Case and Research Letters
Stewart-Bluefarb Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Síndrome de Stewart-Bluefarb: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura
V.E. García Blanco
, E. Doiz Artázcoz, M.C. Galera Martínez, M. Rodríguez Piñero
Corresponding author
Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
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García Blanco, E. Doiz Artázcoz, M.C. Galera Martínez, M. Rodríguez Piñero" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "V.E." "apellidos" => "García Blanco" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "victoriagarciablanco@outlook.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Doiz Artázcoz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.C." "apellidos" => "Galera Martínez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez Piñero" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Síndrome de Stewart-Bluefarb: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1134 "Ancho" => 850 "Tamanyo" => 160094 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Image showing raised lesions with perilesional eczema in the anterior pretibial surface and outermost supramalleolar region. An ulcer with perilesional cutaneous hyperpigmentation is visible at the center of the image.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stewart-Bluefarb syndrome (SBS), also known as pseudo-Kaposi sarcoma, is a very rare subtype of angiodermatitis associated with congenital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). We report a case of SBS and review the literature on this disease.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 46-year-old man was referred to our unit for assessment of a painful, slow-growing ulcer on the lower right limb that had first appeared 3 months earlier. The patient had dyslipidemia and was an active smoker. The patient presented with raised, self-limiting brownish papular lesions that had recurred since childhood and had never been diagnosed. Physical examination revealed symmetrical, bilateral palpable pulses without bruit or thrill, raised brownish-violaceous tumors in the pretibial and outermost supramalleolar region, perilesional eczema, and an ulcer measuring 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm with irregular borders, a fibrinous base, and mild signs of infection (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>), with no dysmetria of the lower limbs. Complete blood count, biochemistry, and serologic tests were negative or normal. Given the presence of atypical skin lesions, a complete Doppler ultrasound examination was performed on both limbs and a skin biopsy was carried out.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologic examination revealed the proliferation of capillaries in the deep dermis and papillary dermis, fibrosis, extravasated red blood cells, hemosiderin deposits, and tortuous vessels consistent with SBS. Doppler ultrasound confirmed the presence of underlying arteriovenous fistulas of the anterior and posterior tibial arteries with arterialized venous flow distal to the fistulas (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conservative treatment with 10 days of targeted antibiotic therapy was initiated after microbiologic culture detected the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>. Compression therapy was also initiated with 2-in-1 compression stockings with a lateral zipper, as well as local wound care with a lipido-colloid dressing. At 3 months, the ulcer had healed and the pain had disappeared. The patient has continued to use compression therapy and remains asymptomatic after 1 year (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Angiodermatitis is a group of angioproliferative diseases that manifest as skin lesions resembling Kaposi sarcoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> These entities consist of benign hyperplasia of preexisting vascular structures and can be associated with AVMs, as in the case of SBS.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SBS is a rare benign angioproliferative entity with histologic similarities to Kaposi sarcoma. It was first described by Earhart et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> in 1974 and fewer than 20 cases have been reported. SBS generally affects young men starting in the second decade of life<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and is characterized by progressive brown or violaceous maculopapular skin lesions and underlying AVMs. The lesions appear unilaterally on the lower limbs—on the dorsum of the foot, on the ankle, and on the calf—and are accompanied by edema, local temperature increase, soft-tissue hypertrophy, and varicose veins as a consequence of venous stasis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,6</span></a> Complications can include ulcers and verrucous lesions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differential diagnosis should include acroangiodermatitis of Mali, which typically appears in elderly patients as a consequence of chronic venous insufficiency and develops bilaterally, as well as Kaposi sarcoma, lichen planus, vasculitis, lymphoproliferative diseases characterized by congenital arteriovenous fistulas such as Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome, and iatrogenic diseases in patients who have hepatitis C or are undergoing dialysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,7,8</span></a> Various theories have been proposed regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of SBS; an increase in venous pressure resulting from AVM or ischemia caused by arteriovenous steal can stimulate the proliferation of endothelial cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspicion of SBS is purely clinical (atypical venous lesions, soft-tissue hypertrophy, palpation of thrill, or auscultation of bruit) and diagnosis is confirmed by histology; it is therefore important that dermatologists be familiar with this rare disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Histologically, SBS is characterized by the proliferation of endothelial cells, angiogenesis with a lobular pattern in the deep dermis and papillary dermis, and extravasated red blood cells, without fusiform neoplastic cells or proliferation independent of normal structures (features typical of Kaposi sarcoma).