Prospective Single-Center Observational Study of the Allergenic Potential of Mercromina Film and Other Common Antiseptics in Patients With Contact Dermatitis

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Baltà Cruz, N. Moreno Ribera, M.T. Estrach Panella" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Baltà Cruz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "susanabalta@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Moreno Ribera" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.T." "apellidos" => "Estrach Panella" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estudio observacional de seguridad, prospectivo y unicéntrico para determinar la capacidad alergogénica de Mercromina Film® y otros antisépticos de uso común en pacientes con dermatitis de contacto" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionTopical antibiotics are considered the treatment of choice in superficial skin infections and infected wounds although increased resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to topical antibiotics has been observed.As bacterial resistance does not develop with antiseptics, it would be pertinent to extend our knowledge of the irritant/allergenic capacity of these agents. All antiseptics have an irritant capacity, particularly when applied to lesioned skin. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs less frequently and is often underdiagnosed.Mercromina Film (Spanish tradename) is an antiseptic indicated for disinfecting small superficial wounds, cracks, burns, and grazes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">1</a> It has been marketed in Spain since 1971 by Laboratorio Lainco SA and, according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification, is considered a mercury product (D08AK).Mercury derivatives can cause local and systemic allergic contact dermatitis (baboon syndrome). The standard Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC) series includes 2 mercury derivatives: thiomersal and mercury metal.The prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis is 5% to thiomersal and 3.7% to mercury metal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">2</a> Cross-reactions occur between organic and inorganic mercury derivatives and so it is recommended to avoid mercury-based antiseptics in patients sensitized to this metal. The use of mercury-based antiseptics can also cause sensitization.In a study from 1991, merbromin only induced an allergenic response in 1% of tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">3</a> Despite this finding, recent reviews still do not recommend use of mercury-based antiseptics because of their allergenic capacity and recommend replacing them with other safer antiseptics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">4</a>Given that there are no recent studies on the allergenic capacity of merbromin, the primary objective of the present study was to determine the percentage of patients who present allergic contact dermatitis to the most common topical antiseptics: merbromin, chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, and eosin. As secondary objectives, we compared the percentage of patients who presented with allergic contact dermatitis to these antiseptics and investigated concomitant allergies produced by the antiseptics of the study.Material and MethodsThis was a prospective, observational, comparative safety study in patients with clinical suspicion of allergic contact dermatitis. In total, we recruited 105 consecutive patients who attended the dermatology department of the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona, Spain, for skin patch tests between March and November 2014. The inclusion criteria for the study were adult age and suspicion of allergic contact dermatitis. All participants signed the informed consent form prior to inclusion. No patient had concurrent diseases of relevance for the study. All study procedures were performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of the hospital.Assessment of the Skin Patch TestThe standard GEIDAC battery, specific batteries selected according to the reason for the referral, and the topical antiseptics object of the study were applied to the study participants. Topical antiseptics included (Spanish tradename given): Mercromina Film (active substance: merbromin 2%), Mercromina Film without any active substance, Cristalmina (active substance: chlorhexidine digluconate 10mg/mL), Betadine dermal solution (active substance: povidone-iodine 10%), eosin 2% (magistral formula). All antiseptics were applied with occlusion for the first 48hours.The tests were read at 48 and 96hours and the results were interpreted according to the parameters shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. A patient was considered to have allergic contact dermatitis to an antiseptic when the result at 96hours was weakly positive, evidently positive, or intensely positive.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Sample Size Calculation and Statistical AnalysisAssuming that 1% of the patients had allergic contact dermatitis to merbromin,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">3</a> and assuming that 10% of the patients would not be analyzable, the sample size required to give a precision of±2.8% was 105. Categoric variables were described by absolute and relative frequencies (%), while the mean and SD were calculated for continuous variables. Comparisons of patients positive for antiseptics were made using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. The McNemar test was used to compare the percentage of patients with allergic contact dermatitis obtained with one antiseptic compared with another. Statistical significance was set at P≤.05. All statistical procedures were performed using the SAS version 9.3 statistical package.ResultsOf a total of 105 participants in the study, 84 were women (80.0%) and the mean age was 49.4±16.7 years.The results showed that 12.4% of the patients in the study had allergic contact dermatitis to Betadine dermal solution and 1.9% to Mercromina Film (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). No patient presented allergic contact dermatitis to Mercromina Film without active substance, Cristalmina, or eosin.