Animal-type Melanoma: Clinical and Dermoscopic Features of 3 Cases

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Nódulo negro-azulado en la región parietal derecha. B. Imagen dermatoscópica que muestra un patrón azul homogéneo, estructuras blanquecinas irregulares, ulceración y algunos vasos de gran calibre." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J.A. Avilés-Izquierdo, V.M. Leis-Dosil, P. Lázaro-Ochaita" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.A." "apellidos" => "Avilés-Izquierdo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V.M." "apellidos" => "Leis-Dosil" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." 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"apellidos" => "Ferrándiz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0001731013002354" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2013.03.009" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731013002354?idApp=UINPBA000044" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219014000250?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/15782190/0000010500000002/v1_201403090058/S1578219014000250/v1_201403090058/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S157821901400033X" "issn" => "15782190" "doi" => "10.1016/j.adengl.2013.09.006" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-03-01" "aid" => "905" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014;105:178-85" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3132 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 51 "HTML" => 2544 "PDF" => 537 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Skin Disorders in Overweight and Obese Patients and Their Relationship With Insulin" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "178" "paginaFinal" => "185" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Dermatosis en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad y su relación con la insulina" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 802 "Ancho" => 1670 "Tamanyo" => 84304 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Frequency of insulin resistance according to the grade of acanthosis on the neck. G indicates grade; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. The P value was calculated using the χ2 test for trend." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Plascencia Gómez, M.E. Vega Memije, M. Torres Tamayo, A.A. Rodríguez Carreón" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Plascencia Gómez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.E." "apellidos" => "Vega Memije" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Torres Tamayo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.A." 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Avilés-Izquierdo, V.M. Leis-Dosil, P. Lázaro-Ochaita" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.A." "apellidos" => "Avilés-Izquierdo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jaavilesizquierdo@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "¿" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V.M." "apellidos" => "Leis-Dosil" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Lázaro-Ochaita" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Melanoma de tipo animal: características clínicas y dermatoscópicas de 3 casos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1623 "Ancho" => 950 "Tamanyo" => 323112 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A, Bluish-black nodule in the right parietal region. B, Dermoscopic image showing a homogeneous blue pattern, irregular whitish structures, ulceration, and several large vessels." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionAnimal-type or equine melanoma is a rare variant of malignant melanoma. Histologically, it is characterized by heavily pigmented neoplastic cells with an epithelioid morphology and abundant cytoplasm throughout the dermis, with a scant or inexistent junctional component. Few cases have been published on animal-type melanoma and many aspects of its biologic behavior and prognosis are still unknown. Animal-type melanoma commonly metastasizes to locoregional lymph nodes and organs, but it appears to have a better prognosis than other types of melanoma.We present 3 cases of animal-type melanoma diagnosed in our department. We describe the clinical, pathologic, and dermoscopic features observed and review the cases published to date.Case DescriptionsCase 1A 74-year-old man with a history of prostate adenocarcinoma who presented with a 15-mm bluish-black nodule in the left parietal region that had been present for 2 years (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). Physical examination revealed multiple bluish papules measuring 2mm around the larger lesion. Dermoscopic evaluation showed a homogeneous blue pattern in all the lesions in addition to central ulceration and irregular whitish structures in the large nodule (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B). The nodule and several of the satellite lesions were removed by excisional biopsy. The histopathology reports for both types of lesion showed a melanocytic proliferation throughout the dermis composed of heavily pigmented dendritic and epithelioid cells, accompanied by numerous melanophages (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>C). The findings were consistent with a diagnosis of animal-type melanoma. The maximum thickness (Breslow depth) was 4mm. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging and a computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis showed no evidence of distant spread. The nodule and the surrounding lesions were excised with wide margins. Sentinel lymph node biopsy was not performed. Seventy months after diagnosis, the patient is free of disease and comes to the clinic for periodic follow-up.