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was first described by Virchow in 1859 and later referred to as neurocutaneous melanosis by Van Bogaert in 1948&#46; In 1972&#44; Fox proposed the criteria that define this condition&#44; which were revised in 1991 by Kadonga and Friedman&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Today&#44; the condition is known as congenital melanocytic nevus syndrome &#40;CMNS&#41; and is defined as the presence at birth of a melanocytic nevus measuring &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm or more than 1 nevus of any size associated with neurological damage &#40;clinical or radiological&#41; and&#47;or &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 typical facial characteristics<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The risk of developing CNMS in the presence of a giant congenital melanocytic nevus &#40;GCMN&#41; varies according to the series from 2&#46;5&#37; to 45&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> The risk is greater in the presence of multiple congenital melanocytic nevi &#40;previously known as satellite metastases&#41; and&#44; albeit to a lesser extent&#44; with larger nevi&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case Series</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present 5 cases of GCMN in patients born in a tertiary hospital between 2003 and 2014 from a total of 47&#160;164 consecutive births&#44; ie&#44; an incidence of 1 case per 9450 liveborn children&#44; which is much higher than that estimated in the literature &#40;1 case per 20&#160;000 liveborn children&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Patients 2&#44; 3&#44; and 5 developed CMNS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Patient 2</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a newborn girl with GCMN &#40;garment-type&#41; and multiple satellite nevi&#46; At 2 months of age&#44; the patient presented partial seizures&#44; and magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; of the brain revealed hyperintense lesions in T1-weighted images of the temporal lobes&#46; The skin lesions were treated with laser and surgery&#46; The molecular biology study of the skin lesion revealed the presence of the p&#46;Q61K mutation in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span>&#46; The patient is now 9 years and 7 months old and is progressing favorably &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Patient 3</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a girl with GCMN &#40;garment-type&#41; and satellite nevi in whom a prenatal ultrasound scan &#40;week 34&#41; revealed an anechoic image in the posterior fossa &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; A neonatal ultrasound scan of the head taken at birth revealed ventriculomegaly and cysts associated with the Dandy-Walker variant&#46; A lumbar puncture performed at 15 days after birth revealed the presence of melanocytes&#44; and MRI of the brain revealed the presence of melanosis in the amygdala&#44; thalamus&#44; internal capsule&#44; and brain stem&#46; At 2 months of life&#44; the patient developed intracranial hypertension&#44; and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted&#46; The patient&#39;s condition improved until age 2 years&#44; when she began to experience repeated episodes of pleural effusion and massive ascites secondary to peritoneal melanosis&#46; Therefore&#44; antitumor treatment was started with sorafenib and temozolomide&#46; However&#44; the patient died at 26 months of age&#46; Analysis of the lesion revealed a p&#46;Q61R mutation in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Patient 5</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a girl with GCMN &#40;garment-type&#41; and satellite nevi&#46; At birth&#44; she presented paralysis affecting the right side and center of her face&#44; sixth nerve palsy&#44; and marked hypertonia&#46; An ultrasound scan of the brain revealed bilateral ventriculomegaly&#44; and MRI of the brain revealed melanosis lesions in the thalami and brain stem &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Analysis of the lesion also revealed the p&#46;Q61R mutation in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span>&#46; The patient is currently 20 months old and lives in Morocco&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No malignant cutaneous lesions were detected during follow-up&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been postulated that CMNS results from sporadic&#44; postzygotic mutations that affect the proliferation and migration of melanocytes between weeks 5 and 21 of gestation&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the factors involved is hepatic growth factor&#44; which can bind to the transmembrane c-Met receptor &#40;tyrosine kinase&#41; and activate the RAS-RAF-MEK-pERK-MAPK cascade to stimulate the growth of melanocytes during morphogenesis&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The application of new therapies in patients with the syndrome could be affected by the recently described mutation in codon 61 of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> gene&#46; The mutation appears in the cells of the skin and nerve tissue of patients with CMNS&#44; although it has not been detected in healthy tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;10&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">About 10&#37; of patients with CMNS experience neurological symptoms at some time during their life&#44; generally before the age of 2 years&#46; We can distinguish 2 subgroups&#44; those with intraparenchymal melanosis&#44; who have a better prognosis&#44; and those who develop abnormalities that require surgery&#44; such as hydrocephalus&#44; syringomyelia&#44; or CNS melanomas&#44; all of which have a poorer prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Melanin deposits are normal in the leptomeninges&#44; base of the brain&#44; ventral surface of the medulla