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>In comparison with the presence of allergic contact dermatitis according to a antiseptic pairs, the differences found between the percentage of patients who presented allergic contact dermatitis to Betadine dermal solution with respect to other antiseptics (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>) was statistically significant (McNemar test, P<.05). The other comparisons were not statistically significant (McNemar; P>.05). No patient presented allergic contact dermatitis to several antiseptics at the same time.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionRecent reviews of the use of topical antiseptics do not recommend the use of mercury derivatives, alluding to their allergenic capacity, and recommend replacing them with other safer antiseptics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">4</a> However, in a study from 1991 by Romaguera et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">3</a> merbromin induced an allergenic response in only 1%. Similarly, in our study, merbromin was shown to have a very low allergenic capacity (1.9% of patients). The differences between merbromin and other antiseptics were not statistically significant (except Betadine).Of the 105 patients in the study, 6 had allergic contact dermatitis to mercury derivatives (5.7%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>). Of the 2 patients who obtained a positive reaction to merbromin, only 1 had concomitant allergy to thiomersal and mercury metal. Both these compounds are included in the standard GEIDAC battery.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Most sensitizations to mercury are caused by exposure to sanitary products (mainly disinfectants or antiseptics) or cosmetics that have mercury compounds.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">5,6</a> For the 6 cases in our study with a positive reaction to 1 or several mercury derivatives, the potential sources of sensitization analyzed are reflected in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia>With regards povidone-iodine, in our study, we found 12.4% of patients with contact allergy to Betadine. These differences are statistically significant compared with other antiseptics. This percentage was much higher than expected according to the literature and might be explained by the fact that the patch tests were conducted with occlusion, as povidone-iodine has a high irritant capacity (probable false positives). Performing a repeat open application test would make it possible to differentiate between cases of irritant dermatitis and those that are truly allergic.ConclusionIn conclusion, the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis to merbromin in our study is very low—only 1.9%. The differences between merbromin and other antiseptics were not significant (except Betadine). This prevalence is lower than that described for other mercury derivatives (3.7%-5%) and similar to those reported for other antiseptics such as chlorohexidine (2%).As is the case for all observational studies, the results of this study should be interpreted with caution. Although more studies are required with more patients to confirm the results, according to the findings of the present study, use of merbromin as an antiseptic is as safe as using other commonly used antiseptics.FundingThe financial costs of the study were met by Lainco SA. These costs included those derived from the study conduct, and was well as fees paid to La Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica and Dr. Susana Baltá for enrolment and follow-up of patients who participated in this study.Ethical ResponsibilitiesProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that the procedures followed are in line with the corresponding ethics committee and the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association.Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that they have followed their hospital's protocol on the publication of data concerning patients.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors obtained the informed consent of patients and/or subjects mentioned in this article. The informed consent form is located in the archives of the corresponding author.Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of financial or personal interest that might have an inappropriate impact on the course of this study." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres963188" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec933508" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres963189" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec933509" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Assessment of the Skin Patch Test" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Sample Size Calculation and Statistical Analysis" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Ethical Responsibilities" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 14 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-02-22" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-06-18" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec933508" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Mercromina Film" 1 => "Merbromin" 2 => "Allergic contact dermatitis" 3 => "Antiseptics" 4 => "Allergenic potential" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec933509" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Mercromina Film" 1 => "Merbromina" 2 => "Dermatitis alérgica de contacto" 3 => "Antisépticos" 4 => "Capacidad alergénica" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionAlthough Mercromina Film and other topical antiseptics are widely used, they are not included in the standard series recommended by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group for testing suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Furthermore, no recent studies have investigated the allergenic potential of merbromin. ObjectiveTo determine the allergenic potential of merbromin and compare it with that of other topical antiseptics widely used in clinical practice, including povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, and eosin. Material and methodsProspective single-center observational safety study of 105 patients with suspected ACD seen at the dermatology department of our hospital. ResultsOf the 105 patients studied, 1.9% had a positive patch test to merbromin and 12.4% were sensitized to povidone-iodine. The differences in the proportion of patients with ACD to Betadine Solución Dérmica (povidone-iodine) compared with the rest of the antiseptics was statistically significant (McNemar test, P<.05). No adverse reactions were observed in any of the patients. ConclusionsBased on the patch tests conducted, Mercromina Film has very low allergenic potential. The highest allergenic potential was observed for povidone-iodine." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónPese al uso tan extendido de la Mercromina Film® y otros antisépticos de uso tópico, estos no se encuentran incluidos en la serie estándar española del Grupo Español de Investigación en Dermatitis de Contacto y Alergia Cutánea, realizada ante sospecha de dermatitis alérgica de contacto. Además, no existen estudios recientes sobre capacidad alergogénica de la merbromina, motivo por el que se plantea la presente investigación. ObjetivoDeterminar la capacidad alergénica de la merbromina y compararla con la de los otros antisépticos de uso tópico frecuentemente utilizados en la práctica clínica, entre los que se incluye la povidona iodada, clorhexidina y eosina. Material y métodosEstudio observacional de seguridad, prospectivo y unicéntrico realizado en 105 pacientes con sospecha de dermatitis alérgica de contacto que acudieron a la consulta del departamento de dermatología. ResultadosEl 1,9% de los participantes presentó dermatitis alérgica de contacto a la merbromina. El 12,4% de los pacientes presentó sensibilización ante la povidona iodada. Las diferencias entre el porcentaje de pacientes que presentó dermatitis alérgica de contacto a Betadine® solución dérmica respecto al resto de antisépticos fueron estadísticamente significativas (prueba de McNemar; p<0,05). No se registraron efectos adversos con ninguno de los antisépticos en estudio. ConclusionesMercromina Film ha demostrado una muy baja capacidad alergénica en la prueba de patch test. Cuando se comparan con otros antisépticos tópicos, la mayor capacidad alergénica se encontró con la povidona iodada." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Baltà Cruz S, Moreno Ribera N, Estrach Panella MT. Estudio observacional de seguridad, prospectivo y unicéntrico para determinar la capacidad alergogénica de Mercromina Film® y otros antisépticos de uso común en pacientes con dermatitis de contacto. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2018;109:58–62." ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Negative (-) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No response \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Weakly positive (+) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Erythema or erythema and papules \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Evidently positive (++) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Erythema with blistering \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intensely positive (+++) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Blisters and/or necrosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Irritant reaction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Response caused by primary irritant \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1631772.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Reading of Patch Tests." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mercromina Film (Merbromin) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mercromina Film Without Merbromin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Betadine Dermal Solution (Povidone-Iodine) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cristalmina® (Chlorhexidine) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eosin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Results at 48h, number of patients, %</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Negative result \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">103 (98.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104 (99.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77 (73.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105 (100.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105 (100.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Irritant reaction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14 (13.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Weakly positive result \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3 (2.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Evidently positive result \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 (8.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intensely positive result \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2 (1.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Results at 96h; number of patients, %</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Negative result \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">103 (98.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105 (100.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77 (73.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105 (100.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105 (100.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Irritant reaction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 (14.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Weakly positive result \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3 (2.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Evidently positive result \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 (7.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intensely positive result \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2 (1.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis, number of patients, %</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2 (1.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 (12.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Absence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">103 (98.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105 (100.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">92 (87.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105 (100.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105 (100.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1631773.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Results of Patch Tests and Final Diagnosis of Allergic Contact Dermatitis." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "ND, no discrepancies between the two antiseptics in patch test." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mercromina Film (Merbromin) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mercromina Film Without Merbromin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Betadine Dermal solution (Povidone-Iodine) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cristalmina® (Chlorhexidine) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eosin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mercromina Film (merbromin) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.1573 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.0045 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.1573 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.1573 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mercromina Film without merbromin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Betadine dermal solution (povidone-iodine) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cristalmina (chlorhexidine) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Eosin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1631770.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of Presence of Allergic Contact Dermatitis According to Antiseptic Pairing (McNemar Test)." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Thiomersal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mercury \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Merbromin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 101 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 105 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1631771.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Mercury Derivatives." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at5" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient 38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient 53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient 64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient 65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient 101 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient 105 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Administration of vaccines \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="8" align="left" valign="top">No data</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Reactions to vaccines \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Swollen lymph nodes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Contact lenses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Eye/nasal/ear drops \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes (nasal) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes (nasal) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes (eye) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes (eye) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes (eye, ear) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Merbromin use \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dental prostheses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes (fillings) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes (fillings) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes (fillings) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes (fillings) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Red tattoos \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Red thermometer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1631774.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Sensitization to Mercury Derivatives." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Agencia Española de Medicamentos y productos sanitarios. Mercromina Film. [consultado Oct 2016]. Disponible en: <a href="http://www.aemps.gob.es/cima/pdfs/es/p/49319/P_49319.pdf">www.aemps.gob.es/cima/pdfs/es/p/49319/P_49319.pdf</a>" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sensibilization cutanée au mercure et á ses composées" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. De la Cuadra" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Dermatol Venerol" "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "120" "paginaInicial" => "37" "paginaFinal" => "42" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Merbromina en dermatitis de contacto" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. Romaguera" 1 => "C. Zemba" 2 => "J.M. Mascaro" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Med Cut" "fecha" => "1991" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "227" "paginaFinal" => "231" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A comparison of the irritant and allergenic properties of antiseptics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.M. Lachapelle" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1684/ejd.2013.2198" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Dermatol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "24" "paginaInicial" => "3" "paginaFinal" => "9" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24492204" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Gonzalo Garijo MA, Gastaminza Lasarte G. Dermatitis de contacto por medicamentos. Sociedad Española de Alergología e Inmunología Clínica. Monografía de alergia cutánea. [consultado Oct 2016]. 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Prospective Single-Center Observational Study of the Allergenic Potential of Mercromina Film and Other Common Antiseptics in Patients With Contact Dermatitis

Estudio observacional de seguridad, prospectivo y unicéntrico para determinar la capacidad alergogénica de Mercromina Film® y otros antisépticos de uso común en pacientes con dermatitis de contacto

S. Baltà Cruz

Corresponding author

susanabalta@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, N. Moreno Ribera, M.T. Estrach Panella

Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Topical antibiotics are considered the treatment of choice in superficial skin infections and infected wounds although increased resistance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> to topical antibiotics has been observed&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As bacterial resistance does not develop with antiseptics&#44; it would be pertinent to extend our knowledge of the irritant&#47;allergenic capacity of these agents&#46; All antiseptics have an irritant capacity&#44; particularly when applied to lesioned skin&#46; Allergic contact dermatitis occurs less frequently and is often underdiagnosed&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mercromina Film &#40;Spanish tradename&#41; is an antiseptic indicated for disinfecting small superficial wounds&#44; cracks&#44; burns&#44; and grazes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It has been marketed in Spain since 1971 by Laboratorio Lainco SA and&#44; according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification&#44; is considered a mercury product &#40;D08AK&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mercury derivatives can cause local and systemic allergic contact dermatitis &#40;baboon syndrome&#41;&#46; The standard Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group &#40;GEIDAC&#41; series includes 2 mercury derivatives&#58; thiomersal and mercury metal&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis is 5&#37; to thiomersal and 3&#46;7&#37; to mercury metal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Cross-reactions occur between organic and inorganic mercury derivatives and so it is recommended to avoid mercury-based antiseptics in patients sensitized to this metal&#46; The use of mercury-based antiseptics can also cause sensitization&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a study from 1991&#44; merbromin only induced an allergenic response in 1&#37; of tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Despite this finding&#44; recent reviews still do not recommend use of mercury-based antiseptics because of their allergenic capacity and recommend replacing them with other safer antiseptics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given that there are no recent studies on the allergenic capacity of merbromin&#44; the primary objective of the present study was to determine the percentage of patients who present allergic contact dermatitis to the most common topical antiseptics&#58; merbromin&#44; chlorhexidine&#44; povidone-iodine&#44; and eosin&#46; As secondary objectives&#44; we compared the percentage of patients who presented with allergic contact dermatitis to these antiseptics and investigated concomitant allergies produced by the antiseptics of the study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Material and Methods</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a prospective&#44; observational&#44; comparative safety study in patients with clinical suspicion of allergic contact dermatitis&#46; In total&#44; we recruited 105 consecutive patients who attended the dermatology department of the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona&#44; Spain&#44; for skin patch tests between March and November 2014&#46; The inclusion criteria for the study were adult age and suspicion of allergic contact dermatitis&#46; All participants signed the informed consent form prior to inclusion&#46; No patient had concurrent diseases of relevance for the study&#46; All study procedures were performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of the hospital&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Assessment of the Skin Patch Test</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The standard GEIDAC battery&#44; specific batteries selected according to the reason for the referral&#44; and the topical antiseptics object of the study were applied to the study participants&#46; Topical antiseptics included &#40;Spanish tradename given&#41;&#58; Mercromina Film &#40;active substance&#58; merbromin 2&#37;&#41;&#44; Mercromina Film without any active substance&#44; Cristalmina &#40;active substance&#58; chlorhexidine digluconate 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;mL&#41;&#44; Betadine dermal solution &#40;active substance&#58; povidone-iodine 10&#37;&#41;&#44; eosin 2&#37; &#40;magistral formula&#41;&#46; All antiseptics were applied with occlusion for the first 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tests were read at 48 and 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours and the results were interpreted according to the parameters shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; A patient was considered to have allergic contact dermatitis to an antiseptic when the result at 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours was weakly positive&#44; evidently positive&#44; or intensely positive&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Sample Size Calculation and Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assuming that 1&#37; of the patients had allergic contact dermatitis to merbromin&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and assuming that 10&#37; of the patients would not be analyzable&#44; the sample size required to give a precision of<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;8&#37; was 105&#46; Categoric variables were described by absolute and relative frequencies &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; while the mean and SD were calculated for continuous variables&#46; Comparisons of patients positive for antiseptics were made using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test&#46; The McNemar test was used to compare the percentage of patients with allergic contact dermatitis obtained with one antiseptic compared with another&#46; Statistical significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#46; All statistical procedures were performed using the SAS version 9&#46;3 statistical package&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of a total of 105 participants in the study&#44; 84 were women &#40;80&#46;0&#37;&#41; and the mean age was 49&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;7 years&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results showed that 12&#46;4&#37; of the patients in the study had allergic contact dermatitis to Betadine dermal solution and 1&#46;9&#37; to Mercromina Film &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; No patient presented allergic contact dermatitis to Mercromina Film without active substance&#44; Cristalmina&#44; or eosin&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In comparison with the presence of allergic contact dermatitis according to a antiseptic pairs&#44; the differences found between the percentage of patients who presented allergic contact dermatitis to Betadine