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Adem&#225;s&#44; excepcionalmente los f&#225;rmacos anti-TNF-&#945; han sido asociados a da&#241;o hep&#225;tico grave &#40;fallo hep&#225;tico&#44; colestasis y hepatitis autoinmune&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El efecto de ustekinumab &#40;UTK&#41;&#44; antip40 eficaz en psoriasis&#44; en el h&#237;gado ha sido poco estudiado&#46; El estudio PHOENIX 1 mostraba normalidad de las transaminasas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; En el estudio PHOENIX 2 un paciente del grupo placebo desarroll&#243; un carcinoma hepatocelular y no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los pacientes tratados con placebo y los tratados con UTK<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Tampoco se encontraron diferencias en los niveles de transaminasas entre el UTK y el etanercept en el estudio ACCEPT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Centr&#225;ndonos en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica&#44; varias series recientes de pacientes tratados con UTK no comentaban efectos adversos hep&#225;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a>&#44; y solo un estudio encontraba un 44&#37; de hipertransaminasemia sin concretar ni sus niveles ni su duraci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo principal de nuestro estudio ha sido estimar la frecuencia de hepatotoxicidad en los pacientes con psoriasis tratados con UTK seg&#250;n las pautas de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual y&#44; en segundo lugar&#44; examinar la influencia del UTK en la afectaci&#243;n hep&#225;tica en aquellos pacientes con hepatopat&#237;a o hipertransaminasemia previa al inicio del tratamiento&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional&#44; retrospectivo con inclusi&#243;n consecutiva de todos los pacientes con psoriasis moderada-grave que iniciaron tratamiento con UTK entre el 1 de marzo de 2009 y el 30 de junio de 2011 en la Unidad de Psoriasis del Hospital Universitario de la Princesa&#46; El estudio fue aprobado por el C&#243;mite &#201;tico de la Fundaci&#243;n de Investigaci&#243;n Biom&#233;dica de La Princesa&#46; Se excluyeron los pacientes menores de 18 a&#241;os o con ausencia de informaci&#243;n v&#225;lida en la historia cl&#237;nica&#46; Se revisaron las historias y pruebas complementarias&#46; A nivel basal se registraron la altura&#44; el peso&#44; el tipo de psoriasis&#44; la edad al diagn&#243;stico&#44; la duraci&#243;n de la enfermedad&#44; la afectaci&#243;n ungueal&#44; la artritis psori&#225;sica&#44; el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psoriasis Area and Severity Index</span> &#40;PASI&#41;&#44; el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Body Surface Area</span> &#40;BSA&#41; y el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dermatology Life Quality Index</span> &#40;DLQI&#41;&#44; la historia de ingesta en&#243;lica&#44; el tabaquismo&#44; la historia previa de hepatopat&#237;a&#44; los f&#225;rmacos sist&#233;micos y biol&#243;gicos previos y la medicaci&#243;n concomitante &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se revisaron la anal&#237;tica incluyendo hemograma&#44; bioqu&#237;mica con perfil hep&#225;tico &#40;aspartato aminotransferasa &#91;AST&#93; normal&#58; 7-35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#59; alanina aminotransferasa &#91;ALT&#93; nomal&#58; 8-40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L&#59; y gamma glutamil transpeptidasa &#91;GGT&#93; normal&#58; 6-50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#41; y lip&#237;dico&#44; las serolog&#237;as para HB&#44; HC y virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana &#40;VIH&#41;&#44; el Mantoux con <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">booster</span> y la radiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax&#46; En todos los casos se administr&#243; UTK &#40;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg inyecci&#243;n subcut&#225;nea&#41; en las semanas 0&#44; 4 y posteriormente cada 12 semanas&#46; Se hicieron anal&#237;ticas con perfil hep&#225;tico a todos los pacientes en las 4 y 16 semanas de tratamiento&#44; as&#237; como en la mayor parte de las visitas de seguimiento&#46; La ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica se realiz&#243; basalmente a aquellos pacientes con historia previa de hepatopat&#237;a o hipertransaminasemia y&#44; durante el seguimiento&#44; a todos los que presentaron alteraci&#243;n de las transaminasas o signos o s&#237;ntomas sugestivos o compatibles con hepatopat&#237;a&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con Mantoux positivo fueron tratados con isoniazida &#40;300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41; durante 9 meses iniciando el tratamiento profil&#225;ctico un mes antes que el UTK&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se eval&#250;o la gravedad de la hipertransaminasemia como grado 1 &#40;hasta 3 veces por encima de la normalidad&#41;&#44; grado 2 &#40;entre 3 y 5 veces por encima de lo normal&#41; y grado 3 &#40;entre 5 y 10 veces por encima de lo normal o hepatitis aguda&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; La ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica permiti&#243; la clasificaci&#243;n del h&#237;gado de los pacientes en normal o patol&#243;gico &#40;esteatosis&#44; fibrosis o cirrosis&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico se realiz&#243; con SPSS&#47;PC software &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; versi&#243;n 19&#46;0 para Windows&#41;&#46; Las variables cuantitativas fueron analizadas mediante el test &#171;t&#187; Student&#44; y las binomiales mediante el Chi cuadrado con la correcci&#243;n de Fisher&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron un total de 44 pacientes&#44; de los cuales el 59&#37; eran hombres&#44; la mayor&#237;a no fumadores &#40;57&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; El tiempo medio de seguimiento con UTK fue de 46&#44;2 meses &#40;rango&#58; 25&#44;3-63&#44;4&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de los pacientes tratados con UTK ten&#237;an psoriasis en placas y un 58&#44;8&#37; afectaci&#243;n ungueal&#46; Algunos datos basales de la poblaci&#243;n&#44; los f&#225;rmacos sist&#233;micos y biol&#243;gicos usados previamente para su psoriasis&#44; as&#237; como el porcentaje de pacientes con comorbilidades relevantes se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46; Tres pacientes hab&#237;an recibido una dosis acumulada de metotrexato superior a 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; pero ninguno hab&#237;a llegado a los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; siendo la dosis media acumulada de de 190<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; Algunos pacientes recib&#237;an simult&#225;neamente f&#225;rmacos hepatot&#243;xicos como estatinas &#40;5&#41;&#44; metotrexato &#40;2&#41;&#44; hipoglucemiantes &#40;2&#41; y antagonistas de la angiotensina <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> &#40;1&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se analizaron posibles factores confusores en cuanto a hepatotoxicidad&#46; Solo 4 pacientes ten&#237;an HB pasada&#44; ninguno HC&#44; VIH o HB activa&#46; El nivel medio de ferritina era 108&#44;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;l &#40;rango&#58; 15-366<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;l&#41; en los 24 pacientes estudiados&#44; siendo los niveles normales en nuestro centro de 15 a 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#46; Solo uno ten&#237;a un nivel alto de ferritina&#44; de 366<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;l&#44; y en &#233;l se descart&#243; hemocromatosis&#46; Doce pacientes eran obesos &#40;&#237;ndice de masa corporal &#91;IMC&#93; superior 30&#41;&#46; Se demostr&#243; esteatosis hep&#225;tica en 9 pacientes con ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica&#46; Ninguno ten&#237;a fibrosis o cirrosis basalmente&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a la historia de hepatopat&#237;a previa&#44; un 41&#44;9&#37; de los pacientes hab&#237;an tenido hipertransaminasemia en relaci&#243;n con otros tratamientos como infliximab &#40;5 casos&#41;&#44; etanercept &#40;3 casos&#41;&#44; adalimumab &#40;2 casos&#41; e isoniazida &#40;2 casos&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos pacientes iniciaron tratamiento con UTK con una elevaci&#243;n basal de transaminasas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; El primero&#44; un hombre de 45 a&#241;os con psoriasis moderada-grave de 15 a&#241;os de duraci&#243;n y con historia m&#233;dica irrelevante&#44; salvo por enolismo cr&#243;nico y obesidad &#40;IMC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#44;5&#41;&#46; Cuando se inici&#243; tratamiento con UTK el paciente presentaba los siguientes par&#225;metros de