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Case 2A 75-year-old man with a history of stroke secondary to severe atherosclerosis and carotid stenosis consulted for a 14-mm dark blue nodular lesion in the right parietal region (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A). Dermoscopic features included a homogeneous blue pattern, ulceration in the lower part of the lesion, irregular whitish structures, and several large vessels (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B). The histologic findings were compatible with a diagnosis of animal-type melanoma, with a Breslow depth of 3.2mm and a Clark level of iv. Melanoma was detected in the sentinel node in the right cervical lymph node region and we therefore performed a regional lymphadenectomy. No metastatic foci were found in any of the other lymph nodes. Sixty-six months after diagnosis, the patient is alive and there is no evidence of tumor spread.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Case 3An 86-year-old man with a history of prostate adenocarcinoma presented with a 20-mm bluish-black nodule on his right arm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>A). Dermoscopic features included a homogeneous blue pattern (the only feature of a melanocytic lesion), irregular whitish structures, and several large vessels (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>B). The histologic diagnosis was animal-type melanoma, with a Breslow depth of 5mm and a Clark level of v. A CT scan of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis showed metastatic lesions (which were histologically confirmed) in the lungs and liver. The patient died of pneumonia 6 months later.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionAnimal-type melanoma has been referred to in the literature as heavily pigmented malignant melanoma, equine melanoma, and pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma. The term equine melanoma was coined because of the similarity between this variant of melanoma and the slowly progressive—and usually benign—tumor seen in gray horses. Zembowicz et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> used the term pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma to describe the tumor because of its similarity to epithelioid blue nevus. By using this term they were suggesting that animal-type melanoma was not a variant of malignant melanoma, but rather an independent entity encompassing both animal-type melanoma and epithelioid blue nevus. The literature contains descriptions of many lesions that could be considered animal-type melanoma. The most relevant cases are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Animal-type melanoma has been described in patients of all ages, although the majority of cases have been in young adults.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> There does not appear to be a predilection for sex. Animal-type melanoma is more common in black and Hispanic individuals than other types of melanoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,3</a>Clinically, it usually presents as a well-circumscribed bluish-black nodule or plaque, although satellite lesions are relatively common.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4,5</a> It is predominantly located on the scalp and the limbs. It generally appears de novo, and no association has been found with prior congenital or acquired melanocytic nevi, although there has been a report of a case occurring in association with a blue nevus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> The association between animal-type melanoma and other predisposing factors, such as a family history of melanoma or sunburn, appears to be anecdotal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a>The biologic behavior of animal-type melanoma is unpredictable, and both regional lymph node and distant metastases are seen in many cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">2,6,9,10</a> Mortality rates, however, are lower than in other types of melanoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">2,5,10</a>Histologic features of animal-type melanoma include heavily pigmented dendritic and epithelioid cells that occupy the full thickness of the dermis and occasionally extend into the hypodermis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,2,11</a> There are 2 types of cell populations: heavily, uniformly pigmented cells that tend to cluster in cords or sheets and less heavily pigmented cells with fine granular deposits in their cytoplasm. Melanophages may or may not be present. A junctional component may be seen and there has even been a report of intradermal animal-type melanoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> Reactive epidermal hyperplasia is relatively common. Other histologic features that may be observed are necrosis, ulceration, and features of regression.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">2,6,11</a>Nodular melanosis following complete regression of a melanoma can present challenges in the histologic differential diagnosis. To distinguish between neoplastic animal-type melanoma cells and melanophages, an immunohistochemical study (with S-100 protein, Melan A, or SOX-10) can be performed following whitening of the lesion with hydrogen peroxide or similar.The histologic differential diagnosis should include other melanocytic lesions such as malignant blue nevus, deep penetrating nevus, melanoma metastasis, certain Spitz nevi, nodular melanoma, and primary dermal melanoma. Histologic diagnosis of animal-type melanoma is difficult, even for pathologists with extensive experience in pigmented tumors.The dermoscopic features of animal-type melanoma have not been previously described. The 3 cases described in this article shared the following features: a homogeneous blue pattern (corresponding to the presence of heavily pigmented melanocytic cells in the dermis), irregular whitish structures (areas of epidermal hyperplasia), and a polymorphous vascular pattern generally composed of large irregular vessels, reflecting the prominent vascular component present in these tumors. These dermoscopic features, however, are not specific to animal-type melanoma and cannot therefore be used to differentiate between this type of melanoma and any other dermal melanocytic proliferations. Correlation of dermoscopic and histologic findings, however, may be useful in difficult-to-diagnose cases.We have presented 3 cases of animal-type melanoma, a rare variant of melanoma, in 3 elderly men. Although all 3 patients developed metastasis, the outcome was favorable in 2 cases. We have also described dermoscopic features common to all 3 patients (a homogeneous blue pattern, irregular whitish structures, and thick vessels). Larger studies are necessary to confirm the specificity and diagnostic value of these features.Ethical DisclosuresProtection of humans and animalsThe authors declare that no tests were carried out in humans or animals for the purpose of this study.Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that they have followed their hospital's protocol on the publication of data concerning patients and that all patients included in the study have received sufficient information and have given their written informed consent to participate in the study.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors obtained informed consent from the patients and/or subjects referred to in this article. This documentation is held by the corresponding author.Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest." 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Although many patients develop locoregional and distant metastases, mortality is lower than in other types of melanoma. We present 3 cases of animal-type melanoma in elderly men and include a description of common clinical and dermoscopic features (homogeneous blue pattern, irregular whitish structures, and irregular large vessels)." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "El melanoma de tipo animal es una variante infrecuente de melanoma maligno humano. A pesar de desarrollar metástasis locorregionales y a distancia, con frecuencia estos pacientes presentan una tasa de mortalidad inferior a la de otros tipos de melanoma. Presentamos 3 casos de melanoma de tipo animal en 3 varones de edad avanzada, con características clínicas y dermatoscópicas comunes (patrón azul homogéneo, estructuras blanquecinas irregulares y vasos gruesos irregulares)." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Avilés-Izquierdo JA, Leis-Dosil VM, Lázaro-Ochaita P. Melanoma de tipo animal: características clínicas y dermatoscópicas de 3 casos. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014;105:186–190." ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2173 "Ancho" => 951 "Tamanyo" => 567949 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A Pigmented nodule in the left parietal region with multiple satellite lesions in the form of bluish papules. B, Dermoscopic image showing a homogeneous blue pattern, irregular whitish structures, and ulceration. C, Histologic image of the central part of the tumor with clusters of heavily pigmented epithelioid cells in the dermis (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×40)." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1623 "Ancho" => 950 "Tamanyo" => 323112 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A, Bluish-black nodule in the right parietal region. B, Dermoscopic image showing a homogeneous blue pattern, irregular whitish structures, ulceration, and several large vessels." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1771 "Ancho" => 951 "Tamanyo" => 236149 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A, Pigmented nodule measuring 3cm on the outer aspect of the right arm. B, Dermoscopic image showing a homogeneous blue pattern, irregular whitish structures, and thick, irregular vessels." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Author (Year) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. of Cases \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lymph Node Metastasis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Organ Metastases \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Satellite Lesions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Deaths Due to Melanoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Levene<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> (1979) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tuthill et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> (1982) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pathy et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> (1993) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Crowson et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> (1999) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Requena et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> (2001) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Zembowicz et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> (2004) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11/24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Kazakov et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> (2004) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Batolo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> (2004) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2/4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Antony et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> (2006) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4/13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3/13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Punjabi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> (2006) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ward et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> (2006) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sass et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> (2006) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" 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Case Report

Animal-type Melanoma: Clinical and Dermoscopic Features of 3 Cases

Melanoma de tipo animal: características clínicas y dermatoscópicas de 3 casos

J.A. Avilés-Izquierdo

Corresponding author

jaavilesizquierdo@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, V.M. Leis-Dosil, P. Lázaro-Ochaita

Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Animal-type or equine melanoma is a rare variant of malignant melanoma&#46; Histologically&#44; it is characterized by heavily pigmented neoplastic cells with an epithelioid morphology and abundant cytoplasm throughout the dermis&#44; with a scant or inexistent junctional component&#46; Few cases have been published on animal-type melanoma and many aspects of its biologic behavior and prognosis are still unknown&#46; Animal-type melanoma commonly metastasizes to locoregional lymph nodes and organs&#44; but it appears to have a better prognosis than other types of melanoma&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present 3 cases of animal-type melanoma diagnosed in our department&#46; We describe the clinical&#44; pathologic&#44; and dermoscopic features observed and review the cases published to date&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case Descriptions</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Case 1</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 74-year-old man with a history of prostate adenocarcinoma who presented with a 15-mm bluish-black nodule in the left parietal region that had been present for 2 years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; Physical examination revealed multiple bluish papules measuring 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm around the larger lesion&#46; Dermoscopic evaluation showed a homogeneous blue pattern in all the lesions in addition to central ulceration and irregular whitish structures in the large nodule &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; The nodule and several of the satellite lesions were removed by excisional biopsy&#46; The histopathology reports for both types of lesion showed a melanocytic proliferation throughout the dermis composed of heavily pigmented dendritic and epithelioid cells&#44; accompanied by numerous melanophages &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; The findings were consistent with a diagnosis of animal-type melanoma&#46; The maximum thickness &#40;Breslow depth&#41; was 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging and a computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; scan of the thorax&#44; abdomen&#44; and pelvis showed no evidence of distant spread&#46; The nodule and the surrounding lesions were excised with wide margins&#46; Sentinel lymph node biopsy was not performed&#46; Seventy months after diagnosis&#44; the patient is free of disease and comes to the clinic for periodic follow-up&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Case 2</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 75-year-old man with a history of stroke secondary to severe atherosclerosis and carotid stenosis consulted for a 14-mm dark blue nodular lesion in the right parietal region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; Dermoscopic features included a homogeneous blue pattern&#44; ulceration in the lower part of the lesion&#44; irregular whitish structures&#44; and several large vessels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; The histologic findings were compatible with a diagnosis of animal-type melanoma&#44; with a Breslow depth of 3&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and a Clark level of <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv</span>&#46; Melanoma was detected in the sentinel node in the right cervical lymph node region and we therefore performed a regional lymphadenectomy&#46; No metastatic foci were found in any of the other lymph nodes&#46; Sixty-six months after diagnosis&#44; the patient is alive and there is no evidence of tumor spread&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Case 3</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An 86-year-old man with a history of prostate adenocarcinoma presented with a 20-mm bluish-black nodule on his right arm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41;&#46; Dermoscopic features included a homogeneous blue pattern &#40;the only feature of a melanocytic lesion&#41;&#44; irregular whitish structures&#44; and several large vessels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46; The histologic diagnosis was animal-type melanoma&#44; with a Breslow depth of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and a Clark level of <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">v</span>&#46; A CT scan of the thorax&#44; abdomen&#44; and pelvis showed metastatic lesions &#40;which were histologically confirmed&#41; in the lungs and liver&#46; The patient died of pneumonia 6 months later&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discussion</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Animal-type melanoma has been referred to in the literature as heavily pigmented malignant melanoma&#44; equine melanoma&#44; and pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma&#46; The term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">equine melanoma</span> was coined because of the similarity between this variant of melanoma and the slowly progressive&#8212;and usually benign&#8212;tumor seen in gray horses&#46; Zembowicz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> used the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma</span> to describe the tumor because of its similarity to epithelioid blue nevus&#46; By using this term they were suggesting that animal-type melanoma was not a variant of malignant melanoma&#44; but rather an independent entity encompassing both animal-type melanoma and epithelioid blue nevus&#46; The literature contains descriptions of many lesions that could be considered animal-type melanoma&#46; The most relevant cases are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Animal-type melanoma has been described in patients of all ages&#44; although the majority of cases have been in young adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> There does not appear to be a predilection for sex&#46; Animal-type melanoma is more common in black and Hispanic individuals than other types of melanoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; it usually presents as a well-circumscribed bluish-black nodule or plaque&#44; although satellite lesions are relatively common&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> It is predominantly located on the scalp and the limbs&#46; It generally appears de novo&#44; and no association has been found with prior congenital or acquired melanocytic nevi&#44; although there has been a report of a case occurring in association with a blue nevus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The association between animal-type