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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Objective</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our aim was to present information on skin diseases that important historical figures may have suffered&#44; according to publications in the medical literature&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Material and Methods</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The historical figures were chosen after reviewing articles found through the PubMed search engine&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We searched for accounts of historically important persons who suffered pruriginous inflammatory skin diseases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Results</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found articles discussing the skin conditions of 4&#8239;persons who met the selection criteria&#58; the Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus&#44; the French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat&#44; the author Oscar Wilde&#44; and Neville Chamberlain&#44; the British prime minister&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Discussion</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Octavian&#44; Emperor Caesar Augustus</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus was the nephew and grandson of Julius Caesar&#46; Born in Rome in 63 BCE&#44; he died in Naples in 14 CE&#46; His age of 76 years at death was advanced for the time&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the historians Pliny the Younger &#40;61&#8211;112 CE&#41; and Gaius Suetonius &#40;70&#8211;126 CE&#41;&#44; the emperor suffered from a chronic pruriginous skin disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although we lack clinical images confirming his condition&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> it is thought that he would probably have met the Hanifin&#8211;Rajka diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> based on clinical details and the fact that he might also havehad asthma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have no information about therapies used to control his symptoms&#44; but it is likely that baths were among the measures prescribed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Jean-Paul Marat</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A physician&#44; writer&#44; and Jacobin during the French Revolution&#44; Marat was born in Boudry in 1743 and died in Paris in 1793&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marat had a crusting&#44; foul-smelling&#44; and severely pruriginous skin disease that he attempted to treat by immersing himself in long&#44; hot baths&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact&#44; it was while Marat was in his bath that he was murdered by Charlotte Corday &#40;1768&#8211;1793&#41;&#44; a member of the rival Girondin political faction during the Revolution&#46; The place of assassination suggests that Marat&#8217;s skin disease might have played a hand in changing the course of history&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no consensus on Marat&#8217;s diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Speculations have included common contemporary diseases&#44; such as syphilis&#44; which did not usually cause a pruriginous rash&#44; or scabies &#8212; for which a treatment existed&#44; something that a physician like Marat must have known&#46; Other less common diseases that have been proposed include atopic&#44; seborrheic&#44; or herpetiform dermatitis&#46; It is plausible that Marat had dermatitis herpetiformis&#46; Besides being a severely pruriginous condition&#44; this disease&#8217;s blisters contain a watery fluid that forms crusts&#46; There was no specific treatment available in Marat&#8217;s day&#44; as sulfa drugs &#40;sulfonamide antibacterials&#41; were not introduced until the 1930s&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Oscar Wilde</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Born in Dublin in 1845&#44; Oscar Wilde died of meningoencephalitis in Paris in 1900&#46; He was a writer known for solid argumentation and the witty&#44; biting humor of his conversation&#46; The Victorian morality of his time could not condone his homosexuality&#44; for which he was sent to prison&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wilde was said to break out in a severe pruriginous rash of erythematous macules on his face&#44; shoulders and the upper third of his trunk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The rash appeared intermittently&#44; and at first he associated it with eating mussels&#46; However&#44; he later ruled out that cause on finding that it disappeared after he received the blessing of Pope Leo XIII&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nater<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> claimed that Wilde&#44; a quintessential dandy who could not abide the physical changes that came with the passage of time&#44; dyed his hair to appear younger&#46; The skin symptoms reported would be compatible with contact dermatitis from hair dye containing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-phenylenediamine&#44; the agent most often responsible for sensitivity reactions in this scenario&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Arthur Neville Chamberlain</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The British prime minister Neville Chamberlain was born in 1869 and died in 1940&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On a trip to his family&#8217;s plantations in the Bahamas in 1891&#44; Chamberlain noted in his diary that a rash had broken out on one of his legs&#46; The future politician reported the presence of large blisters&#44; some of which were probably hemorrhagic&#46; Before the rash appeared&#44; he had been sitting on the trunk of a local poisonwood tree&#44; known by the names <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guao</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">chechen</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This tree&#44; thought to be <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Metopium toxiferum</span>&#44; produces urushiol&#44; a toxic substance that causes an irritative contact dermatitis&#8212;the likely final dermatologic diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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History and Humanities in Dermatology
Dermatologic Conditions of Eminent Historical Figures
Algunos personajes ilustres en la consulta de Dermatología
R.M. Díaz Díaz
Corresponding author
rmaria.diaz@salud.madrid.org

Corresponding author.