oblongata at the level of the neck&#44; and the dark matter&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MRI of the brain is the imaging test of choice for detection of CNS lesions&#46; It is recommended during the first 6 months of life&#44; especially&#44; in the presence of &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 congenital melanocytes&#46; The most frequent sites are the amygdala&#44; the cerebellum&#44; the pons&#44; and the spinal cord&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent studies suggest that urine dopamine levels could act as a prognostic marker of disease&#44; since some series report higher values in cases of CMNS than in patients without CNS involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The finding of a giant nevus at birth requires multidisciplinary management&#46; The risk of developing a melanoma for these patients is not as high as previously thought &#40;2&#37; for GCMN&#41;&#44; and it is not known whether surgery reduces this risk&#44; since 30&#37; of malignant lesions do not develop on the base of the nevus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To date&#44; symptomatic treatment of congenital melanocytic nevus has been palliative&#46; During the last few years&#44; BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors have been authorized for the treatment of metastatic melanoma&#46; These are efficacious in cases with mutations in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span>&#46; Mutations in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BRAF</span> are common in small congenital melanocytic nevi and in acquired nevi&#44; in which exposure to sunlight plays an important role in malignant transformation&#46; Furthermore&#44; mutations in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> have been found in 70&#37;-75&#37; of cases of GCMN and in the nerve tissue of patients who present with CNS involvement&#46; This gene participates in the intracellular NRAS-BRAF-MEK-pERK-MAPK cascade&#44; which&#44; when activated&#44; stimulates the growth of melanocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent article made reference to the compassionate use of a MEK inhibitor in a 13-year-old child with CMNS who died as a result of disease progression&#46; The autopsy revealed diminished expression of pERK in melanocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MEK inhibitors could potentially be used in selected pediatric patients with GCMN and a mutation in codon 61 in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> with the objective of curbing abnormal proliferation of melanocytes&#46; High-quality studies are necessary to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of these drugs for the use referred to above&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">New research lines and more in-depth knowledge of embryological aspects and the pathophysiology of this disease will pave the way for new therapeutic applications&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Protection of humans and animals</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no tests were carried out in humans or animals for the purposes of this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed their institutional protocols on publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Giant congenital melanocytic nevus"
            1 => "Neurocutaneous melanosis"
            2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> mutation"
            3 => "Trametinib"
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            0 => "Nevus melanoc&#237;tico cong&#233;nito gigante"
            1 => "Melanosis neurocut&#225;nea"
            2 => "mutaci&#243;n NRAS"
            3 => "Trametinib"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Congenital melanocytic nevus syndrome &#40;CMNS&#41; is the result of an abnormal proliferation of melanocytes in the skin and central nervous system caused by progenitor-cell mutations during embryonic development&#46; Mutations in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> gene have been detected in many of these cells&#46; We present 5 cases of giant congenital melanocytic nevus&#44; 3 of them associated with CMNS&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> gene mutation was studied in these 3 patients&#46; Until a few years ago&#44; surgery was the treatment of choice&#44; but the results have proved unsatisfactory because aggressive interventions do not improve cosmetic appearance and only minimally reduce the risk of malignant change&#46; In 2013&#44; trametinib was approved for use in advanced melanoma associated with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> mutations&#46; This drug&#44; which acts on the intracellular RAS&#47;RAF&#47;MEK&#47;pERK&#47;MAPK cascade&#44; could be useful in pediatric patients with CMNS&#46; A better understanding of this disease will facilitate the development of new strategies&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El s&#237;ndrome del nevus melanoc&#237;tico cong&#233;nito &#40;SNMC&#41; consiste en la proliferaci&#243;n anormal de melanocitos en la piel y el sistema nervioso central&#44; y se debe a mutaciones de las c&#233;lulas progenitoras durante el desarrollo embrionario&#46; En muchas de estas c&#233;lulas se han detectado mutaciones en el gen NRAS&#46; Se exponen 5 casos de nevus melanoc&#237;tico cong&#233;nito gigante&#44; 3 de ellos asociados al SNMC&#44; en los que se ha estudiado dicha mutaci&#243;n&#46; Hasta hace unos a&#241;os la cirug&#237;a era el tratamiento de elecci&#243;n&#44; sin embargo&#44; sus resultados son insatisfactorios&#44; con cirug&#237;as agresivas que no mejoran el aspecto est&#233;tico y reducen m&#237;nimamente el riesgo de malignizaci&#243;n&#46; En el a&#241;o 2013 se aprob&#243; el trametinib en el uso del melanoma avanzado con mutaciones de NRAS&#46; Dicho f&#225;rmaco&#44; que participa en la cascada intracelular de RAS-RAF-MEK-pERK-MAPK&#44; podr&#237;a ser &#250;til en pacientes pedi&#225;tricos con SNMC&#46; El conocimiento m&#225;s amplio de esta enfermedad permitir&#225; crear nuevas estrategias&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Recio Linares A&#44; S&#225;nchez Moya AI&#44; F&#233;lix V&#44; Campos Y&#46; S&#237;ndrome del nevus melanoc&#237;tico cong&#233;nito&#46; Serie de casos S&#237;ndrome del nevus melanoc&#237;tico cong&#233;nito&#46; Serie de casos&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2017&#59;108&#58;e57&#8211;e62&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Definition of neurocutaneous melanosis&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Giant &#40;or garment&#41; congenital melanocytic nevus with satellite nevi&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Giant &#40;or garment&#41; congenital melanocytic nevus extending to the trunk&#44; buttocks&#44; and proximal upper legs&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#46; Sagittal magnetic resonance image of the brain&#58; hyperintense T1 image at the junction of the medulla oblongata and the pons&#46; B&#46; Coronal magnetic resonance image of the brain&#58; hyperintense T1 images at the level of the thalamus and temporal lobes&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; CSF&#44; cerebrospinal fluid&#59; MRI&#44; magnetic resonance imaging&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Satellitosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Neurologic Symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Additional Tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> Mutation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Progress and Follow-up&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">M</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Right leg and head&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MRI normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alive at 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y and 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Trunk and proximal upper legs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62; <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MRI of the brain at 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&#58; melanosis in temporal lobes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Q61K<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Surgery for resection starting at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&#46;<br>Laser treatment&#46;<br>Antiseizure treatment starting at 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alive at 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y and 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">3</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">M</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Trunk and proximal upper legs</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">&#62; <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Yes</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Brain ultrasound at birth&#58; Dandy-Walker variant suspected&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Q61R<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Insertion of shunt&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Dead at 26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo of life</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Brain MRI and CSF at 15 days of life&#58; data indicating melanosis&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antiseizure treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ultrasound of chest and abdomenat 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y&#58; ascites and pleural effusion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Paracentesis and thoracocentesis at 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y because of abdominal melanosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antitumor treatment with sorafenib and temozolomide&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Trunk and face&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MRI normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Surgery starting at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alive at 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y and 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">5</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">M</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Trunk</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">&#62; <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Yes</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ultrasound of brain at 1 mo of life&#58; bilateral ventriculomegaly&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Q61R<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Evaluation pending</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Alive at 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Brain MRI at 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&#58; melanosis in brain stem and thalamus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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e- Case Report
Congenital Melanocytic Nevus Syndrome: A Case Series
Síndrome del nevus melanocítico congénito. Serie de casos
A. Recio Linaresa,
Corresponding author
aran.recio.linares@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, A.I. Sánchez Moyab, V. Félixa,c, Y. Camposd
a Unidad de Neonatología, Servicio de Pediatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
b Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
c Miembro investigador del Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U724), Madrid, Spain
d Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