gravedad de la psoriasis&#58; PASI basal de 9&#44;6&#44; BSA de 7&#44;1&#37; y DLQI de 13&#46; A las 16 semanas de tratamiento su PASI era 3&#44; BSA 3&#37; y un DLQI de 1&#46; Los niveles de AST y ALT se mantuvieron estables durante el tratamiento&#44; con una ligera tendencia al aumento&#46; El segundo paciente era un var&#243;n de 43 a&#241;os con esteatosis hep&#225;tica e IMC de 26&#44;2&#44; sin ingesta en&#243;lica conocida y que hab&#237;a sido tratado con ciclosporina&#44; retinoides&#44; ultravioleta B de banda estrecha &#40;UVBBE&#41; y metotrexato con hipertransaminasemia&#46; En este paciente se observ&#243; una progresiva disminuci&#243;n de sus niveles de transaminasas&#44; con normalizaci&#243;n de los mismos tras 19 meses de tratamiento con UTK&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante el tratamiento con UTK 6 pacientes tuvieron hipertransaminasemia grado 1 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Cinco de ellos hab&#237;an tenido hepatotoxicidad previa en relaci&#243;n con otros f&#225;rmacos usados para tratar su psoriasis&#44; 3 presentaban esteatosis hep&#225;tica y 3 de ellos estaban recibiendo f&#225;rmacos hepatot&#243;xicos concomitantemente con su tratamiento con UTK&#46; La elevaci&#243;n de las transaminasas sucedi&#243; entre uno y 17 meses tras el inicio del tratamiento&#44; con una media de 3 y una desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar de 1&#44;4&#46; Otro paciente tuvo un ligero aumento de GGT&#46; Ninguno de ellos mostr&#243; signos ni s&#237;ntomas de hepatopat&#237;a ni necesit&#243; suspender o modificar el tratamiento por este motivo&#46; No se encontraron efectos adversos hep&#225;ticos graves durante el tratamiento con UTK ni ninguna reactivaci&#243;n viral&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico realizado no mostr&#243; diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas entre los pacientes con o sin alteraci&#243;n de las transaminasas respecto a su edad &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;592&#41;&#44; grado de ingesta en&#243;lica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;541&#41; o IMC &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;116&#41;&#46; Tampoco mostr&#243; diferencias en el porcentaje de pacientes que alcanzaron PASI 75 a las 16 semanas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;597&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Debido al mecanismo de acci&#243;n del UTK<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> algunos efectos hep&#225;ticos son esperables durante el tratamiento&#46; En la HB el aumento de IL-12 se correlaciona con hepat&#243;lisis&#44; con el aclaramiento viral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> y con el control sostenido de la viremia en pacientes con HB cr&#243;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; El mecanismo exacto es desconocido porque la actividad de la v&#237;a proinflamatoria IL-23&#47;IL-17 est&#225; tambi&#233;n sobreexpresada en la HB y podr&#237;a facilitar la cronicidad del proceso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Las c&#233;lulas Th17 est&#225;n aumentadas en la HB cr&#243;nica y el incremento del cociente Th17&#47;T reguladoras puede ser un marcador pron&#243;stico adverso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; En HC la activaci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas Th17 inducida por el virus puede contribuir al aclaramiento del mismo&#44; porque los niveles de IL12p40 son superiores en los pacientes respondedores IFN-&#945;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; aunque Zhang et al&#46; no corroboran este hecho<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Los polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos en IL-12p40&#44; que podr&#237;an modular la HC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; tambi&#233;n explican la ausencia de concordancia en distintas publicaciones&#46; El UTK deber&#237;a ser usado con precauci&#243;n en pacientes con hepatitis v&#237;ricas dados los datos de investigaci&#243;n b&#225;sica&#44; y aunque parece seguro en algunas series en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; ya se han publicado casos de reactivaci&#243;n de HB y HC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46; En nuestra serie no ha habido reactivaci&#243;n de ninguna HB pasada&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el h&#237;gado de los pacientes con esteatosis hep&#225;tica no alcoh&#243;lica se detectan niveles aumentados de IL-17&#44; que pueden facilitar la transici&#243;n desde esteatosis hasta esteatohepatitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La IL-12 est&#225; tambi&#233;n implicada en otras hepatopat&#237;as y es esencial en el desarrollo de colangitis autoinmune en un modelo murino de cirrosis biliar primaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; las c&#233;lulas Th17 est&#225;n implicadas en el rechazo de los aloinjertos hep&#225;ticos en ratas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Por tanto&#44; la modulaci&#243;n de Th17 podr&#237;a mejorar muchas enfermedades hep&#225;ticas&#46; Nuestro estudio no muestra empeoramiento de las hepatopat&#237;as presentes al iniciar el tratamiento con UTK&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las comorbilidades en los pacientes con psoriasis han sido ampliamente estudiadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;32</span></a>&#46; Un 42&#37; de pacientes de nuestra serie fumaban&#44; porcentaje similar a lo descrito<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; En los pacientes estudiados la ingesta en&#243;lica media fue de 6&#44;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;d de alcohol&#44; menor a lo descrito habitualmente&#44; lo que discrepa con estudios previos mostrando ingestas en&#243;licas superiores en pacientes con psoriasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; El alcohol es citot&#243;xico en el h&#237;gado y en la m&#233;dula &#243;sea e inmunosupresor&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; el consumo de m&#225;s de 2&#44;3 bebidas alcoh&#243;licas semanales aumenta de forma significativa el riesgo de desarrollar una psoriasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a>&#44; y consumos superiores a 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;d&#237;a en varones son un factor de riesgo para mayores niveles de actividad de la psoriasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Otros estudios no han encontrado relaci&#243;n entre ingesta en&#243;lica y gravedad de la psoriasis&#46; En los pacientes de nuestra serie la anamnesis directa puede haber influido en los niveles de ingesta en&#243;lica reconocida&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se ha descrito una prevalencia de obesidad del doble en pacientes con psoriasis y una asociaci&#243;n entre el IMC y el PASI&#44; con un peor control de la enfermedad en pacientes con IMC altos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Un 20&#44;5&#37; de nuestros pacientes eran obesos&#44; siendo un 13&#44;3&#37; la prevalencia de obesidad en la poblaci&#243;n general en Espa&#241;a en el mismo per&#237;odo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#44; lo que concuerda con lo descrito&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La esteatosis hep&#225;tica no alcoh&#243;lica&#44; enfermedad metab&#243;lica cr&#243;nica relacionada tanto con el s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico como con la resistencia a la insulina&#44; es la principal causa de hipertransaminasemia en Europa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; En nuestros 8 pacientes con esteatosis hep&#225;tica no alcoh&#243;lica solo el mayor &#40;de 62 a&#241;os&#41; hab&#237;a desarrollado ya diabetes y dislipidemia&#46; Gisondi et al&#46; publicaron que hasta el 50&#37; de las esteatosis hep&#225;ticas no alcoh&#243;licas no son diagnosticadas&#44; algo que hemos comprobado en nuestra serie&#44; y sugieren que la psoriasis podr&#237;a ser un factor de riesgo implicado en su aparici&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#44; aunque otros autores exigir&#237;an descartar a los pacientes con ingesta en&#243;lica importante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46; Ninguno de nuestros pacientes con esteatosis hep&#225;tica no alcoh&#243;lica ten&#237;a una alta ingesta en&#243;lica&#44; aunque 5 eran obesos&#44; lo que concuerda con lo publicado por Gisondi et al&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hepatotoxicidad inducida por f&#225;rmacos se define por un aumento de al menos 3 veces los niveles de transaminasas normales o del doble de los niveles de bilirrubina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46; No hubo casos en nuestra serie&#46; En cuanto a la hipertransaminasemia puede verse durante el tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos anti-TNF-&#945;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#44; sobre