, T. Sánz Sánchez, M. Martín de Santa Olalla y Llanes
Sección de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
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    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">History and Humanities in Dermatology</span>"
    "titulo" => "Dermatologic Conditions of Eminent Historical Figures"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Objective</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our aim was to present information on skin diseases that important historical figures may have suffered&#44; according to publications in the medical literature&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Material and Methods</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The historical figures were chosen after reviewing articles found through the PubMed search engine&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We searched for accounts of historically important persons who suffered pruriginous inflammatory skin diseases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Results</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found articles discussing the skin conditions of 4&#8239;persons who met the selection criteria&#58; the Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus&#44; the French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat&#44; the author Oscar Wilde&#44; and Neville Chamberlain&#44; the British prime minister&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Discussion</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Octavian&#44; Emperor Caesar Augustus</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus was the nephew and grandson of Julius Caesar&#46; Born in Rome in 63 BCE&#44; he died in Naples in 14 CE&#46; His age of 76 years at death was advanced for the time&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the historians Pliny the Younger &#40;61&#8211;112 CE&#41; and Gaius Suetonius &#40;70&#8211;126 CE&#41;&#44; the emperor suffered from a chronic pruriginous skin disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although we lack clinical images confirming his condition&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> it is thought that he would probably have met the Hanifin&#8211;Rajka diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> based on clinical details and the fact that he might also havehad asthma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have no information about therapies used to control his symptoms&#44; but it is likely that baths were among the measures prescribed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Jean-Paul Marat</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A physician&#44; writer&#44; and Jacobin during the French Revolution&#44; Marat was born in Boudry in 1743 and died in Paris in 1793&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marat had a crusting&#44; foul-smelling&#44; and severely pruriginous skin disease that he attempted to treat by immersing himself in long&#44; hot baths&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact&#44; it was while Marat was in his bath that he was murdered by Charlotte Corday &#40;1768&#8211;1793&#41;&#44; a member of the rival Girondin political faction during the Revolution&#46; The place of assassination suggests that Marat&#8217;s skin disease might have played a hand in changing the course of history&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no consensus on Marat&#8217;s diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Speculations have included common contemporary diseases&#44; such as syphilis&#44; which did not usually cause a pruriginous rash&#44; or scabies &#8212; for which a treatment existed&#44; something that a physician like Marat must have known&#46; Other less common diseases that have been proposed include atopic&#44; seborrheic&#44; or herpetiform dermatitis&#46; It is plausible that Marat had dermatitis herpetiformis&#46; Besides being a severely pruriginous condition&#44; this disease&#8217;s blisters contain a watery fluid that forms crusts&#46; There was no specific treatment available in Marat&#8217;s day&#44; as sulfa drugs &#40;sulfonamide antibacterials&#41; were not introduced until the 1930s&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Oscar Wilde</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Born in Dublin in 1845&#44; Oscar Wilde died of meningoencephalitis in Paris in 1900&#46; He was a writer known for solid argumentation and the witty&#44; biting humor of his conversation&#46; The Victorian morality of his time could not condone his homosexuality&#44; for which he was sent to prison&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wilde was said to break out in a severe pruriginous rash of erythematous macules on his face&#44; shoulders and the upper third of his trunk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The rash appeared intermittently&#44; and at first he associated it with eating mussels&#46; However&#44; he later ruled out that cause on finding that it disappeared after he received the blessing of Pope Leo XIII&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nater<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> claimed that Wilde&#44; a quintessential dandy who could not abide the physical changes that came with the passage of time&#44; dyed his hair to appear younger&#46; The skin symptoms reported would be compatible with contact dermatitis from hair dye containing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-phenylenediamine&#44; the agent most often responsible for sensitivity reactions in this scenario&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Arthur Neville Chamberlain</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The British prime minister Neville Chamberlain was born in 1869 and died in 1940&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On a trip to his family&#8217;s plantations in the Bahamas in 1891&#44; Chamberlain noted in his diary that a rash had broken out on one of his legs&#46; The future politician reported the presence of large blisters&#44; some of which were probably hemorrhagic&#46; Before the rash appeared&#44; he had been sitting on the trunk of a local poisonwood tree&#44; known by the names <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guao</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">chechen</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This tree&#44; thought to be <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Metopium toxiferum</span>&#44; produces urushiol&#44; a toxic substance that causes an irritative contact dermatitis&#8212;the likely final dermatologic diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 15782190
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.adengl.2020.01.013
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