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        "titulo" => "S&#237;ndrome del nevus melanoc&#237;tico cong&#233;nito&#46; Serie de casos"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Definition of neurocutaneous melanosis&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Congenital melanocytic nevi are thought to be hamartomas derived from the neural crest&#46; They are the result of postzygotic mutations that lead to defective migration and&#47;or differentiation of melanocytes&#46; These nevi are present at birth or manifest at a very early age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast with acquired melanocytic nevus&#44; congenital nevus is usually larger and has a dual cell population&#46; In the first&#44; junctional melanocytes mature and involute in the dermis&#46; In the second&#44; the neuromesenchymal component comprises lymphocyte-like melanocytes that infiltrate more deeply&#44; extending into the lower two-thirds of the dermis and the subcutaneous cellular tissue and potentially infiltrating the cutaneous adnexa and neurovascular structures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1979&#44; Kopf classified nevi according to size as small &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#44; medium &#40;1&#46;5-20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#44; and large &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#46; When the nevus is greater than 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm and located on the trunk&#44; it is known as giant &#40;or &#8220;garment&#8221;&#41; congenital melanocytic nevus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Excessive presence of melanocytic cells on the skin and central nervous system &#40;CNS&#41; was first described by Virchow in 1859 and later referred to as neurocutaneous melanosis by Van Bogaert in 1948&#46; In 1972&#44; Fox proposed the criteria that define this condition&#44; which were revised in 1991 by Kadonga and Friedman&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Today&#44; the condition is known as congenital melanocytic nevus syndrome &#40;CMNS&#41; and is defined as the presence at birth of a melanocytic nevus measuring &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm or more than 1 nevus of any size associated with neurological damage &#40;clinical or radiological&#41; and&#47;or &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 typical facial characteristics<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The risk of developing CNMS in the presence of a giant congenital melanocytic nevus &#40;GCMN&#41; varies according to the series from 2&#46;5&#37; to 45&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> The risk is greater in the presence of multiple congenital melanocytic nevi &#40;previously known as satellite metastases&#41; and&#44; albeit to a lesser extent&#44; with larger nevi&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case Series</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present 5 cases of GCMN in patients born in a tertiary hospital between 2003 and 2014 from a total of 47&#160;164 consecutive births&#44; ie&#44; an incidence of 1 case per 9450 liveborn children&#44; which is much higher than that estimated in the literature &#40;1 case per 20&#160;000 liveborn children&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Patients 2&#44; 3&#44; and 5 developed CMNS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Patient 2</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a newborn girl with GCMN &#40;garment-type&#41; and multiple satellite nevi&#46; At 2 months of age&#44; the patient presented partial seizures&#44; and magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; of the brain revealed hyperintense lesions in T1-weighted images of the temporal lobes&#46; The skin lesions were treated with laser and surgery&#46; The molecular biology study of the skin lesion revealed the presence of the p&#46;Q61K mutation in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span>&#46; The patient is now 9 years and 7 months old and is progressing favorably &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Patient 3</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a girl with GCMN &#40;garment-type&#41; and satellite nevi in whom a prenatal ultrasound scan &#40;week 34&#41; revealed an anechoic image in the posterior fossa &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; A neonatal ultrasound scan of the head taken at birth revealed ventriculomegaly and cysts associated with the Dandy-Walker variant&#46; A lumbar puncture performed at 15 days after birth revealed the presence of melanocytes&#44; and MRI of the brain revealed the presence of melanosis in the amygdala&#44; thalamus&#44; internal capsule&#44; and brain stem&#46; At 2 months of life&#44; the patient developed intracranial hypertension&#44; and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted&#46; The patient&#39;s condition improved until age 2 years&#44; when she began to experience repeated episodes of pleural effusion and massive ascites secondary to peritoneal melanosis&#46; Therefore&#44; antitumor treatment was started with sorafenib and temozolomide&#46; However&#44; the patient died at 26 months of age&#46; Analysis of the lesion revealed a p&#46;Q61R mutation in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Patient 5</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a girl with GCMN &#40;garment-type&#41; and satellite nevi&#46; At birth&#44; she presented paralysis affecting the right side and center of her face&#44; sixth nerve palsy&#44; and marked hypertonia&#46; An ultrasound scan of the brain revealed bilateral ventriculomegaly&#44; and MRI of the brain revealed melanosis lesions in the thalami and brain stem &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Analysis of the lesion also revealed the p&#46;Q61R mutation in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span>&#46; The patient is currently 20 months old and lives in Morocco&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No malignant cutaneous lesions were detected during follow-up&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been postulated that CMNS results from sporadic&#44; postzygotic mutations that affect