todo con infliximab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; pero tambi&#233;n con etanercept y adalimumab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46; Hemos encontrado un 14&#44;3&#37; de hipertransaminasemia durante el tratamiento con UTK en nuestra serie&#46; Aunque hay casos de hepatotoxidad por un anti-TNF-&#945; tratados con otro f&#225;rmaco de la familia sin recurrencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#44;43&#8211;45</span></a>&#44; la posibilidad de usar un f&#225;rmaco con distinto mecanismo de acci&#243;n parece m&#225;s seguro&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; 5 de nuestros pacientes fueron tratados con estatinas&#44; f&#225;rmacos hepatot&#243;xicos con una incidencia de da&#241;o hep&#225;tico del 1&#37;&#46; Solo uno de ellos tuvo una hipertransaminasemia en una &#250;nica anal&#237;tica y de grado 1&#44; recuperada sin secuelas&#46; Por tanto&#44; no parece que haya contraindicaci&#243;n para el uso de estatinas ni en nuestra serie ni en la literatura revisada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Limitaciones de nuestro estudio son el n&#250;mero de pacientes&#44; un per&#237;odo de seguimiento relativamente corto&#44; as&#237; como la ausencia de algunos datos de dosificaci&#243;n de f&#225;rmacos hepatot&#243;xicos usados con anterioridad&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De nuestro estudio se concluye que la hepatotoxicidad asociada al tratamiento con UTK es poco frecuente y leve&#46; Asimismo&#44; el UTK parece ser una alternativa segura en pacientes con hepatopat&#237;a previa o que hayan desarrollado alteraciones hep&#225;ticas durante el tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos antipsori&#225;sicos&#44; incluyendo los f&#225;rmacos anti-TNF-&#945;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Protecci&#243;n de personas y animales</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que para esta investigaci&#243;n no se han realizado experimentos en seres humanos ni en animales&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Confidencialidad de los datos</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que han seguido los protocolos de su centro de trabajo sobre la publicaci&#243;n de datos de pacientes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Derecho a la privacidad y consentimiento informado</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que en este art&#237;culo no aparecen datos de pacientes&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">M&#46; Llamas-Velasco&#58; participaci&#243;n en ensayos cl&#237;nicos y advisory boards de Abbvie&#44; Janssen-Cilag y Novartis&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">E&#46; Daud&#233;n&#58; parte de advisory board&#44; consultor&#44; becas&#44; ayuda a la investigaci&#243;n&#44; participaci&#243;n en ensayos cl&#237;nicos y honorarios por charlas de las siguientes compa&#241;&#237;as&#58; Abbvie Astellas&#44; Biogen&#44; Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc&#46;&#44; Galderma&#44; Glaxo&#44; Janssen-Cilag&#44; Leo Pharma&#44; Merck-Serono&#44; Novartis&#44; Pfizer&#44; Schering-Plough&#44; Stiefel&#44; Wyeth Pharmaceuticals&#44; 3M&#44; Celgene&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A&#46; Garc&#237;a-Diez est&#225; actualmente jubilado y no tiene conflicto de intereses actuales&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mar&#237;a Jos&#233; Concha-Garz&#243;n tampoco refiere conflictos de intereses actuales&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-10-05"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-02-08"
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            1 => "Hepatopat&#237;a"
            2 => "Toxicidad farmacol&#243;gica"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con psoriasis y hepatopat&#237;as son un reto terap&#233;utico dado el mayor riesgo de efectos adversos que presentan con el tratamiento sist&#233;mico cl&#225;sico y a que&#44; aunque los f&#225;rmacos anti-TNF-&#945; son considerados m&#225;s seguros&#44; tambi&#233;n se han descrito reactivaciones de hepatitis v&#237;rica y hepatitis t&#243;xica en relaci&#243;n con los mismos&#46; El ustekinumab &#40;UTK&#41; tiene un mecanismo de acci&#243;n diferente y se sabe poco de sus efectos en el h&#237;gado&#44; sobre todo a partir de los estudios pivotales&#46; Nuestro objetivo ha sido estimar la incidencia de toxicidad hep&#225;tica en los pacientes tratados con UTK en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#44; y examinar los cambios hep&#225;ticos en aquellos pacientes tratados que ten&#237;an hepatopat&#237;a de base&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron todos los pacientes tratados con UTK seg&#250;n pauta habitual&#46; Se analizaron la edad&#44; el g&#233;nero&#44; el tipo de psoriasis&#44; la afectaci&#243;n ungueal&#44; la artritis&#44; los tratamientos previos&#44; la hepatopat&#237;a previa&#44; las serolog&#237;as virales y el PASI &#40;basal y a las 12&#44; 16 y 52 semanas&#41;&#46; Se analizaron tambi&#233;n las transaminasas&#44; los signos y s&#237;ntomas de hepatopat&#237;a y los factores como el &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; el h&#225;bito en&#243;lico&#44; la ferritina y la ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se observaron hipertransaminasemias de grado 1 en solo 6 pacientes&#46; Ninguno present&#243; hipertransaminasemias graves&#46; Ninguno de los pacientes con hipertransaminasemia basal tuvo problemas durante el tratamiento&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La hepatotoxicidad asociada a UTK es poco frecuente y grave&#44; y parece seguro a nivel hep&#225;tico&#44; incluso en pacientes con hepatopat&#237;a basal o que hab&#237;an presentado con anterioridad alteraciones hep&#225;ticas con otros f&#225;rmacos&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The therapy of patients with psoriasis and liver disease can be a challenge due to the increased risk of adverse effects from traditional systemic treatments&#59; in addition&#44; although the anti-tumor necrosis factor agents are considered safer&#44; they have also been associated with drug-induced liver injury and reactivation of viral hepatitis&#46; Ustekinumab has a different mechanism of action and the little that is known of its effects on the liver comes from pivotal studies&#46; The objectives of this study were to estimate the incidence of drug-induced liver injury in patients treated with ustekinumab in daily clinical practice and to analyze liver alterations in those patients with pre-existing liver disease&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">All patients treated with the standard regimen of ustekinumab were included in the study&#46; Variables gathered included age&#44; sex&#44; type of psoriasis&#44; nail involvement&#44; arthritis&#44; previous treatments&#44; history of liver disease&#44; viral serology&#44; Psoriasis Area Severity Index &#40;at baseline and at 12&#44; 16&#44; and 52 weeks&#41;&#44; transaminase levels&#44; manifestations of liver disease&#44; liver ultrasound&#44; and factors such as body mass index&#44; alcohol consumption&#44; and ferritin levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Grade 1 elevation of the transaminases was only observed in 6 patients&#59; no cases of severe hypertransaminasemia were observed&#46; None of the patients with elevation of the transaminases at baseline developed problems during treatment&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ustekinumab-related liver injury is uncommon and mild&#46; From a hepatic point of view&#44; the drug appears safe&#44; even in patients with pre-existing liver disease and those who have developed altered liver function previously with other drugs&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ALT&#58; alanina aminotransferasa&#59; AST&#58; aspartato aminotransferasa&#59; DS&#58; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#59; PASI&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psoriasis Area Severity Index</span>&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Denominaci&#243;n de la variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Edad &#40;a&#241;os&#41; Media &#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;&#47;&#47;&#47;G&#233;nero &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47&#44;76 &#40;17&#44;99&#41; &#91;18-87&#93;&#47;&#47;&#47;59&#44;1&#37; hombres y 40&#44;9&#37; mujeres&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Duraci&#243;n de la psoriasis &#40;a&#241;os&#41; Media &#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#44;58 &#40;15&#44;94&#41; &#91;4-74&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tipo de psoriasis &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>En placa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">84&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>En