patients treated with dupilumab&#46; In their study of 1000 patients with atopic dermatitis who were treated with dupilumab&#44; Soria et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> found that this biological treatment resulted in the appearance of de novo head and neck dermatitis in 10 patients&#44; and aggravation of the same presentation in 32&#44; requiring discontinuation of dupilumab treatment in some cases&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given these findings&#44; it is important to consider the possibility of dermatosis of the head and neck in dupilumab-treated patients&#46; This requires knowledge of the peculiarities of the corresponding lesions in affected patients&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> hypersensitivity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> is proposed as the main reason for the de novo appearance or exacerbation of facial dermatitis&#46; Pityriasiform lesions on the scalp &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; whether associated or not with localized facial lesions in seborrheic areas&#44; are indicative of seborrheic dermatitis&#46; Detection of specific immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41; E against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species and a culture positive for this fungus can help orient the diagnosis&#46; The underlying etiology is not well defined&#46; Studies&#44; including that of Adalsteinsson et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> have proposed that Th2 lymphocytes are the main adaptive immune system cells responsible for regulating interactions with this commensal fungus&#46; An adequate therapeutic response to oral or topical antifungals has been described in these cases&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rosacea is another dermatosis that appears to play a key role in head and neck dermatitis in dupilumab-treated patients&#46; Of 94 patients treated with dupilumab&#44; 6&#46;4&#37; showed histologically confirmed inflammatory rosacea with an increase in colonization by the parasite <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The proliferation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> after polarization to Th1 and Th17 is proposed as trigger for rosacea&#46; Although flushing episodes were observed in these patients&#44; the main clinical manifestation appears to be basal erythema with inflammatory papules located mainly in the malar area&#46; Histology reveals the abundant presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex folliculorum</span>&#44; although an adhesive tape test can demonstrate the presence of this parasite less invasively&#46; It is important to remember the utility of the dermoscopy for the detection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> species&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Topical ivermectin or oral tetracyclines are the treatments of choice in these cases&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The persistence or de novo appearance of eyelid dermatitis may pose the greatest diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in clinical practice&#46; In such cases&#44; it will be necessary to rule out the presence of allergic contact dermatitis &#40;ACD&#41;&#46; The main culprits are fragrances and preservatives&#44; although others&#44; such as surfactants &#40;e&#46;g&#46; cocamidopropyl betaine&#44; derived from coconut&#41;&#44; are common components of hair cosmetics&#46; Both Raffi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and Zhu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> reported no interference of continuous dupilumab treatment with patch testing&#46; Another potential cause is ACD resulting from contact between the hands and face&#46; In such cases&#44; acrylates are one of the main allergens responsible&#44; especially in women&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sensitization to pneumoallergens is another potential cause in patients who show a seasonal worsening of head and neck dermatitis&#46; Detection of specific IgE and collaboration with an allergologist is essential to confirm this etiology&#46; Despite antihistamine treatment&#44; skin lesions in these patients do not usually improve&#44; necessitating specific recommendations on environmental exposure and the use of topical calcineurin inhibitors for the period during which the individual is exposed to pneumoallergens&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obviously&#44; there will be complex cases in which the cause of head and neck dermatitis in a given patient will not be clear&#46; A growing body of evidence on this topic will help further our knowledge&#46; However&#44; the persistence or de novo appearance of head and neck dermatitis in patients taking dupilumab should not be a reason for treatment discontinuation&#46; Clinical peculiarities may aid the dermatologist in selecting the most appropriate adjuvant treatment for each patient&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the clinical characteristics&#44; corresponding additional tests&#44; and recommended treatments in dupilumab-treated patients with head and neck dermatitis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Seborrheic dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pityriasiform lesions &#40;dry whitish scales&#41; over orange erythema in seborrheic areas and on the scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Microbiological cultureMalassezia IgE<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> spp&#46; prick testSkin biopsy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oral antifungalsFluconazole 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;wk&#44; 2 dosesItraconazole 50&#8211;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#44; 7&#8211;14 daysTopical antifungalsClotrimazoleFenticonazoleKetoconazole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rosacea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Flushing &#40;less frequent&#41;Malar erythemaErythematous papulesPustules&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Punch biopsyIn vivo study with adhesive test&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Topical ivermectin 1&#37;Oral doxycyclineOral isotretinoin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Allergic contact dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Localized eczema on the eyelids and hairline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patch testsStandard seriesFragrance seriesCosmetic seriesOwn cosmetics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Avoid allergenHigh-potency topical corticosteroidsTopical calcineurin inhibitors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Airborne dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Facial eczema with involvement of skinfolds such as the eyelids and the retroauricular area&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Specific IgE against pneumoallergensSpecific prick tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oral antihistaminesHigh-potency topical corticosteroidsTopical calcineurin inhibitors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Opinion article
Patterns of Head and Neck Dermatitis in Patients Treated With Dupilumab: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Patrón de dermatitis de cabeza y cuello en pacientes tratados con Dupilumab: diagnóstico diferencial y tratamiento
F.J. Navarro-Triviño, R. Ruiz-Villaverde
Autor para correspondencia
fntmed@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