the proliferation and migration of melanocytes between weeks 5 and 21 of gestation&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the factors involved is hepatic growth factor&#44; which can bind to the transmembrane c-Met receptor &#40;tyrosine kinase&#41; and activate the RAS-RAF-MEK-pERK-MAPK cascade to stimulate the growth of melanocytes during morphogenesis&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The application of new therapies in patients with the syndrome could be affected by the recently described mutation in codon 61 of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> gene&#46; The mutation appears in the cells of the skin and nerve tissue of patients with CMNS&#44; although it has not been detected in healthy tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;10&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">About 10&#37; of patients with CMNS experience neurological symptoms at some time during their life&#44; generally before the age of 2 years&#46; We can distinguish 2 subgroups&#44; those with intraparenchymal melanosis&#44; who have a better prognosis&#44; and those who develop abnormalities that require surgery&#44; such as hydrocephalus&#44; syringomyelia&#44; or CNS melanomas&#44; all of which have a poorer prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Melanin deposits are normal in the leptomeninges&#44; base of the brain&#44; ventral surface of the medulla oblongata at the level of the neck&#44; and the dark matter&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MRI of the brain is the imaging test of choice for detection of CNS lesions&#46; It is recommended during the first 6 months of life&#44; especially&#44; in the presence of &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 congenital melanocytes&#46; The most frequent sites are the amygdala&#44; the cerebellum&#44; the pons&#44; and the spinal cord&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent studies suggest that urine dopamine levels could act as a prognostic marker of disease&#44; since some series report higher values in cases of CMNS than in patients without CNS involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The finding of a giant nevus at birth requires multidisciplinary management&#46; The risk of developing a melanoma for these patients is not as high as previously thought &#40;2&#37; for GCMN&#41;&#44; and it is not known whether surgery reduces this risk&#44; since 30&#37; of malignant lesions do not develop on the base of the nevus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To date&#44; symptomatic treatment of congenital melanocytic nevus has been palliative&#46; During the last few years&#44; BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors have been authorized for the treatment of metastatic melanoma&#46; These are efficacious in cases with mutations in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span>&#46; Mutations in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BRAF</span> are common in small congenital melanocytic nevi and in acquired nevi&#44; in which exposure to sunlight plays an important role in malignant transformation&#46; Furthermore&#44; mutations in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> have been found in 70&#37;-75&#37; of cases of GCMN and in the nerve tissue of patients who present with CNS involvement&#46; This gene participates in the intracellular NRAS-BRAF-MEK-pERK-MAPK cascade&#44; which&#44; when activated&#44; stimulates the growth of melanocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent article made reference to the compassionate use of a MEK inhibitor in a 13-year-old child with CMNS who died as a result of disease progression&#46; The autopsy revealed diminished expression of pERK in melanocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MEK inhibitors could potentially be used in selected pediatric patients with GCMN and a mutation in codon 61 in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> with the objective of curbing abnormal proliferation of melanocytes&#46; High-quality studies are necessary to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of these drugs for the use referred to above&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">New research lines and more in-depth knowledge of embryological aspects and the pathophysiology of this disease will pave the way for new therapeutic applications&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Protection of humans and animals</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no tests were carried out in humans or animals for the purposes of this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed their institutional protocols on publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Congenital melanocytic nevus syndrome &#40;CMNS&#41; is the result of an abnormal proliferation of melanocytes in the skin and central nervous system caused by progenitor-cell mutations during embryonic development&#46; Mutations in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> gene have been detected in many of these cells&#46; We present 5 cases of giant congenital melanocytic nevus&#44; 3 of them associated with CMNS&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> gene mutation was studied in these 3 patients&#46; Until a few years ago&#44; surgery was the treatment of choice&#44; but the results have proved unsatisfactory because aggressive interventions do not improve cosmetic appearance and only minimally reduce the risk of malignant change&#46; In 2013&#44; trametinib was approved for use in advanced melanoma associated with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> mutations&#46; This drug&#44; which acts on the intracellular RAS&#47;RAF&#47;MEK&#47;pERK&#47;MAPK cascade&#44; could be useful in pediatric patients with CMNS&#46; A better understanding of this disease will facilitate the development of new strategies&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El s&#237;ndrome del nevus melanoc&#237;tico