gotas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Eritrod&#233;rmica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Artropat&#237;a psori&#225;sica &#40;&#37;&#41; total</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Axial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Perif&#233;rica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Axial y perif&#233;rica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PASI basal media&#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#44;4 &#40;14&#44;09&#41; &#91;2&#44;4-56&#44;8&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PASI 12 semanas mediana &#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;5 &#40;6&#44;1&#41; &#91;0-35&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PASI 16 semanas mediana &#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;22 &#40;2&#44;4&#41; &#91;0-22&#44;5&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Peso &#40;kg&#41; media &#40;DS&#41;&#91;rango&#93;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&#44;3 &#40;13&#44;82&#41; &#91;47-100&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de masa corporal media&#40;DS&#41; &#40;rango&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#44;62 &#40;4&#44;43&#41; &#91;18&#44;12-37&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertensi&#243;n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dislipidemia &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tratamientos previos &#40;nombre del f&#225;rmaco&#47;&#47;n&#250;mero total de pacientes&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Metotrexato &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ciclosporina &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etanercept &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">PUVA &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acitretina &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adalimumab &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Infliximab &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Efalizumab &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etretinato &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Onercept &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hidroxiurea &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hepatitis B pasada</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;&#37;&#41; &#40;n&#250;mero de pacientes&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;3 &#40;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ingesta en&#243;lica &#40;g&#47;d&#237;a&#41;&#46; Media &#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;4 &#40;19&#44;72&#41; &#91;0-82&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Niveles basales de enzimas hep&#225;ticas &#40;U&#47;l&#41; Media &#40;SD&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#44;9 &#40;8&#44;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ALT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#44;8 &#40;16&#44;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Esteatosis hep&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fibrosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cirrosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Hepatitis B pasada&#58; HbsAg &#40;neg&#41;&#44; Ac antiHBc<span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span></p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Se realiza ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica basal a 18 pacientes&#46;</p>"
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          ]
        ]
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Datos basales de nuestra cohorte de 44 pacientes en tratamiento con ustekinumab</p>"
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AC&#58; acitretino&#59; ADA&#58; adalimumab&#59; Csa&#58; ciclosporina&#59; desc&#58; desconocido&#59; DM&#58; diabetes mellitus&#59; EF&#58; efalizumab&#59; ET&#58; etretinato&#59; ETN&#58; etanercept&#59; H&#58; hombre&#59; HTA&#58; hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#59; HU&#58; hidroxiurea&#59; IFX&#58; infliximab&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; M&#58; mujer&#59; MTX&#58; metotrexato&#59; N&#58; normal&#44; sin alteraciones&#59; NR&#58; no realizado&#59; ON&#58; onercept&#59; PUVA&#58; psoraleno m&#225;s luz ultravioleta A&#59; St&#58; esteatosis hep&#225;tica&#44;&#59;UVBBE&#58; ultravioleta B de banda estrecha&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="11" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Basal</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Edad&#47;g&#233;nero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PASIbasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tratamientos previos para la psoriasis en orden de uso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Historia pasada de hepatotoxicidadGrado &#40;F&#225;rmaco&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IMC&#47;alcohol &#40;g&#47;d&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ECO hep&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Aumento de transaminasas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Maximo valor AST&#47;ALT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F&#225;rmaco hepatot&#243;xico concomitante&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HTA&#47;DM&#47;DL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seguimiento &#40;meses&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad hep&#225;tica basal</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;desc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">St&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En m&#225;s de 2 anal&#237;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101&#47;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#47;S&#237;&#47;S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#44;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MTX&#44; Csa&#44; UVBBE&#44; HU&#44; AC&#44; ADA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;ADA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#47;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">St&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En m&#225;s de 2 anal&#237;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&#47;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#47;No&#47;No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad hep&#225;tica durante el tratamiento con ustekinumab</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>57&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ET&#44; PUVA&#44; Csa&#44; MTX&#44; ETN&#44; IFX&#44; EF&#44; ADA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#47;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En una &#250;nica anal&#237;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71&#47;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Simvastatina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#47;No&#47;S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36&#44;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ETN&#44; UVA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;desc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#47;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">St&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En una &#250;nica anal&#237;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">111&#47;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#47;No&#47;No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">PUVA&#44; Csa&#44; NT&#44; ETN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MTX&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;ETN&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#47;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">St&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En una &#250;nica anal&#237;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&#47;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Candesart&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&#47;S&#237;&#47;No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#44;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MTX&#44; Csa&#44; AC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;isoniazida&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En m&#225;s de 2 anal&#237;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#47;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Valores normales de AST &#40;7-35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#41; y de ALT &#40;8-40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Datos relevantes demogr&#225;ficos&#44; de hepatotoxicidad previa&#44; IMC&#44; as&#237; como de otras comorbilidades y de valores m&#225;ximos de transaminasas alcanzados en pacientes tratados con ustekinumab que presentaban hepatopat&#237;a basal o que la desarrollaron durante el tratamiento</p>"
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                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                      "titulo" => "Etanercept monotherapy for a patient with psoriasis&#44; psoriatic arthritis&#44; and concomitant hepatitis C infection"
