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A los 10 d&#237;as del tratamiento antibi&#243;tico present&#243; febr&#237;cula y unas lesiones cut&#225;neas dolorosas en las manos y la mucosa oral&#44; siendo inicialmente diagnosticado de enfermedad boca-mano-pie&#46; Tres d&#237;as m&#225;s tarde las lesiones cut&#225;neas se extendieron a todo el cuerpo y el compromiso bucal empeor&#243;&#44; siendo incapaz de ingerir alimentos y l&#237;quidos&#46; Consult&#243; entonces en el servicio de urgencias de nuestro hospital&#46; En la exploraci&#243;n general estaba afebril y normotenso&#44; con un marcado compromiso del estado general&#46; Presentaba un edema de los labios con m&#250;ltiples erosiones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; y pseudomembranas blanquecinas que imped&#237;an la apertura bucal&#46; En el tronco&#44; la espalda y las extremidades presentaba unas lesiones eritematosas en diana &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>A y B&#41; que abarcaban m&#225;s del 30&#37; de su superficie corporal&#44; con un despegamiento de menos del 10&#37; del tegumento&#46; El signo de Nikolsky era positivo&#46; Tambi&#233;n se observaba edema&#44; eritema y erosiones en el glande y la mucosa anal&#46; La evaluaci&#243;n oftalmol&#243;gica no demostr&#243; alteraciones oculares&#46; Las pruebas de laboratorio &#40;hemograma&#44; glucemia&#44; creatinina&#44; electr&#243;litos&#44; pruebas hep&#225;ticas&#41; y la radiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax eran normales&#46; Las pruebas de reacci&#243;n en cadena de la polimerasa para virus herpes 1&#44; 2&#44; 6 y 7&#44; virus de Epstein-Barr&#44; citomegalovirus y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</span> fueron negativas&#46; Se realiz&#243; una biopsia cut&#225;nea que mostr&#243; m&#250;ltiples queratinocitos necr&#243;ticos en la epidermis y un infiltrado linfoc&#237;tico perivascular en la dermis&#46; Con base en las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico-patol&#243;gicas se diagnostic&#243; de s&#237;ndrome de Stevens-Johnson secundario a doxiciclina&#46; 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anticonvulsivantes&#44; antiinflamatorios&#44; penicilinas o sulfamidas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; En los ni&#241;os&#44; lo m&#225;s habitual es su asociaci&#243;n con sulfamidas y anticonvulsivantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Lo habitual es que el cuadro cl&#237;nico se desarrolle entre 4 y 28 d&#237;as despu&#233;s de iniciar la administraci&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco &#40;m&#225;s frecuentemente 10 a 15 d&#237;as despu&#233;s&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; La afectaci&#243;n de la mucosa oral&#44; ocular&#44; gastrointestinal y genital es muy frecuente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; La incidencia y mortalidad de las NE parece ser menor en la poblaci&#243;n pedi&#225;trica que en adultos&#44; y son factores predictores de mortalidad en este subgrupo la insuficiencia renal&#44; las infecciones bacterianas&#44; la septicemia&#44; la epilepsia y la presencia de neoplasias&#46; Se asocian a hospitalizaciones prolongadas y alto coste<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; En su tratamiento lo m&#225;s importante es la suspensi&#243;n del agente causal&#44; el ingreso en una unidad de soporte vital avanzado con experiencia en el manejo de esta afecci&#243;n y tomar medidas de soporte adecuadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; El tratamiento de las NE es controvertido&#59; se han utilizado corticoides&#44; inmunosupresores cl&#225;sicos&#44; monoclonales anti-TNF-&#945; e inmunomoduladores como inmunoglobulinas y plasmaf&#233;resis&#44; sin una clara evidencia de su efectividad&#46; En un reciente metaan&#225;lisis&#44; Zimmermann et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> describieron un incremento de la supervivencia con ciclosporina&#44; un discreto beneficio al utilizar corticoides y falta de respuesta con inmunoglobulinas&#46; En relaci&#243;n con estas&#44; varios estudios cuestionan su eficacia y la gu&#237;a brit&#225;nica de NE del 2016 no recomienda su utilizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Recientemente&#44; un estudio espa&#241;ol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&#41; describi&#243; un incremento en la supervivencia al utilizar