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7</span></a> Doppler ultrasound can detect the presence of arteriovenous communications,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> although arteriography remains the gold standard<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7</span></a> for diagnosis and treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,5</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment of SBS remains controversial. Most experts recommend conservative treatment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and preventive treatment with compression stockings and limb elevation if edema is present.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Symptomatic treatment of local complications is crucial,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> whereas specific treatment is rarely possible due to the presence of various distal communications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> Surgery is indicated in patients with functional impotence, refractory pain, recurrent infection, bleeding, or cardiac decompensation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,8</span></a> Amputation of the limb is sometimes the only option.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Selective embolization with different particles, intravenous laser, radiofrequency ablation, and ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy can be alternatives in complex and symptomatic cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> A recent case report described the use of the glycosaminoglycan Cacipliq20 (heparin sulfate analogue) in a patient with SBS, with complete resolution of the ulcer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, we have described a case of a rare syndrome of angiodermatitis that manifested as a chronic painful ulcer and skin lesions resembling Kaposi sarcoma, arising from an underlying arteriovenous communication. We have described a new vision for diagnosis using Doppler ultrasound and review the handful of studies on controversial therapeutic measures for this disease that have been published to date.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: García Blanco VE, Doiz Artázcoz E, Galera Martínez MC, Rodríguez Piñero M. Síndrome de Stewart-Bluefarb: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2018;109:934–936.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1134 "Ancho" => 850 "Tamanyo" => 160094 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Image showing raised lesions with perilesional eczema in the anterior pretibial surface and outermost supramalleolar region. An ulcer with perilesional cutaneous hyperpigmentation is visible at the center of the image.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1170 "Ancho" => 2084 "Tamanyo" => 282064 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">On the left, a histologic image showing the proliferation of capillaries in the deep dermis and papillary dermis, fibrosis, extravasated red blood cells, hemosiderin deposits, and tortuous vessels. On the right, Doppler ultrasound images showing an arteriovenous fistula of the posterior tibial artery (A), anterior tibial artery (B), and arterialized venous flow distal to the anterior tibial vein (C).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 390 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 46948 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Healed ulcer after conservative medical treatment and compression therapy.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A rare case of acroangiodermatitis associated with a congenital arteriovenous malformation (Stewart-Bluefarb Syndrome) in a young veteran: case report and review of the literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 11 | 10 | 21 |
| 2024 October | 83 | 47 | 130 |
| 2024 September | 87 | 24 | 111 |
| 2024 August | 109 | 71 | 180 |
| 2024 July | 108 | 50 | 158 |
| 2024 June | 86 | 58 | 144 |
| 2024 May | 89 | 40 | 129 |
| 2024 April | 126 | 40 | 166 |
| 2024 March | 132 | 22 | 154 |
| 2024 February | 102 | 41 | 143 |
| 2024 January | 150 | 36 | 186 |
| 2023 December | 170 | 15 | 185 |
| 2023 November | 142 | 29 | 171 |
| 2023 October | 71 | 24 | 95 |
| 2023 September | 84 | 37 | 121 |
| 2023 August | 56 | 17 | 73 |
| 2023 July | 56 | 43 | 99 |
| 2023 June | 53 | 25 | 78 |
| 2023 May | 66 | 21 | 87 |
| 2023 April | 59 | 29 | 88 |
| 2023 March | 56 | 28 | 84 |
| 2023 February | 49 | 17 | 66 |
| 2023 January | 54 | 23 | 77 |
| 2022 December | 49 | 33 | 82 |
| 2022 November | 92 | 31 | 123 |
| 2022 October | 41 | 22 | 63 |
| 2022 September | 33 | 33 | 66 |
| 2022 August | 38 | 31 | 69 |
| 2022 July | 41 | 46 | 87 |
| 2022 June | 27 | 40 | 67 |
| 2022 May | 53 | 46 | 99 |
| 2022 April | 40 | 28 | 68 |
| 2022 March | 55 | 41 | 96 |
| 2022 February | 45 | 18 | 63 |
| 2022 January | 61 | 32 | 93 |
| 2021 December | 36 | 37 | 73 |
| 2021 November | 40 | 39 | 79 |
| 2021 October | 50 | 51 | 101 |
| 2021 September | 40 | 32 | 72 |
| 2021 August | 48 | 20 | 68 |
| 2021 July | 31 | 23 | 54 |
| 2021 June | 26 | 19 | 45 |
| 2021 May | 34 | 43 | 77 |
| 2021 April | 106 | 54 | 160 |
| 2021 March | 62 | 28 | 90 |
| 2021 February | 67 | 25 | 92 |
| 2021 January | 32 | 17 | 49 |
| 2020 December | 35 | 10 | 45 |
| 2020 November | 29 | 9 | 38 |
| 2020 October | 31 | 8 | 39 |
| 2020 September | 45 | 16 | 61 |
| 2020 August | 31 | 16 | 47 |
| 2020 July | 24 | 12 | 36 |
| 2020 June | 23 | 21 | 44 |
| 2020 May | 27 | 11 | 38 |
| 2020 April | 13 | 16 | 29 |
| 2020 March | 11 | 7 | 18 |
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