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                      "doi" => "10.1002/ibd.20035"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "509"
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                            2 => "J&#46;A&#46; Chirinos"
                            3 => "B&#46; Casis"
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                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01665.x"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18433400"
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Original
Análisis de la hepatotoxicidad en psoriasis tratada con ustekinumab. Estudio retrospectivo de 44 pacientes en práctica clínica habitual
Liver Injury in Psoriasis Patients Receiving Ustekinumab: A Retrospective Study of 44 Patients Treated in the Clinical Practice Setting
M. Llamas-Velascoa,b,
Autor para correspondencia
mar.llamasvelasco@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, M.J. Concha-Garzónb, A. García-Dieza,b, E. Daudéna,b
a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, España
b Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
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la historia de ingesta en&#243;lica&#44; el tabaquismo&#44; la historia previa de hepatopat&#237;a&#44; los f&#225;rmacos sist&#233;micos y biol&#243;gicos previos y la medicaci&#243;n concomitante &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se revisaron la anal&#237;tica incluyendo hemograma&#44; bioqu&#237;mica con perfil hep&#225;tico &#40;aspartato aminotransferasa &#91;AST&#93; normal&#58; 7-35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#59; alanina aminotransferasa &#91;ALT&#93; nomal&#58; 8-40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L&#59; y gamma glutamil transpeptidasa &#91;GGT&#93; normal&#58; 6-50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#41; y lip&#237;dico&#44; las serolog&#237;as para HB&#44; HC y virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana &#40;VIH&#41;&#44; el Mantoux con <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">booster</span> y la radiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax&#46; En todos los casos se administr&#243; UTK &#40;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg inyecci&#243;n subcut&#225;nea&#41; en las semanas 0&#44; 4 y posteriormente cada 12 semanas&#46; Se hicieron anal&#237;ticas con perfil hep&#225;tico a todos los pacientes en las 4 y 16 semanas de tratamiento&#44; as&#237; como en la mayor parte de las visitas de seguimiento&#46; La ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica se realiz&#243; basalmente a aquellos pacientes con historia previa de hepatopat&#237;a o hipertransaminasemia y&#44; durante el seguimiento&#44; a todos los que presentaron alteraci&#243;n de las transaminasas o signos o s&#237;ntomas sugestivos o compatibles con hepatopat&#237;a&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con Mantoux positivo fueron tratados con isoniazida &#40;300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41; durante 9 meses iniciando el tratamiento profil&#225;ctico un mes antes que el UTK&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se eval&#250;o la gravedad de la hipertransaminasemia como grado 1 &#40;hasta 3 veces por encima de la normalidad&#41;&#44; grado 2 &#40;entre 3 y 5 veces por encima de lo normal&#41; y grado 3 &#40;entre 5 y 10 veces por encima de lo normal o hepatitis aguda&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; La ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica permiti&#243; la clasificaci&#243;n del h&#237;gado de los pacientes en normal o patol&#243;gico &#40;esteatosis&#44; fibrosis o cirrosis&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico se realiz&#243; con SPSS&#47;PC software &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; versi&#243;n 19&#46;0 para Windows&#41;&#46; Las variables cuantitativas fueron analizadas mediante el test &#171;t&#187; Student&#44; y las binomiales mediante el Chi cuadrado con la correcci&#243;n de Fisher&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron un total de 44 pacientes&#44; de los cuales el 59&#37; eran hombres&#44; la mayor&#237;a no fumadores &#40;57&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; El tiempo medio de seguimiento con UTK fue de 46&#44;2 meses &#40;rango&#58; 25&#44;3-63&#44;4&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de los pacientes tratados con UTK ten&#237;an psoriasis en placas y un 58&#44;8&#37; afectaci&#243;n ungueal&#46; Algunos datos basales de la poblaci&#243;n&#44; los f&#225;rmacos sist&#233;micos y biol&#243;gicos usados previamente para su psoriasis&#44; as&#237; como el porcentaje de pacientes con comorbilidades relevantes se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46; Tres pacientes hab&#237;an recibido una dosis acumulada de metotrexato superior a 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; pero ninguno hab&#237;a llegado a los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; siendo la dosis media acumulada de de 190<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; Algunos pacientes recib&#237;an simult&#225;neamente f&#225;rmacos hepatot&#243;xicos como estatinas &#40;5&#41;&#44; metotrexato &#40;2&#41;&#44; hipoglucemiantes &#40;2&#41; y antagonistas de la angiotensina <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> &#40;1&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se analizaron posibles factores confusores en cuanto a hepatotoxicidad&#46; Solo 4 pacientes ten&#237;an HB pasada&#44; ninguno HC&#44; VIH o HB activa&#46; El nivel medio de ferritina era 108&#44;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;l &#40;rango&#58; 15-366<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;l&#41; en los 24 pacientes estudiados&#44; siendo los niveles normales en nuestro centro de 15 a 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#46; Solo uno ten&#237;a un nivel alto de ferritina&#44; de 366<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;l&#44; y en &#233;l se descart&#243; hemocromatosis&#46; Doce pacientes eran obesos &#40;&#237;ndice de masa corporal &#91;IMC&#93; superior 30&#41;&#46; Se demostr&#243; esteatosis hep&#225;tica en 9 pacientes con ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica&#46; Ninguno ten&#237;a fibrosis o cirrosis basalmente&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a la historia de hepatopat&#237;a previa&#44; un 41&#44;9&#37; de los pacientes hab&#237;an tenido hipertransaminasemia en relaci&#243;n con otros tratamientos como infliximab &#40;5 casos&#41;&#44; etanercept &#40;3 casos&#41;&#44; adalimumab &#40;2 casos&#41; e isoniazida &#40;2 casos&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos pacientes iniciaron tratamiento con UTK con una elevaci&#243;n basal de transaminasas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; El primero&#44; un hombre de 45 a&#241;os con psoriasis moderada-grave de 15 a&#241;os de duraci&#243;n y con historia m&#233;dica irrelevante&#44; salvo por enolismo cr&#243;nico y obesidad &#40;IMC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#44;5&#41;&#46; Cuando se inici&#243; tratamiento con UTK el paciente presentaba los siguientes par&#225;metros de gravedad de la psoriasis&#58; PASI basal de 9&#44;6&#44; BSA de 7&#44;1&#37; y DLQI de 13&#46; A las 16 semanas de tratamiento su PASI era 3&#44; BSA 3&#37; y un DLQI de 1&#46; Los niveles de AST y ALT se mantuvieron estables durante el tratamiento&#44; con una ligera tendencia al aumento&#46; El segundo paciente era un var&#243;n de 43 a&#241;os con esteatosis hep&#225;tica e IMC de 26&#44;2&#44; sin ingesta en&#243;lica conocida y que hab&#237;a sido tratado con ciclosporina&#44; retinoides&#44; ultravioleta B de banda estrecha &#40;UVBBE&#41; y metotrexato con hipertransaminasemia&#46; En este paciente se observ&#243; una progresiva disminuci&#243;n de sus niveles de transaminasas&#44; con normalizaci&#243;n de los mismos tras 19 meses de tratamiento con UTK&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante el tratamiento con UTK 6 pacientes tuvieron hipertransaminasemia grado 1 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Cinco de ellos hab&#237;an tenido hepatotoxicidad previa en relaci&#243;n con otros f&#225;rmacos usados para tratar su psoriasis&#44; 3 presentaban esteatosis hep&#225;tica y 3 de ellos estaban recibiendo f&#225;rmacos hepatot&#243;xicos concomitantemente con su tratamiento con UTK&#46; La elevaci&#243;n de las transaminasas sucedi&#243; entre uno y 17 meses tras el inicio del tratamiento&#44; con una media de 3 y una desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar de 1&#44;4&#46; Otro paciente tuvo un ligero aumento de GGT&#46; Ninguno de ellos mostr&#243; signos ni s&#237;ntomas de hepatopat&#237;a ni necesit&#243; suspender o modificar el tratamiento por este motivo&#46; No