Case and Research Letters
Primary Kaposi Sarcoma of the Subcutaneous Tissue: A Rare Clinical Variant
Sarcoma de Kaposi subcutáneo primario, una rara variante clínica
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MART-1 showed weak staining of the lesional cells (C). Subsequent biopsies showed less nesting on H&E on low (D) and high (E) magnification and did not show a melanocytic neoplasm with SOX10 stains (F). Pankeratin and S100 were only focally positive (not pictured).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "D. McClanahan, S. Choudhary, J. Zahniser, J. Ho" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "McClanahan" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Choudhary" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Zahniser" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Ho" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0001731018301728" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2018.02.014" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731018301728?idApp=UINPBA000044" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219018301926?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/15782190/0000011000000004/v1_201905070820/S1578219018301926/v1_201905070820/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1578219019300976" "issn" => "15782190" "doi" => "10.1016/j.adengl.2019.03.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-05-01" "aid" => "2002" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEDV" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2019;110:317-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3 "HTML" => 3 ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Case and Research Letters</span>" "titulo" => "Psoriasis and Pitiriasis Versicolor: Together But Separate" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "317" "paginaFinal" => "318" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Psoriasis y pitiriasis versicolor: juntas pero no revueltas" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 559 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 48046 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reddish-brown, desquamative, confluent macular plaques covering large areas of the trunk, indicative of pityriasis versicolor (blue arrows).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Romaní, A. Casulleras" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Romaní" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Casulleras" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0001731018302874" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2018.01.012" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731018302874?idApp=UINPBA000044" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219019300976?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/15782190/0000011000000004/v1_201905070820/S1578219019300976/v1_201905070820/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:16 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Case and Research Letters</span>" "titulo" => "Primary Kaposi Sarcoma of the Subcutaneous Tissue: A Rare Clinical Variant" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">To the Editor:</span>" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "318" "paginaFinal" => "320" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Franco-Muñoz, M. García-Arpa, B. Lozano-Masdemont, I. Lara-Simón" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Franco-Muñoz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "monse.franco.m@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "García-Arpa" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Lozano-Masdemont" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Lara-Simón" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Anatomía Patología, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Sarcoma de Kaposi subcutáneo primario, una rara variante clínica" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 910 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 639042 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A and B, Higher-magnification histologic images showing that the nodule is formed by spindle cells with varying degrees of atypia intermingled with dilated, irregular vascular channels (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×10). C, Spindle cells showing positive staining for human herpes virus 8 (monoclonal antibody, ORF73/HHV-8; original magnification ×20).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumor associated with human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) infection. We describe a case of primary KS of the subcutaneous tissue, a rare clinical manifestation, and review the literature.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 78-year-old woman with no remarkable past history presented with nodular lesions of 2 years’ duration on both legs. The lesions were asymptomatic, and while they had not grown, they had increased in number. Physical examination showed multiple nodules measuring less than 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm covered by normal-appearing skin on both legs and a few nodules on the thighs. The nodules were soft on palpation and not fixed to the deep layers (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). There was no associated edema or mucosal involvement. The general blood test results were normal and serology for hepatitis C virus (HCV), HBV, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was negative. Ultrasound showed numerous solid subcutaneous lesions in both legs. The findings were heterogeneous, with a mixture of hyperechogenic and strongly hypoechogenic lesions without detectable flow. Histologic examination showed a well-circumscribed nodule composed of spindle cells with varying degrees of atypia (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>) in the subcutaneous tissue, in addition to large irregular, dilated vascular channels with a prominent endothelium and abundant hematic content (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). Immunohistochemistry was positive for CD31 and HHV-8. Positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) ruled out lymph node and visceral involvement and confirmed exclusive involvement of the subcutaneous tissue. A diagnosis of primary KS of the subcutaneous tissue was established. Considering the absence of disease spread and severe symptoms, it was decided to adopt a watch-and-wait approach.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">KS is a multifocal systemic disease that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes. Although it is characterized by a proliferation of endothelial cells, it is not yet known whether these cells are derived from lymphatic or blood endothelium.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> KS is etiologically associated with HHV-8 infection combined with factors such as an altered immune system and an inflammatory/angiogenic environment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is classified into 4 clinical/epidemiological groups: classic KS, endemic (African) KS, HIV-associated KS, and immunosuppression-associated KS. HIV-associated KS tends to show a multicentric pattern, with greater mucocutaneous, gastrointestinal, lymph node, visceral, and atypical involvement.