ciclosporina&#46; Similares resultados se observaron en estudios retrospectivos realizados en Corea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24&#41; e India<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41;&#44; publicados durante el &#250;ltimo a&#241;o&#46; Sin embargo&#44; un reciente estudio retrospectivo con un amplio n&#250;mero de pacientes &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>174&#44; 95 con ciclosporina&#41; no describi&#243; beneficios al utilizar este f&#225;rmaco<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La doxiciclina tiene propiedades antibi&#243;ticas&#44; antiinflamatorias&#44; inmunomoduladoras y anticolagenasa&#46; Ha sido utilizada con &#233;xito en m&#250;ltiples dermatosis&#44; como acn&#233;&#44; ros&#225;cea&#44; enfermedades ampollosas autoinmunes y enfermedades neutrof&#237;licas&#44; entre otras&#46; Pese a estar contraindicada en menores de 8 a&#241;os y embarazadas&#44; es un f&#225;rmaco con un buen perfil de seguridad&#46; Las reacciones adversas graves como NE asociadas a doxiciclina son muy infrecuentes&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La clave en el manejo de los pacientes con NE es la suspensi&#243;n inmediata del f&#225;rmaco responsable&#44; su ingreso en una unidad de soporte vital avanzado y medidas de soporte adecuadas&#46; Es importante descartar esta afecci&#243;n en pacientes con compromiso mucoso&#44; aun cuando el f&#225;rmaco asociado no est&#233; entre los m&#225;s sospechosos&#44; como es el caso de la doxiciclina&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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CARTA CIENTÍFICO-CLÍNICA
Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson secundario a tratamiento con doxiciclina en un adolescente
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Secondary to Doxycycline Treatment in a Teenage Boy
D. Morgado-Carrasco, M.A. González Enseñat, C. Prat, A. Vicente-Villa
Autor para correspondencia
avicente@sjdhospitalbarcelona.org

Autor para correspondencia.
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, España
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A los 10 d&#237;as del tratamiento antibi&#243;tico present&#243; febr&#237;cula y unas lesiones cut&#225;neas dolorosas en las manos y la mucosa oral&#44; siendo inicialmente diagnosticado de enfermedad boca-mano-pie&#46; Tres d&#237;as m&#225;s tarde las lesiones cut&#225;neas se extendieron a todo el cuerpo y el compromiso bucal empeor&#243;&#44; siendo incapaz de ingerir alimentos y l&#237;quidos&#46; Consult&#243; entonces en el servicio de urgencias de nuestro hospital&#46; En la exploraci&#243;n general estaba afebril y normotenso&#44; con un marcado compromiso del estado general&#46; Presentaba un edema de los labios con m&#250;ltiples erosiones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; y pseudomembranas blanquecinas que imped&#237;an la apertura bucal&#46; En el tronco&#44; la espalda y las extremidades presentaba unas lesiones eritematosas en diana &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>A y B&#41; que abarcaban m&#225;s del 30&#37; de su superficie corporal&#44; con un despegamiento de menos del 10&#37; del tegumento&#46; El signo de Nikolsky era positivo&#46; Tambi&#233;n se observaba edema&#44; eritema y erosiones en el glande y la mucosa anal&#46; La evaluaci&#243;n oftalmol&#243;gica no demostr&#243; alteraciones oculares&#46; Las pruebas de laboratorio &#40;hemograma&#44; glucemia&#44; creatinina&#44; electr&#243;litos&#44; pruebas hep&#225;ticas&#41; y la radiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax eran normales&#46; Las pruebas de reacci&#243;n en cadena de la polimerasa para virus herpes 1&#44; 2&#44; 6 y 7&#44; virus de Epstein-Barr&#44; citomegalovirus y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</span> fueron negativas&#46; Se realiz&#243; una biopsia cut&#225;nea que mostr&#243; m&#250;ltiples queratinocitos necr&#243;ticos en la epidermis y un infiltrado linfoc&#237;tico perivascular en la dermis&#46; Con base en las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico-patol&#243;gicas se diagnostic&#243; de s&#237;ndrome de Stevens-Johnson secundario a doxiciclina&#46; Se suspendi&#243; el f&#225;rmaco y se ingres&#243; al paciente&#44; indic&#225;ndose sueroterapia&#44; corticoides sist&#233;micos a 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a y acet&#243;nido de triamcinolona al 