dermal solution with respect to other antiseptics &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41; was statistically significant &#40;McNemar test&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; The other comparisons were not statistically significant &#40;McNemar&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; No patient presented allergic contact dermatitis to several antiseptics at the same time&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent reviews of the use of topical antiseptics do not recommend the use of mercury derivatives&#44; alluding to their allergenic capacity&#44; and recommend replacing them with other safer antiseptics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; in a study from 1991 by Romaguera et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> merbromin induced an allergenic response in only 1&#37;&#46; Similarly&#44; in our study&#44; merbromin was shown to have a very low allergenic capacity &#40;1&#46;9&#37; of patients&#41;&#46; The differences between merbromin and other antiseptics were not statistically significant &#40;except Betadine&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 105 patients in the study&#44; 6 had allergic contact dermatitis to mercury derivatives &#40;5&#46;7&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46; Of the 2 patients who obtained a positive reaction to merbromin&#44; only 1 had concomitant allergy to thiomersal and mercury metal&#46; Both these compounds are included in the standard GEIDAC battery&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most sensitizations to mercury are caused by exposure to sanitary products &#40;mainly disinfectants or antiseptics&#41; or cosmetics that have mercury compounds&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> For the 6 cases in our study with a positive reaction to 1 or several mercury derivatives&#44; the potential sources of sensitization analyzed are reflected in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regards povidone-iodine&#44; in our study&#44; we found 12&#46;4&#37; of patients with contact allergy to Betadine&#46; These differences are statistically significant compared with other antiseptics&#46; This percentage was much higher than expected according to the literature and might be explained by the fact that the patch tests were conducted with occlusion&#44; as povidone-iodine has a high irritant capacity &#40;probable false positives&#41;&#46; Performing a repeat open application test would make it possible to differentiate between cases of irritant dermatitis and those that are truly allergic&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclusion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis to merbromin in our study is very low&#8212;only 1&#46;9&#37;&#46; The differences between merbromin and other antiseptics were not significant &#40;except Betadine&#41;&#46; This prevalence is lower than that described for other mercury derivatives &#40;3&#46;7&#37;-5&#37;&#41; and similar to those reported for other antiseptics such as chlorohexidine &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As is the case for all observational studies&#44; the results of this study should be interpreted with caution&#46; Although more studies are required with more patients to confirm the results&#44; according to the findings of the present study&#44; use of merbromin as an antiseptic is as safe as using other commonly used antiseptics&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Funding</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The financial costs of the study were met by Lainco SA&#46; These costs included those derived from the study conduct&#44; and was well as fees paid to La Fundaci&#243; Cl&#237;nic per a la Recerca Biom&#232;dica and Dr&#46; Susana Balt&#225; for enrolment and follow-up of patients who participated in this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Ethical Responsibilities</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed are in line with the corresponding ethics committee and the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed their hospital&#39;s protocol on the publication of data concerning patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors obtained the informed consent of patients and&#47;or subjects mentioned in this article&#46; The informed consent form is located in the archives of the corresponding author&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of financial or personal interest that might have an inappropriate impact on the course of this study&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although Mercromina Film and other topical antiseptics are widely used&#44; they are not included in the standard series recommended by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group for testing suspected allergic contact dermatitis &#40;ACD&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; no recent studies have investigated the allergenic potential of merbromin&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the allergenic potential of merbromin and compare it with that of other topical antiseptics widely used in clinical practice&#44; including povidone-iodine&#44; chlorhexidine&#44; and eosin&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospective single-center observational safety study of 105 patients with suspected ACD seen at the dermatology department of our hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of the 105 patients studied&#44; 1&#46;9&#37; had a positive patch test to merbromin and 12&#46;4&#37; were sensitized to povidone-iodine&#46; The differences in the proportion of patients with ACD to Betadine Soluci&#243;n D&#233;rmica &#40;povidone-iodine&#41; compared with the rest of the antiseptics was statistically significant &#40;McNemar test&#44; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; No adverse reactions were observed in any of the patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Based on the patch tests conducted&#44; Mercromina Film has very low allergenic potential&#46; The highest allergenic potential was observed for povidone-iodine&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pese al uso tan extendido de la Mercromina Film<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> y otros antis&#233;pticos de uso t&#243;pico&#44; estos no se encuentran incluidos