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In KS, endothelial transformation typically occurs in the dermis (superficial more often than deep), giving rise to classic lesions, such as macules, papules, and nodules, or violaceous tumors affecting the skin or mucous membranes. Involvement of the subcutaneous tissue and other deep soft tissues and even bone is generally the result of deep extension by superficial lesions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Visceral and nodal involvement is uncommon and has been mainly described in immunosuppressed patients, who usually have cutaneous/mucosal lesions. Exclusive extracutaneous KS is rare,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> as is primary involvement of the subcutaneous tissue. We found just 6 other cases of patients with subcutaneous nodules without overlying skin involvement in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–7</span></a> All the patients were men and they were all HIV-positive but one. Five of them had a classic KS lesion at another site, facilitating diagnosis. Just 1 patient, a 43-year-old HIV-positive man, had subcutaneous involvement only.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mechanism underlying the development of primary KS of the subcutaneous tissue is unknown. Some authors have proposed that chronic lymphedema could have an etiologic role in lymphangiogenesis and immune injury,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,8</span></a> but no signs of lymphedema have been detected in the cases described to date. In addition, many patients with classic KS on the legs have edema but do not develop subcutaneous lesions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Trauma to the subcutaneous tissue might also have a role in the development of KS, particularly in solitary or very localized lesions. This hypothesis is based on reports of KS arising in scars.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis for subcutaneous tissue lesions is broad. In immunosuppressed patients, primary KS of the subcutaneous tissue without skin lesions can be difficult to distinguish from other lesions, particularly in patients with infections and other proliferative disorders.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although skin biopsy is necessary for establishing a definitive diagnosis, imaging studies are essential for guiding diagnosis and determining the extent of disease before treatment initiation. PET-CT is the best tool currently available for assessing subcutaneous disease,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> as lesions show uptake of F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose. It is also useful for assessing visceral, nodal, soft tissue, and bone involvement. CT alone is also useful for assessing visceral (mainly lung) involvement, but it is less valuable in soft tissue lesions. T1-weighted (T1W1) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows an isointense signal to muscle while T2W2 scanning shows a mainly hyperintense signal that is enhanced with gadolinium. MRI is less sensitive, however, to small lesions in the subcutaneous tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Scintigraphy has also proven useful for determining the presence and extent of cutaneous and extracutaneous KS associated with HIV infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Skin ultrasound is a useful complementary test, as it provides information on structural and vascular lesions and can also be used to guide biopsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have presented a new case of primary KS of the subcutaneous tissue and the first-ever case described in an immunocompetent woman. It is important to be familiar with uncommon presentations of KS, such as primary KS of the subcutaneous tissue, to avoid diagnostic and therapeutic delays.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors report no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Franco-Muñoz M, García-Arpa M, Lozano-Masdemont B, Lara-Simón I. Sarcoma de Kaposi subcutáneo primario, una rara variante clínica. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2019;110:318–320.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1340 "Ancho" => 650 "Tamanyo" => 109076 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Multiple subcutaneous nodules covered by normal-colored skin on the legs.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 672 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 166929 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Skin biopsy of a lesion on the left leg. Panoramic view showing a well-circumscribed nodular lesion in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue (hematoxylin-eosin staining, original magnification ×2).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 910 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 639042 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A and B, Higher-magnification histologic images showing that the nodule is formed by spindle cells with varying degrees of atypia intermingled with dilated, irregular vascular channels (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×10). C, Spindle cells showing positive staining for human herpes virus 8 (monoclonal antibody, ORF73/HHV-8; original magnification ×20).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Kaposi's sarcoma: A model of both malignancy and chronic inflammation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J.L. Douglas" 1 => "J.K. Gustin" 2 => "B. Dezube" 3 => "J.L. Pantanowitz" 4 => "A.V. Moses" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Panminerva Med." 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 4 | 10 | 14 |
| 2024 October | 84 | 42 | 126 |
| 2024 September | 82 | 23 | 105 |
| 2024 August | 105 | 50 | 155 |
| 2024 July | 80 | 38 | 118 |
| 2024 June | 96 | 36 | 132 |
| 2024 May | 82 | 29 | 111 |
| 2024 April | 97 | 19 | 116 |
| 2024 March | 100 | 24 | 124 |
| 2024 February | 129 | 32 | 161 |
| 2024 January | 99 | 32 | 131 |
| 2023 December | 109 | 18 | 127 |
| 2023 November | 207 | 31 | 238 |
| 2023 October | 203 | 32 | 235 |
| 2023 September | 171 | 34 | 205 |
| 2023 August | 167 | 17 | 184 |
| 2023 July | 155 | 40 | 195 |
| 2023 June | 58 | 21 | 79 |
| 2023 May | 102 | 20 | 122 |
| 2023 April | 150 | 21 | 171 |
| 2023 March | 170 | 24 | 194 |
| 2023 February | 145 | 23 | 168 |
| 2023 January | 193 | 30 | 223 |
| 2022 December | 140 | 38 | 178 |
| 2022 November | 111 | 20 | 131 |
| 2022 October | 101 | 18 | 119 |
| 2022 September | 133 | 44 | 177 |
| 2022 August | 99 | 31 | 130 |
| 2022 July | 48 | 27 | 75 |
| 2022 June | 28 | 32 | 60 |
| 2022 May | 171 | 42 | 213 |
| 2022 April | 231 | 25 | 256 |
| 2022 March | 267 | 47 | 314 |
| 2022 February | 275 | 22 | 297 |
| 2022 January | 295 | 32 | 327 |
| 2021 December | 187 | 32 | 219 |
| 2021 November | 228 | 47 | 275 |
| 2021 October | 201 | 42 | 243 |
| 2021 September | 168 | 34 | 202 |
| 2021 August | 185 | 24 | 209 |
| 2021 July | 173 | 22 | 195 |
| 2021 June | 181 | 19 | 200 |
| 2021 May | 191 | 41 | 232 |
| 2021 April | 321 | 64 | 385 |
| 2021 March | 200 | 21 | 221 |
| 2021 February | 130 | 21 | 151 |
| 2021 January | 102 | 16 | 118 |
| 2020 December | 94 | 15 | 109 |
| 2020 November | 71 | 18 | 89 |
| 2020 October | 53 | 10 | 63 |
| 2020 September | 59 | 12 | 71 |
| 2020 August | 33 | 17 | 50 |
| 2020 July | 56 | 14 | 70 |
| 2020 June | 38 | 24 | 62 |
| 2020 May | 41 | 11 | 52 |
| 2020 April | 14 | 8 | 22 |
| 2020 March | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2020 February | 30 | 0 | 30 |
| 2019 May | 4 | 0 | 4 |
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