melanoma and other predisposing factors&#44; such as a family history of melanoma or sunburn&#44; appears to be anecdotal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The biologic behavior of animal-type melanoma is unpredictable&#44; and both regional lymph node and distant metastases are seen in many cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6&#44;9&#44;10</span></a> Mortality rates&#44; however&#44; are lower than in other types of melanoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologic features of animal-type melanoma include heavily pigmented dendritic and epithelioid cells that occupy the full thickness of the dermis and occasionally extend into the hypodermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;11</span></a> There are 2 types of cell populations&#58; heavily&#44; uniformly pigmented cells that tend to cluster in cords or sheets and less heavily pigmented cells with fine granular deposits in their cytoplasm&#46; Melanophages may or may not be present&#46; A junctional component may be seen and there has even been a report of intradermal animal-type melanoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Reactive epidermal hyperplasia is relatively common&#46; Other histologic features that may be observed are necrosis&#44; ulceration&#44; and features of regression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nodular melanosis following complete regression of a melanoma can present challenges in the histologic differential diagnosis&#46; To distinguish between neoplastic animal-type melanoma cells and melanophages&#44; an immunohistochemical study &#40;with S-100 protein&#44; Melan A&#44; or SOX-10&#41; can be performed following whitening of the lesion with hydrogen peroxide or similar&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The histologic differential diagnosis should include other melanocytic lesions such as malignant blue nevus&#44; deep penetrating nevus&#44; melanoma metastasis&#44; certain Spitz nevi&#44; nodular melanoma&#44; and primary dermal melanoma&#46; Histologic diagnosis of animal-type melanoma is difficult&#44; even for pathologists with extensive experience in pigmented tumors&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dermoscopic features of animal-type melanoma have not been previously described&#46; The 3 cases described in this article shared the following features&#58; a homogeneous blue pattern &#40;corresponding to the presence of heavily pigmented melanocytic cells in the dermis&#41;&#44; irregular whitish structures &#40;areas of epidermal hyperplasia&#41;&#44; and a polymorphous vascular pattern generally composed of large irregular vessels&#44; reflecting the prominent vascular component present in these tumors&#46; These dermoscopic features&#44; however&#44; are not specific to animal-type melanoma and cannot therefore be used to differentiate between this type of melanoma and any other dermal melanocytic proliferations&#46; Correlation of dermoscopic and histologic findings&#44; however&#44; may be useful in difficult-to-diagnose cases&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have presented 3 cases of animal-type melanoma&#44; a rare variant of melanoma&#44; in 3 elderly men&#46; Although all 3 patients developed metastasis&#44; the outcome was favorable in 2 cases&#46; We have also described dermoscopic features common to all 3 patients &#40;a homogeneous blue pattern&#44; irregular whitish structures&#44; and thick vessels&#41;&#46; Larger studies are necessary to confirm the specificity and diagnostic value of these features&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Protection of humans and animals</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no tests were carried out in humans or animals for the purpose of this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed their hospital&#39;s protocol on the publication of data concerning patients and that all patients included in the study have received sufficient information and have given their written informed consent to participate in the study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors obtained informed consent from the patients and&#47;or subjects referred to in this article&#46; This documentation is held by the corresponding author&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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        7 => array:3 [
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          "titulo" => "Ethical Disclosures"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Protection of humans and animals"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
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          ]
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        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest"
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        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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    ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec301778"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Melanoma"
            1 => "Animal-type melanoma"
            2 => "Dermoscopy"
            3 => "Diagnosis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec301777"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Melanoma"
            1 => "Melanoma de tipo animal"
            2 => "Dermatoscopia"
            3 => "Diagn&#243;stico"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Animal-type melanoma is a rare variant of malignant melanoma in humans&#46; Although many patients develop locoregional and distant metastases&#44; mortality is lower than in other types of melanoma&#46; We present 3 cases of animal-type melanoma in elderly men and include a description of common clinical and dermoscopic features &#40;homogeneous blue pattern&#44; irregular whitish structures&#44; and irregular large vessels&#41;&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El melanoma de tipo animal es una variante infrecuente de melanoma maligno humano&#46; A pesar de desarrollar met&#225;stasis locorregionales y a distancia&#44; con frecuencia estos pacientes presentan una tasa de mortalidad inferior a la de otros tipos de melanoma&#46; Presentamos 3 casos de melanoma de tipo animal en 3 varones de edad avanzada&#44; con caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y dermatosc&#243;picas comunes &#40;patr&#243;n azul homog&#233;neo&#44; estructuras blanquecinas irregulares y vasos gruesos irregulares&#41;&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Avil&#233;s-Izquierdo JA&#44; Leis-Dosil VM&#44; L&#225;zaro-Ochaita P&#46; Melanoma de tipo animal&#58; caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y dermatosc&#243;picas de 3 casos&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2014&#59;105&#58;186&#8211;190&#46;</p>"