en la serie est&#225;ndar espa&#241;ola del Grupo Espa&#241;ol de Investigaci&#243;n en Dermatitis de Contacto y Alergia Cut&#225;nea&#44; realizada ante sospecha de dermatitis al&#233;rgica de contacto&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; no existen estudios recientes sobre capacidad alergog&#233;nica de la merbromina&#44; motivo por el que se plantea la presente investigaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar la capacidad alerg&#233;nica de la merbromina y compararla con la de los otros antis&#233;pticos de uso t&#243;pico frecuentemente utilizados en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica&#44; entre los que se incluye la povidona iodada&#44; clorhexidina y eosina&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional de seguridad&#44; prospectivo y unic&#233;ntrico realizado en 105 pacientes con sospecha de dermatitis al&#233;rgica de contacto que acudieron a la consulta del departamento de dermatolog&#237;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El 1&#44;9&#37; de los participantes present&#243; dermatitis al&#233;rgica de contacto a la merbromina&#46; El 12&#44;4&#37; de los pacientes present&#243; sensibilizaci&#243;n ante la povidona iodada&#46; Las diferencias entre el porcentaje de pacientes que present&#243; dermatitis al&#233;rgica de contacto a Betadine<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> soluci&#243;n d&#233;rmica respecto al resto de antis&#233;pticos fueron estad&#237;sticamente significativas &#40;prueba de McNemar&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; No se registraron efectos adversos con ninguno de los antis&#233;pticos en estudio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mercromina Film ha demostrado una muy baja capacidad alerg&#233;nica en la prueba de patch test&#46; Cuando se comparan con otros antis&#233;pticos t&#243;picos&#44; la mayor capacidad alerg&#233;nica se encontr&#243; con la povidona iodada&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Balt&#224; Cruz S&#44; Moreno Ribera N&#44; Estrach Panella MT&#46; Estudio observacional de seguridad&#44; prospectivo y unic&#233;ntrico para determinar la capacidad alergog&#233;nica de Mercromina Film<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> y otros antis&#233;pticos de uso com&#250;n en pacientes con dermatitis de contacto&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2018&#59;109&#58;58&#8211;62&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Negative &#40;-&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No response&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Weakly positive &#40;&#43;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Erythema or erythema and papules&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Evidently positive &#40;&#43;&#43;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Erythema with blistering&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intensely positive &#40;&#43;&#43;&#43;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Blisters and&#47;or necrosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Irritant reaction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Response caused by primary irritant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mercromina Film &#40;Merbromin&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mercromina Film Without Merbromin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Betadine Dermal Solution &#40;Povidone-Iodine&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cristalmina<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;Chlorhexidine&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eosin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Results at 48</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h&#44; number of patients&#44; &#37;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Negative result&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">103 &#40;98&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;99&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77 &#40;73&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;100&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;100&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Irritant reaction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;13&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weakly positive result&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Evidently positive result&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;8&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intensely positive result&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Results at 96</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h&#59; number of patients&#44; &#37;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Negative result&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">103 &#40;98&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;100&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77 &#40;73&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;100&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;100&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Irritant reaction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weakly positive result&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Evidently positive result&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;7&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intensely positive result&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis&#44; number of patients&#44; &#37;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Presence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;12&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Absence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">103 &#40;98&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;100&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92 &#40;87&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;100&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;100&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mercromina Film &#40;Merbromin&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mercromina Film Without Merbromin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Betadine Dermal solution &#40;Povidone-Iodine&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cristalmina<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;Chlorhexidine&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eosin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mercromina Film &#40;merbromin&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;1573&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;0045&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;1573&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;1573&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mercromina Film without merbromin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Betadine dermal solution &#40;povidone-iodine&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cristalmina &#40;chlorhexidine&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Eosin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Thiomersal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mercury&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 101&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Patient 105&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Mercury Derivatives&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Administration of vaccines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="8" align="left" valign="top">No data</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Swollen lymph nodes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Contact lenses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes &#40;nasal&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes &#40;eye&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes &#40;eye&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes &#40;eye&#44; ear&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dental prostheses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes &#40;fillings&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes &#40;fillings&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes &#40;fillings&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Red tattoos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Red thermometer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sensitization to Mercury Derivatives&#46;</p>"
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Agencia Espa&#241;ola de Medicamentos y productos sanitarios&#46; Mercromina Film&#46; &#91;consultado Oct 2016&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a href="http://www.aemps.gob.es/cima/pdfs/es/p/49319/P_49319.pdf">www&#46;aemps&#46;gob&#46;es&#47;cima&#47;pdfs&#47;es&#47;p&#47;49319&#47;P&#95;49319&#46;pdf</a>"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sensibilization cutan&#233;e au mercure et &#225; ses compos&#233;es"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46; De la Cuadra"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Dermatol Venerol"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "120"
                        "paginaInicial" => "37"
                        "paginaFinal" => "42"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Merbromina en dermatitis de contacto"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Romaguera"
                            1 => "C&#46; Zemba"
                            2 => "J&#46;M&#46; Mascaro"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Cut"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "19"
                        "paginaInicial" => "227"
                        "paginaFinal" => "231"
                      ]
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                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A comparison of the irritant and allergenic properties of antiseptics"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;M&#46; Lachapelle"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1684/ejd.2013.2198"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3"
                        "paginaFinal" => "9"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24492204"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Gonzalo Garijo MA&#44; Gastaminza Lasarte G&#46; Dermatitis de contacto por medicamentos&#46; Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Alergolog&#237;a e Inmunolog&#237;a Cl&#237;nica&#46; Monograf&#237;a de alergia cut&#225;nea&#46; &#91;consultado Oct 2016&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a href="http://www.seaic.org/profesionales/biblioteca-virtual/monografias">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;seaic&#46;org&#47;profesionales&#47;biblioteca-virtual&#47;monografias</a>"
                ]
              ]
            ]
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Article information

ISSN: 15782190
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.adengl.2017.11.006

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	9	9	18
2024 October	98	63	161
2024 September	92	32	124
2024 August	119	66	185
2024 July	98	45	143
2024 June	81	44	125
2024 May	80	37	117
2024 April	94	18	112
2024 March	82	38	120
2024 February	67	29	96
2024 January	51	32	83
2023 December	68	12	80
2023 November	81	27	108
2023 October	86	27	113
2023 September	52	30	82
2023 August	43	17	60
2023 July	61	35	96
2023 June	51	27	78
2023 May	53	21	74
2023 April	50	23	73
2023 March	94	26	120
2023 February	55	27	82
2023 January	55	29	84
2022 December	66	49	115
2022 November	36	34	70
2022 October	44	25	69
2022 September	28	36	64
2022 August	28	42	70
2022 July	23	52	75
2022 June	19	23	42
2022 May	60	48	108
2022 April	42	54	96
2022 March	58	67	125
2022 February	54	37	91
2022 January	50	49	99
2021 December	43	58	101
2021 November	43	47	90
2021 October	46	69	115
2021 September	36	46	82
2021 August	35	42	77
2021 July	28	52	80
2021 June	28	30	58
2021 May	43	49	92
2021 April	79	102	181
2021 March	80	48	128
2021 February	58	48	106
2021 January	54	47	101
2020 December	51	47	98
2020 November	45	44	89
2020 October	29	21	50
2020 September	49	23	72
2020 August	23	27	50
2020 July	35	31	66
2020 June	35	45	80
2020 May	25	15	40
2020 April	31	11	42
2020 March	35	25	60
2020 February	2	0	2
2020 January	1	0	1
2019 December	8	0	8
2019 November	4	0	4
2019 September	8	0	8
2019 August	4	0	4
2019 July	4	0	4
2019 June	6	0	6
2019 May	3	1	4
2019 April	2	0	2
2019 March	4	0	4
2019 January	3	0	3
2018 December	4	0	4
2018 November	1	0	1
2018 October	3	0	3
2018 September	6	2	8
2018 February	65	25	90
2018 January	67	41	108
2017 December	10	18	28
2017 November	0	3	3

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