se encontraron efectos adversos hep&#225;ticos graves durante el tratamiento con UTK ni ninguna reactivaci&#243;n viral&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico realizado no mostr&#243; diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas entre los pacientes con o sin alteraci&#243;n de las transaminasas respecto a su edad &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;592&#41;&#44; grado de ingesta en&#243;lica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;541&#41; o IMC &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;116&#41;&#46; Tampoco mostr&#243; diferencias en el porcentaje de pacientes que alcanzaron PASI 75 a las 16 semanas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;597&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Debido al mecanismo de acci&#243;n del UTK<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> algunos efectos hep&#225;ticos son esperables durante el tratamiento&#46; En la HB el aumento de IL-12 se correlaciona con hepat&#243;lisis&#44; con el aclaramiento viral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> y con el control sostenido de la viremia en pacientes con HB cr&#243;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; El mecanismo exacto es desconocido porque la actividad de la v&#237;a proinflamatoria IL-23&#47;IL-17 est&#225; tambi&#233;n sobreexpresada en la HB y podr&#237;a facilitar la cronicidad del proceso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Las c&#233;lulas Th17 est&#225;n aumentadas en la HB cr&#243;nica y el incremento del cociente Th17&#47;T reguladoras puede ser un marcador pron&#243;stico adverso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; En HC la activaci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas Th17 inducida por el virus puede contribuir al aclaramiento del mismo&#44; porque los niveles de IL12p40 son superiores en los pacientes respondedores IFN-&#945;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; aunque Zhang et al&#46; no corroboran este hecho<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Los polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos en IL-12p40&#44; que podr&#237;an modular la HC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; tambi&#233;n explican la ausencia de concordancia en distintas publicaciones&#46; El UTK deber&#237;a ser usado con precauci&#243;n en pacientes con hepatitis v&#237;ricas dados los datos de investigaci&#243;n b&#225;sica&#44; y aunque parece seguro en algunas series en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; ya se han publicado casos de reactivaci&#243;n de HB y HC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46; En nuestra serie no ha habido reactivaci&#243;n de ninguna HB pasada&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el h&#237;gado de los pacientes con esteatosis hep&#225;tica no alcoh&#243;lica se detectan niveles aumentados de IL-17&#44; que pueden facilitar la transici&#243;n desde esteatosis hasta esteatohepatitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La IL-12 est&#225; tambi&#233;n implicada en otras hepatopat&#237;as y es esencial en el desarrollo de colangitis autoinmune en un modelo murino de cirrosis biliar primaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; las c&#233;lulas Th17 est&#225;n implicadas en el rechazo de los aloinjertos hep&#225;ticos en ratas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Por tanto&#44; la modulaci&#243;n de Th17 podr&#237;a mejorar muchas enfermedades hep&#225;ticas&#46; Nuestro estudio no muestra empeoramiento de las hepatopat&#237;as presentes al iniciar el tratamiento con UTK&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las comorbilidades en los pacientes con psoriasis han sido ampliamente estudiadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;32</span></a>&#46; Un 42&#37; de pacientes de nuestra serie fumaban&#44; porcentaje similar a lo descrito<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; En los pacientes estudiados la ingesta en&#243;lica media fue de 6&#44;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;d de alcohol&#44; menor a lo descrito habitualmente&#44; lo que discrepa con estudios previos mostrando ingestas en&#243;licas superiores en pacientes con psoriasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; El alcohol es citot&#243;xico en el h&#237;gado y en la m&#233;dula &#243;sea e inmunosupresor&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; el consumo de m&#225;s de 2&#44;3 bebidas alcoh&#243;licas semanales aumenta de forma significativa el riesgo de desarrollar una psoriasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a>&#44; y consumos superiores a 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;d&#237;a en varones son un factor de riesgo para mayores niveles de actividad de la psoriasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Otros estudios no han encontrado relaci&#243;n entre ingesta en&#243;lica y gravedad de la psoriasis&#46; En los pacientes de nuestra serie la anamnesis directa puede haber influido en los niveles de ingesta en&#243;lica reconocida&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se ha descrito una prevalencia de obesidad del doble en pacientes con psoriasis y una asociaci&#243;n entre el IMC y el PASI&#44; con un peor control de la enfermedad en pacientes con IMC altos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Un 20&#44;5&#37; de nuestros pacientes eran obesos&#44; siendo un 13&#44;3&#37; la prevalencia de obesidad en la poblaci&#243;n general en Espa&#241;a en el mismo per&#237;odo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#44; lo que concuerda con lo descrito&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La esteatosis hep&#225;tica no alcoh&#243;lica&#44; enfermedad metab&#243;lica cr&#243;nica relacionada tanto con el s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico como con la resistencia a la insulina&#44; es la principal causa de hipertransaminasemia en Europa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; En nuestros 8 pacientes con esteatosis hep&#225;tica no alcoh&#243;lica solo el mayor &#40;de 62 a&#241;os&#41; hab&#237;a desarrollado ya diabetes y dislipidemia&#46; Gisondi et al&#46; publicaron que hasta el 50&#37; de las esteatosis hep&#225;ticas no alcoh&#243;licas no son diagnosticadas&#44; algo que hemos comprobado en nuestra serie&#44; y sugieren que la psoriasis podr&#237;a ser un factor de riesgo implicado en su aparici&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#44; aunque otros autores exigir&#237;an descartar a los pacientes con ingesta en&#243;lica importante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46; Ninguno de nuestros pacientes con esteatosis hep&#225;tica no alcoh&#243;lica ten&#237;a una alta ingesta en&#243;lica&#44; aunque 5 eran obesos&#44; lo que concuerda con lo publicado por Gisondi et al&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hepatotoxicidad inducida por f&#225;rmacos se define por un aumento de al menos 3 veces los niveles de transaminasas normales o del doble de los niveles de bilirrubina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46; No hubo casos en nuestra serie&#46; En cuanto a la hipertransaminasemia puede verse durante el tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos anti-TNF-&#945;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#44; sobre todo con infliximab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; pero tambi&#233;n con etanercept y adalimumab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46; Hemos encontrado un 14&#44;3&#37; de hipertransaminasemia durante el tratamiento con UTK en nuestra serie&#46; Aunque hay casos de hepatotoxidad por un anti-TNF-&#945; tratados con otro f&#225;rmaco de la familia sin recurrencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#44;43&#8211;45</span></a>&#44; la posibilidad de usar un f&#225;rmaco con distinto mecanismo de acci&#243;n parece m&#225;s seguro&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; 5 de nuestros pacientes fueron tratados con estatinas&#44; f&#225;rmacos hepatot&#243;xicos con una incidencia de da&#241;o hep&#225;tico del 1&#37;&#46; Solo uno de ellos tuvo una hipertransaminasemia en una &#250;nica anal&#237;tica y de grado 1&#44; recuperada sin secuelas&#46; Por tanto&#44; no parece que haya contraindicaci&#243;n para el uso de estatinas ni en nuestra serie ni en la literatura revisada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Limitaciones de nuestro estudio son el n&#250;mero de pacientes&#44; un per&#237;odo de seguimiento relativamente corto&#44; as&#237; como la ausencia de algunos datos de dosificaci&#243;n de f&#225;rmacos hepatot&#243;xicos usados con anterioridad&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De nuestro estudio se concluye que la hepatotoxicidad asociada al tratamiento con UTK es poco frecuente y leve&#46; Asimismo&#44; el UTK parece ser una alternativa segura en pacientes con hepatopat&#237;a previa o que