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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bacterial superinfection associated with epidermal growth factor receptor &#40;EGFR&#41; inhibitors is a recognizable clinical and histopathological entity that can be differentiated from the classic papulopustular rash&#46; The different location and distribution of the lesions&#44; together with an onset that is typically later than that of papulopustular rash&#44; enable it to be distinguished based on clinical findings&#46; Correct diagnosis is essential&#44; since treatment must be selected carefully if we are to prevent severe comorbidities in cancer patients&#44; including the potential risk of sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 66-year-old woman diagnosed with metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma who was receiving treatment with erlotinib at an initial dose of 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d presented with grade 1 papulopustular rash that progressed to grade 2 rash during the following 3 weeks&#46; The response to topical corticosteroids combined with doxycycline was poor&#46; Therefore&#44; we decided to reduce the dose of erlotinib to 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#44; with good control of the papulopustular lesions&#46; Six months later&#44; the patient was referred to the dermatology outpatient clinic for evaluation of crusted lesions on the scalp that had first appeared 3 months previously&#46; Physical examination revealed generalized swelling throughout the scalp over a confluent and malodorous pustular base&#46; Given the diagnosis of bacterial superinfection associated with erlotinib&#44; we took a sample of the exudate for culture and started doxycycline 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg every 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46; Methicillin-sensitive <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> was isolated in culture&#44; and treatment was adjusted according to the antibiogram&#46; However&#44; the patient&#39;s condition progressed over the following days&#44; with rapid loss of tufts of hair&#44; leaving de-epithelialized alopecic plaques with a scar-like appearance alternating with pustular areas throughout the scalp &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; We made a diagnosis of folliculitis decalvans due to bacterial superinfection associated with erlotinib&#46; The patient died of acute pulmonary thromboembolism a week later&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bacterial superinfection of papulopustular rash secondary to EGFR inhibitors is not an uncommon complication&#46; According to a study performed in 2010 on a series of 221 patients&#44; the complication affected 29&#37; of those treated with these EGFR inhibitors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> As for pathophysiology&#44; inhibition of EGFR in keratinocytes leads to epidermal thinning&#46; Furthermore&#44; in vitro evaluation has shown that there is a reduction in the production of antimicrobial peptides and &#223;-defensins by keratinocytes&#44; as well as inhibition of the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Braden and Anadkat<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> correctly defined this condition in a study published in 2016 that included 157 patients treated with EGFR inhibitors who had developed classic papulopustular lesions or infections resulting from bacterial superinfection&#46; The authors concluded that up to 23&#37; of patients treated with these inhibitors develop symptoms compatible with bacterial superinfection&#44; especially in the form of folliculitis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S aureus</span>&#46; In most cases&#44; bacterial superinfection can be differentiated from papulopustular rash based on 2 criteria&#58; distribution of lesions and time to onset after initiation of cancer treatment&#46; Bacterial superinfection progresses with folliculitis lesions mainly on the abdomen&#44; buttocks&#44; arms&#44; and legs&#46; In contrast&#44; classic papulopustular rash is predominantly cephalic&#44; affecting the upper part of the back and chest&#44; and more intense in seborrheic areas of the center of the face and sternum&#46; As for time to onset after initiation of treatment&#44; the papulopustular rash has a mean latency period of 1&#46;5 weeks&#44; compared with a mean of more than 28 weeks in the case of bacterial superinfection&#46; Therefore&#44; the authors state that we should suspect bacterial superinfection&#44; regardless of the location of the lesions&#44; provided that onset is at least 12 weeks after initiation of cancer treatment&#46; Pruritus and pain may be present in both cases&#44; although pain is much more common in cases of bacterial superinfection&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment of bacterial superinfection requires empirical systemic antibiotics after culture of samples and subsequent adjustment based on the antibiogram&#46; As <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S aureus</span> is generally the pathogen involved&#44; the recommended empirical treatment is clindamycin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole&#44; thus covering the possibility of community-acquired methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S aureus</span>&#46; Systemic involvement should be ruled out based on the clinical history&#46; If there are good grounds for suspicion of systemic involvement&#44; then a workup based on a laboratory analysis and complete blood count should be performed&#46; It may even be necessary to consider admission to hospital and intravenous antibiotic therapy&#46; Nevertheless&#44; most cases respond to oral therapy at home with close monitoring&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we present a case of bacterial superinfection associated with erlotinib that manifested as folliculitis decalvans&#44; a complication that has received little attention in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> Knowledge of this entity enables the early management necessary to prevent severe local or systemic complications&#46; The disease should be correctly differentiated from the classic papulopustular rash&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case and Research Letters
Folliculitis Decalvans Caused by Bacterial Superinfection Secondary to Erlotinib
Foliculitis decalvante por sobreinfección bacteriana secundaria a erlotinib
A. Sahuquillo-Torralba
Corresponding author
saucodos@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, B. Escutia-Muñoz, M. Rodríguez-Serna, R. Botella-Estrada
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari i Politécnic La Fe, Valencia, España
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    "titulo" => "Folliculitis Decalvans Caused by Bacterial Superinfection Secondary to Erlotinib"