cong&#233;nito &#40;SNMC&#41; consiste en la proliferaci&#243;n anormal de melanocitos en la piel y el sistema nervioso central&#44; y se debe a mutaciones de las c&#233;lulas progenitoras durante el desarrollo embrionario&#46; En muchas de estas c&#233;lulas se han detectado mutaciones en el gen NRAS&#46; Se exponen 5 casos de nevus melanoc&#237;tico cong&#233;nito gigante&#44; 3 de ellos asociados al SNMC&#44; en los que se ha estudiado dicha mutaci&#243;n&#46; Hasta hace unos a&#241;os la cirug&#237;a era el tratamiento de elecci&#243;n&#44; sin embargo&#44; sus resultados son insatisfactorios&#44; con cirug&#237;as agresivas que no mejoran el aspecto est&#233;tico y reducen m&#237;nimamente el riesgo de malignizaci&#243;n&#46; En el a&#241;o 2013 se aprob&#243; el trametinib en el uso del melanoma avanzado con mutaciones de NRAS&#46; Dicho f&#225;rmaco&#44; que participa en la cascada intracelular de RAS-RAF-MEK-pERK-MAPK&#44; podr&#237;a ser &#250;til en pacientes pedi&#225;tricos con SNMC&#46; El conocimiento m&#225;s amplio de esta enfermedad permitir&#225; crear nuevas estrategias&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Recio Linares A&#44; S&#225;nchez Moya AI&#44; F&#233;lix V&#44; Campos Y&#46; S&#237;ndrome del nevus melanoc&#237;tico cong&#233;nito&#46; Serie de casos S&#237;ndrome del nevus melanoc&#237;tico cong&#233;nito&#46; Serie de casos&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2017&#59;108&#58;e57&#8211;e62&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#46; Sagittal magnetic resonance image of the brain&#58; hyperintense T1 image at the junction of the medulla oblongata and the pons&#46; B&#46; Coronal magnetic resonance image of the brain&#58; hyperintense T1 images at the level of the thalamus and temporal lobes&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; CSF&#44; cerebrospinal fluid&#59; MRI&#44; magnetic resonance imaging&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Satellitosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Neurologic Symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Additional Tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NRAS</span> Mutation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Progress and Follow-up&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">M</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Right leg and head&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MRI normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alive at 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y and 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Trunk and proximal upper legs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62; <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MRI of the brain at 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&#58; melanosis in temporal lobes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Q61K<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Surgery for resection starting at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&#46;<br>Laser treatment&#46;<br>Antiseizure treatment starting at 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alive at 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y and 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">3</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">M</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Trunk and proximal upper legs</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">&#62; <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Yes</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Brain ultrasound at birth&#58; Dandy-Walker variant suspected&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Q61R<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Insertion of shunt&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Dead at 26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo of life</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Brain MRI and CSF at 15 days of life&#58; data indicating melanosis&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antiseizure treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ultrasound of chest and abdomenat 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y&#58; ascites and pleural effusion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Paracentesis and thoracocentesis at 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y because of abdominal melanosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antitumor treatment with sorafenib and temozolomide&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Trunk and face&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MRI normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Surgery starting at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alive at 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y and 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">5</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">M</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Trunk</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">&#62; <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Yes</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ultrasound of brain at 1 mo of life&#58; bilateral ventriculomegaly&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Q61R<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Evaluation pending</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Alive at 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Brain MRI at 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mo&#58; melanosis in brain stem and thalamus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Five Cases of Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevus&#44; 3 of Which Occurred With Neurocutaneous Melanosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></p>"
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ISSN: 15782190
Original language: English
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