hayan desarrollado alteraciones hep&#225;ticas durante el tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos antipsori&#225;sicos&#44; incluyendo los f&#225;rmacos anti-TNF-&#945;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Protecci&#243;n de personas y animales</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que para esta investigaci&#243;n no se han realizado experimentos en seres humanos ni en animales&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Confidencialidad de los datos</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que han seguido los protocolos de su centro de trabajo sobre la publicaci&#243;n de datos de pacientes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Derecho a la privacidad y consentimiento informado</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que en este art&#237;culo no aparecen datos de pacientes&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">M&#46; Llamas-Velasco&#58; participaci&#243;n en ensayos cl&#237;nicos y advisory boards de Abbvie&#44; Janssen-Cilag y Novartis&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">E&#46; Daud&#233;n&#58; parte de advisory board&#44; consultor&#44; becas&#44; ayuda a la investigaci&#243;n&#44; participaci&#243;n en ensayos cl&#237;nicos y honorarios por charlas de las siguientes compa&#241;&#237;as&#58; Abbvie Astellas&#44; Biogen&#44; Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc&#46;&#44; Galderma&#44; Glaxo&#44; Janssen-Cilag&#44; Leo Pharma&#44; Merck-Serono&#44; Novartis&#44; Pfizer&#44; Schering-Plough&#44; Stiefel&#44; Wyeth Pharmaceuticals&#44; 3M&#44; Celgene&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A&#46; Garc&#237;a-Diez est&#225; actualmente jubilado y no tiene conflicto de intereses actuales&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mar&#237;a Jos&#233; Concha-Garz&#243;n tampoco refiere conflictos de intereses actuales&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Confidencialidad de los datos"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Derecho a la privacidad y consentimiento informado"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-10-05"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-02-08"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec548517"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Ustekinumab"
            1 => "Hepatopat&#237;a"
            2 => "Toxicidad farmacol&#243;gica"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec548516"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Ustekinumab"
            1 => "Liver disease"
            2 => "Drug toxicity"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con psoriasis y hepatopat&#237;as son un reto terap&#233;utico dado el mayor riesgo de efectos adversos que presentan con el tratamiento sist&#233;mico cl&#225;sico y a que&#44; aunque los f&#225;rmacos anti-TNF-&#945; son considerados m&#225;s seguros&#44; tambi&#233;n se han descrito reactivaciones de hepatitis v&#237;rica y hepatitis t&#243;xica en relaci&#243;n con los mismos&#46; El ustekinumab &#40;UTK&#41; tiene un mecanismo de acci&#243;n diferente y se sabe poco de sus efectos en el h&#237;gado&#44; sobre todo a partir de los estudios pivotales&#46; Nuestro objetivo ha sido estimar la incidencia de toxicidad hep&#225;tica en los pacientes tratados con UTK en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#44; y examinar los cambios hep&#225;ticos en aquellos pacientes tratados que ten&#237;an hepatopat&#237;a de base&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron todos los pacientes tratados con UTK seg&#250;n pauta habitual&#46; Se analizaron la edad&#44; el g&#233;nero&#44; el tipo de psoriasis&#44; la afectaci&#243;n ungueal&#44; la artritis&#44; los tratamientos previos&#44; la hepatopat&#237;a previa&#44; las serolog&#237;as virales y el PASI &#40;basal y a las 12&#44; 16 y 52 semanas&#41;&#46; Se analizaron tambi&#233;n las transaminasas&#44; los signos y s&#237;ntomas de hepatopat&#237;a y los factores como el &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; el h&#225;bito en&#243;lico&#44; la ferritina y la ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se observaron hipertransaminasemias de grado 1 en solo 6 pacientes&#46; Ninguno present&#243; hipertransaminasemias graves&#46; Ninguno de los pacientes con hipertransaminasemia basal tuvo problemas durante el tratamiento&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La hepatotoxicidad asociada a UTK es poco frecuente y grave&#44; y parece seguro a nivel hep&#225;tico&#44; incluso en pacientes con hepatopat&#237;a basal o que hab&#237;an presentado con anterioridad alteraciones hep&#225;ticas con otros f&#225;rmacos&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todo"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The therapy of patients with psoriasis and liver disease can be a challenge due to the increased risk of adverse effects from traditional systemic treatments&#59; in addition&#44; although the anti-tumor necrosis factor agents are considered safer&#44; they have also been associated with drug-induced liver injury and reactivation of viral hepatitis&#46; Ustekinumab has a different mechanism of action and the little that is known of its effects on the liver comes from pivotal studies&#46; The objectives of this study were to estimate the incidence of drug-induced liver injury in patients treated with ustekinumab in daily clinical practice and to analyze liver alterations in those patients with pre-existing liver disease&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">All patients treated with the standard regimen of ustekinumab were included in the study&#46; Variables gathered included age&#44; sex&#44; type of psoriasis&#44; nail involvement&#44; arthritis&#44; previous treatments&#44; history of liver disease&#44; viral serology&#44; Psoriasis Area Severity Index &#40;at baseline and at 12&#44; 16&#44; and 52 weeks&#41;&#44; transaminase levels&#44; manifestations of liver disease&#44; liver ultrasound&#44; and factors such as body mass index&#44; alcohol consumption&#44; and ferritin levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Grade 1 elevation of the transaminases was only observed in 6 patients&#59; no cases of severe hypertransaminasemia were observed&#46; None of the patients with elevation of the transaminases at baseline developed problems during treatment&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ustekinumab-related liver injury is uncommon and mild&#46; From a hepatic point of view&#44; the drug appears safe&#44; even in patients with pre-existing liver disease and those who have developed altered liver function previously with other drugs&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Method"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:2 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ALT&#58; alanina aminotransferasa&#59; AST&#58; aspartato aminotransferasa&#59; DS&#58; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#59; PASI&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psoriasis Area Severity Index</span>&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Denominaci&#243;n de la variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Edad &#40;a&#241;os&#41; Media &#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;&#47;&#47;&#47;G&#233;nero &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47&#44;76 &#40;17&#44;99&#41; &#91;18-87&#93;&#47;&#47;&#47;59&#44;1&#37; hombres y 40&#44;9&#37; mujeres&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Duraci&#243;n de la psoriasis &#40;a&#241;os&#41; Media &#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#44;58 &#40;15&#44;94&#41; &#91;4-74&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tipo de psoriasis &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>En placa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">84&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>En gotas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Eritrod&#233;rmica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Artropat&#237;a psori&#225;sica &#40;&#37;&#41; total</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Axial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Perif&#233;rica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Axial y perif&#233;rica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PASI basal media&#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#44;4 &#40;14&#44;09&#41; &#91;2&#44;4-56&#44;8&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PASI 12 semanas mediana &#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;5 &#40;6&#44;1&#41; &#91;0-35&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PASI 16 semanas mediana &#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;22 &#40;2&#44;4&#41; &#91;0-22&#44;5&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Peso &#40;kg&#41; media &#40;DS&#41;&#91;rango&#93;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&#44;3 &#40;13&#44;82&#41; &#91;47-100&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de masa corporal media&#40;DS&#41; &#40;rango&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#44;62 &#40;4&#44;43&#41; &#91;18&#44;12-37&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertensi&#243;n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dislipidemia &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tratamientos previos &#40;nombre del f&#225;rmaco&#47;&#47;n&#250;mero total de pacientes&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Metotrexato &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ciclosporina &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etanercept &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">PUVA &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acitretina &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adalimumab &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Infliximab &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Efalizumab &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Etretinato &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Onercept &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hidroxiurea &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hepatitis B pasada</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;&#37;&#41; &#40;n&#250;mero de pacientes&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;3 &#40;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ingesta en&#243;lica &#40;g&#47;d&#237;a&#41;&#46; Media &#40;DS&#41; &#91;rango&#93;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;4 &#40;19&#44;72&#41; &#91;0-82&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Niveles basales de enzimas hep&#225;ticas &#40;U&#47;l&#41; Media &#40;SD&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#44;9 &#40;8&#44;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ALT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#44;8 &#40;16&#44;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Esteatosis hep&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fibrosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cirrosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Hepatitis B pasada&#58; HbsAg &#40;neg&#41;&#44; Ac antiHBc<span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span></p>"
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Se realiza ecograf&#237;a hep&#225;tica basal a 18 pacientes&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Datos basales de nuestra cohorte de 44 pacientes en tratamiento con ustekinumab</p>"
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AC&#58; acitretino&#59; ADA&#58; adalimumab&#59; Csa&#58; ciclosporina&#59; desc&#58; desconocido&#59; DM&#58; diabetes mellitus&#59; EF&#58; efalizumab&#59; ET&#58; etretinato&#59; ETN&#58; etanercept&#59; H&#58; hombre&#59; HTA&#58; hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#59; HU&#58; hidroxiurea&#59; IFX&#58; infliximab&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; M&#58; mujer&#59; MTX&#58; metotrexato&#59; N&#58; normal&#44; sin alteraciones&#59; NR&#58; no realizado&#59; ON&#58; onercept&#59; PUVA&#58; psoraleno m&#225;s luz ultravioleta A&#59; St&#58; esteatosis hep&#225;tica&#44;&#59;UVBBE&#58; ultravioleta B de banda estrecha&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="11" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Basal</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Edad&#47;g&#233;nero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PASIbasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tratamientos previos para la psoriasis en orden de uso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Historia pasada de hepatotoxicidadGrado &#40;F&#225;rmaco&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IMC&#47;alcohol &#40;g&#47;d&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ECO hep&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Aumento de transaminasas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Maximo valor AST&#47;ALT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F&#225;rmaco hepatot&#243;xico concomitante&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HTA&#47;DM&#47;DL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seguimiento &#40;meses&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad hep&#225;tica basal</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;desc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">St&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En m&#225;s de 2 anal&#237;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101&#47;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#47;S&#237;&#47;S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#44;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MTX&#44; Csa&#44; UVBBE&#44; HU&#44; AC&#44; ADA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;ADA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#47;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">St&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En m&#225;s de 2 anal&#237;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&#47;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#47;No&#47;No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad hep&#225;tica durante el tratamiento con ustekinumab</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>57&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ET&#44; PUVA&#44; Csa&#44; MTX&#44; ETN&#44; IFX&#44; EF&#44; ADA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#47;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En una &#250;nica anal&#237;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71&#47;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Simvastatina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#47;No&#47;S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36&#44;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ETN&#44; UVA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;desc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#47;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">St&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En una &#250;nica anal&#237;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">111&#47;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#47;No&#47;No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">PUVA&#44; Csa&#44; NT&#44; ETN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MTX&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;ETN&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#47;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">St&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En una &#250;nica anal&#237;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&#47;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Candesart&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&#47;S&#237;&#47;No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#44;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MTX&#44; Csa&#44; AC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;isoniazida&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En m&#225;s de 2 anal&#237;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#47;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Isoniazida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">S&#237;&#47;No&#47;S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#44;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&#47;H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">PUVA&#44; Csa&#44; IFX&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;isoniazida&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&#47;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">St&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En m&#225;s de 2 anal&#237;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67&#47;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#47;No&#47;S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Csa&#44; EF&#44; ON&#44; IFX&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grado 1 &#40;Csa&#44; IFX&#44; ETN&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#47;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">En m&#225;s de 2 anal&#237;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#47;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#47;No&#47;S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Valores normales de AST &#40;7-35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#41; y de ALT &#40;8-40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Datos relevantes demogr&#225;ficos&#44; de hepatotoxicidad previa&#44; IMC&#44; as&#237; como de otras comorbilidades y de valores m&#225;ximos de transaminasas alcanzados en pacientes tratados con ustekinumab que presentaban hepatopat&#237;a basal o que la desarrollaron durante el tratamiento</p>"
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ISSN: 00017310
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