0&#44;1&#37; t&#243;pico&#46; Al cuarto d&#237;a de ingreso las lesiones mucocut&#225;neas hab&#237;an disminuido y ya pod&#237;a comer&#46; Fue dado de alta al s&#233;ptimo d&#237;a con una pauta descendente de corticoides&#44; manteni&#233;ndose asintom&#225;tico en los controles m&#233;dicos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las NE son reacciones graves de hipersensibilidad con despegamiento cutaneomucoso y alta mortalidad&#44; generalmente secundaria a f&#225;rmacos como alopurinol&#44; anticonvulsivantes&#44; antiinflamatorios&#44; penicilinas o sulfamidas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; En los ni&#241;os&#44; lo m&#225;s habitual es su asociaci&#243;n con sulfamidas y anticonvulsivantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Lo habitual es que el cuadro cl&#237;nico se desarrolle entre 4 y 28 d&#237;as despu&#233;s de iniciar la administraci&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco &#40;m&#225;s frecuentemente 10 a 15 d&#237;as despu&#233;s&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; La afectaci&#243;n de la mucosa oral&#44; ocular&#44; gastrointestinal y genital es muy frecuente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; La incidencia y mortalidad de las NE parece ser menor en la poblaci&#243;n pedi&#225;trica que en adultos&#44; y son factores predictores de mortalidad en este subgrupo la insuficiencia renal&#44; las infecciones bacterianas&#44; la septicemia&#44; la epilepsia y la presencia de neoplasias&#46; Se asocian a hospitalizaciones prolongadas y alto coste<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; En su tratamiento lo m&#225;s importante es la suspensi&#243;n del agente causal&#44; el ingreso en una unidad de soporte vital avanzado con experiencia en el manejo de esta afecci&#243;n y tomar medidas de soporte adecuadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; El tratamiento de las NE es controvertido&#59; se han utilizado corticoides&#44; inmunosupresores cl&#225;sicos&#44; monoclonales anti-TNF-&#945; e inmunomoduladores como inmunoglobulinas y plasmaf&#233;resis&#44; sin una clara evidencia de su efectividad&#46; En un reciente metaan&#225;lisis&#44; Zimmermann et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> describieron un incremento de la supervivencia con ciclosporina&#44; un discreto beneficio al utilizar corticoides y falta de respuesta con inmunoglobulinas&#46; En relaci&#243;n con estas&#44; varios estudios cuestionan su eficacia y la gu&#237;a brit&#225;nica de NE del 2016 no recomienda su utilizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Recientemente&#44; un estudio espa&#241;ol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&#41; describi&#243; un incremento en la supervivencia al utilizar ciclosporina&#46; Similares resultados se observaron en estudios retrospectivos realizados en Corea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24&#41; e India<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41;&#44; publicados durante el &#250;ltimo a&#241;o&#46; Sin embargo&#44; un reciente estudio retrospectivo con un amplio n&#250;mero de pacientes &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>174&#44; 95 con ciclosporina&#41; no describi&#243; beneficios al utilizar este f&#225;rmaco<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La doxiciclina tiene propiedades antibi&#243;ticas&#44; antiinflamatorias&#44; inmunomoduladoras y anticolagenasa&#46; Ha sido utilizada con &#233;xito en m&#250;ltiples dermatosis&#44; como acn&#233;&#44; ros&#225;cea&#44; enfermedades ampollosas autoinmunes y enfermedades neutrof&#237;licas&#44; entre otras&#46; Pese a estar contraindicada en menores de 8 a&#241;os y embarazadas&#44; es un f&#225;rmaco con un buen perfil de seguridad&#46; Las reacciones adversas graves como NE asociadas a doxiciclina son muy infrecuentes&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La clave en el manejo de los pacientes con NE es la suspensi&#243;n inmediata del f&#225;rmaco responsable&#44; su ingreso en una unidad de soporte vital avanzado y medidas de soporte adecuadas&#46; Es importante descartar esta afecci&#243;n en pacientes con compromiso mucoso&#44; aun cuando el f&#225;rmaco asociado no est&#233; entre los m&#225;s sospechosos&#44; como es el caso de la doxiciclina&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 00017310
Idioma original: Español
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