Departamento de Eczema de Contacto e Inmunoalergia, Dermatología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is very common in childhood&#46; Among adults it is an increasingly common reason for consultation and is diagnosed with increasing frequency&#46; Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the interleukin 4 &#40;IL-4&#41; receptor subunit &#945;&#44; decreasing activation of cells that express this receptor &#40;mainly Th2 lymphocytes&#41;&#46; The decreased polarization of na&#239;ve Th to Th2 lymphocytes results in a decrease in the secretion and function of the cytokines IL-4&#44; IL-13&#44; and IL-5&#46; Naive Th lymphocytes are instead polarized to Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes&#44; increasing the secretion of the corresponding cytokines&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therapeutic blockade of certain cytokines or their receptors causes certain immunological modifications&#46; Beneficial effects have been described for several such therapies&#44; mainly in patients with psoriasis&#44; although paradoxical reactions occur in some patients&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The persistence or de novo appearance of head and neck dermatitis&#44; which is observed in up to 10&#37; of the cases in clinical practice&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> was not reported in the phase 3 clinical trial of dupilumab&#46; Zhu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> reported the appearance or persistence of facial dermatitis in 14 patients treated with dupilumab&#46; In their study of 1000 patients with atopic dermatitis who were treated with dupilumab&#44; Soria et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> found that this biological treatment resulted in the appearance of de novo head and neck dermatitis in 10 patients&#44; and aggravation of the same presentation in 32&#44; requiring discontinuation of dupilumab treatment in some cases&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given these findings&#44; it is important to consider the possibility of dermatosis of the head and neck in dupilumab-treated patients&#46; This requires knowledge of the peculiarities of the corresponding lesions in affected patients&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> hypersensitivity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> is proposed as the main reason for the de novo appearance or exacerbation of facial dermatitis&#46; Pityriasiform lesions on the scalp &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; whether associated or not with localized facial lesions in seborrheic areas&#44; are indicative of seborrheic dermatitis&#46; Detection of specific immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41; E against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species and a culture positive for this fungus can help orient the diagnosis&#46; The underlying etiology is not well defined&#46; Studies&#44; including that of Adalsteinsson et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> have proposed that Th2 lymphocytes are the main adaptive immune system cells responsible for regulating interactions with this commensal fungus&#46; An adequate therapeutic response to oral or topical antifungals has been described in these cases&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rosacea is another dermatosis that appears to play a key role in head and neck dermatitis in dupilumab-treated patients&#46; Of 94 patients treated with dupilumab&#44; 6&#46;4&#37; showed histologically confirmed inflammatory rosacea with an increase in colonization by the parasite <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The proliferation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> after polarization to Th1 and Th17 is proposed as trigger for rosacea&#46; Although flushing episodes were observed in these patients&#44; the main clinical manifestation appears to be basal erythema with inflammatory papules located mainly in the malar area&#46; Histology reveals the abundant presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex folliculorum</span>&#44; although an adhesive tape test can demonstrate the presence of this parasite less invasively&#46; It is important to remember the utility of the dermoscopy for the detection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> species&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Topical ivermectin or oral tetracyclines are the treatments of choice in these cases&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The persistence or de novo appearance of eyelid dermatitis may pose the greatest diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in clinical practice&#46; In such cases&#44; it will be necessary to rule out the presence of allergic contact dermatitis &#40;ACD&#41;&#46; The main culprits are fragrances and preservatives&#44; although others&#44; such as surfactants &#40;e&#46;g&#46; cocamidopropyl betaine&#44; derived from coconut&#41;&#44; are common components of hair cosmetics&#46; Both Raffi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and Zhu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> reported no interference of continuous dupilumab treatment with patch testing&#46; Another potential cause is ACD resulting from contact between the hands and face&#46; In such cases&#44; acrylates are one of the main allergens responsible&#44; especially in women&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sensitization to pneumoallergens is another potential cause in patients who show a seasonal worsening of head and neck dermatitis&#46; Detection of specific IgE and collaboration with an allergologist is essential to confirm this etiology&#46; Despite antihistamine treatment&#44; skin lesions in these patients do not usually improve&#44; necessitating specific recommendations on environmental exposure and the use of topical calcineurin inhibitors for the period during which the individual is exposed to pneumoallergens&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obviously&#44; there will be complex cases in which the cause of head and neck dermatitis in a given patient will not be clear&#46; A growing body of evidence on this topic will help further our knowledge&#46; However&#44; the persistence or de novo appearance of head and neck dermatitis in patients taking dupilumab should not be a reason for treatment discontinuation&#46; Clinical peculiarities may aid the dermatologist in selecting the most appropriate adjuvant treatment for each patient&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the clinical characteristics&#44; corresponding additional tests&#44; and recommended treatments in dupilumab-treated patients with head and neck dermatitis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Pityriasiform lesions &#40;dry whitish scales&#41; over orange erythema in seborrheic areas and on the scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Oral antifungalsFluconazole 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;wk&#44; 2 dosesItraconazole 50&#8211;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#44; 7&#8211;14 daysTopical antifungalsClotrimazoleFenticonazoleKetoconazole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Localized eczema on the eyelids and hairline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patch testsStandard seriesFragrance seriesCosmetic seriesOwn cosmetics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Avoid allergenHigh-potency topical corticosteroidsTopical calcineurin inhibitors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Airborne dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Facial eczema with involvement of skinfolds such as the eyelids and the retroauricular area&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Specific IgE against pneumoallergensSpecific prick tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oral antihistaminesHigh-potency topical corticosteroidsTopical calcineurin inhibitors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Possible etiologies of head and neck dermatitis in dupilumab-treated patients&#46;</p>"
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