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        "titulo" => "Foliculitis decalvante por sobreinfecci&#243;n bacteriana secundaria a erlotinib"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De-epithelialized alopecic plaques with a scar-like appearance throughout the scalp&#44; alternating with purulent and macerated areas&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bacterial superinfection associated with epidermal growth factor receptor &#40;EGFR&#41; inhibitors is a recognizable clinical and histopathological entity that can be differentiated from the classic papulopustular rash&#46; The different location and distribution of the lesions&#44; together with an onset that is typically later than that of papulopustular rash&#44; enable it to be distinguished based on clinical findings&#46; Correct diagnosis is essential&#44; since treatment must be selected carefully if we are to prevent severe comorbidities in cancer patients&#44; including the potential risk of sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 66-year-old woman diagnosed with metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma who was receiving treatment with erlotinib at an initial dose of 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d presented with grade 1 papulopustular rash that progressed to grade 2 rash during the following 3 weeks&#46; The response to topical corticosteroids combined with doxycycline was poor&#46; Therefore&#44; we decided to reduce the dose of erlotinib to 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#44; with good control of the papulopustular lesions&#46; Six months later&#44; the patient was referred to the dermatology outpatient clinic for evaluation of crusted lesions on the scalp that had first appeared 3 months previously&#46; Physical examination revealed generalized swelling throughout the scalp over a confluent and malodorous pustular base&#46; Given the diagnosis of bacterial superinfection associated with erlotinib&#44; we took a sample of the exudate for culture and started doxycycline 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg every 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46; Methicillin-sensitive <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> was isolated in culture&#44; and treatment was adjusted according to the antibiogram&#46; However&#44; the patient&#39;s condition progressed over the following days&#44; with rapid loss of tufts of hair&#44; leaving de-epithelialized alopecic plaques with a scar-like appearance alternating with pustular areas throughout the scalp &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; We made a diagnosis of folliculitis decalvans due to bacterial superinfection associated with erlotinib&#46; The patient died of acute pulmonary thromboembolism a week later&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bacterial superinfection of papulopustular rash secondary to EGFR inhibitors is not an uncommon complication&#46; According to a study performed in 2010 on a series of 221 patients&#44; the complication affected 29&#37; of those treated with these EGFR inhibitors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> As for pathophysiology&#44; inhibition of EGFR in keratinocytes leads to epidermal thinning&#46; Furthermore&#44; in vitro evaluation has shown that there is a reduction in the production of antimicrobial peptides and &#223;-defensins by keratinocytes&#44; as well as inhibition of the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Braden and Anadkat<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> correctly defined this condition in a study published in 2016 that included 157 patients treated with EGFR inhibitors who had developed classic papulopustular lesions or infections resulting from bacterial superinfection&#46; The authors concluded that up to 23&#37; of patients treated with these inhibitors develop symptoms compatible with bacterial superinfection&#44; especially in the form of folliculitis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S aureus</span>&#46; In most cases&#44; bacterial superinfection can be differentiated from papulopustular rash based on 2 criteria&#58; distribution of lesions and time to onset after initiation of cancer treatment&#46; Bacterial superinfection progresses with folliculitis lesions mainly on the abdomen&#44; buttocks&#44; arms&#44; and legs&#46; In contrast&#44; classic papulopustular rash is predominantly cephalic&#44; affecting the upper part of the back and chest&#44; and more intense in seborrheic areas of the center of the face and sternum&#46; As for time to onset after initiation of treatment&#44; the papulopustular rash has a mean latency period of 1&#46;5 weeks&#44; compared with a mean of more than 28 weeks in the case of bacterial superinfection&#46; Therefore&#44; the authors state that we should suspect bacterial superinfection&#44; regardless of the location of the lesions&#44; provided that onset is at least 12 weeks after initiation of cancer treatment&#46; Pruritus and pain may be present in both cases&#44; although pain is much more common in cases of bacterial superinfection&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment of bacterial superinfection requires empirical systemic antibiotics after culture of samples and subsequent adjustment based on the antibiogram&#46; As <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S aureus</span> is generally the pathogen involved&#44; the recommended empirical treatment is clindamycin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole&#44; thus covering the possibility of community-acquired methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S aureus</span>&#46; Systemic involvement should be ruled out based on the clinical history&#46; If there are good grounds for suspicion of systemic involvement&#44; then a workup based on a laboratory analysis and complete blood count should be performed&#46; It may even be necessary to consider admission to hospital and intravenous antibiotic therapy&#46; Nevertheless&#44; most cases respond to oral therapy at home with close monitoring&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we present a case of bacterial superinfection associated with erlotinib that manifested as folliculitis decalvans&#44; a complication that has received little attention in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> Knowledge of this entity enables the early management necessary to prevent severe local or systemic complications&#46; The disease should be correctly differentiated from the classic papulopustular rash&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Sahuquillo-Torralba A&#44; Escutia-Mu&#241;oz B&#44; Rodr&#237;guez-Serna M&#44; Botella-Estrada R&#46; Foliculitis decalvante por sobreinfecci&#243;n bacteriana secundaria a erlotinib&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2018&#59;109&#58;363&#8211;364&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 15782190
Original language: English
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2019 July 4 0 4
2019 June 4 0 4
2019 May 7 0 7
2019 April 2 1 3
2019 March 2 0 2
2019 February 4 0 4
2018 December 4 0 4
2018 November 2 0 2
2018 October 1 0 1
2018 September 3 0 3
2018 May 1 1 2
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Idiomas
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
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¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?