      ]
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      0 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A Pigmented nodule in the left parietal region with multiple satellite lesions in the form of bluish papules&#46; B&#44; Dermoscopic image showing a homogeneous blue pattern&#44; irregular whitish structures&#44; and ulceration&#46; C&#44; Histologic image of the central part of the tumor with clusters of heavily pigmented epithelioid cells in the dermis &#40;hematoxylin-eosin&#44; original magnification &#215;40&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1623
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#44; Bluish-black nodule in the right parietal region&#46; B&#44; Dermoscopic image showing a homogeneous blue pattern&#44; irregular whitish structures&#44; ulceration&#44; and several large vessels&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#44; Pigmented nodule measuring 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm on the outer aspect of the right arm&#46; B&#44; Dermoscopic image showing a homogeneous blue pattern&#44; irregular whitish structures&#44; and thick&#44; irregular vessels&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Author &#40;Year&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of Cases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lymph Node Metastasis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Organ Metastases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Satellite Lesions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Deaths Due to Melanoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Levene<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> &#40;1979&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tuthill et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> &#40;1982&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Pathy et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> &#40;1993&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Crowson et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> &#40;1999&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Requena et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> &#40;2001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Zembowicz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> &#40;2004&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#47;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Kazakov et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> &#40;2004&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Batolo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> &#40;2004&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#47;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antony et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;2006&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#47;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#47;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Punjabi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;2006&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Ward et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> &#40;2006&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sass et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> &#40;2006&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Avil&#233;s et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#47;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22&#47;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#47;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#47;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#47;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cases of Animal-Type Melanoma Reported in the Literature&#46;</p>"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma&#46; A low-grade melanocytic tumor with metastatic potential indistinguishable from animal-type melanoma and epithelioid blue nevus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Zembowicz"
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                      "titulo" => "Malignant melanoma with prominent pigment synthesis&#58; &#171;animal type&#187; melanoma &#8211; a clinical and histological study of six cases with a consideration of other melanocytic neoplasms with prominent pigment synthesis"
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Article information

ISSN: 15782190
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.adengl.2012.06.034

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	13	8	21
2024 October	126	57	183
2024 September	124	37	161
2024 August	161	67	228
2024 July	164	37	201
2024 June	129	32	161
2024 May	123	44	167
2024 April	121	16	137
2024 March	130	31	161
2024 February	107	38	145
2024 January	95	31	126
2023 December	110	21	131
2023 November	113	25	138
2023 October	111	27	138
2023 September	63	26	89
2023 August	58	22	80
2023 July	70	40	110
2023 June	71	21	92
2023 May	94	25	119
2023 April	99	27	126
2023 March	100	26	126
2023 February	64	22	86
2023 January	62	35	97
2022 December	67	58	125
2022 November	27	33	60
2022 October	42	31	73
2022 September	37	39	76
2022 August	28	34	62
2022 July	37	36	73
2022 June	41	27	68
2022 May	81	37	118
2022 April	95	45	140
2022 March	102	55	157
2022 February	59	34	93
2022 January	88	38	126
2021 December	59	40	99
2021 November	94	57	151
2021 October	134	45	179
2021 September	80	42	122
2021 August	74	31	105
2021 July	103	25	128
2021 June	106	29	135
2021 May	102	43	145
2021 April	165	75	240
2021 March	75	38	113
2021 February	90	23	113
2021 January	62	23	85
2020 December	57	13	70
2020 November	54	15	69
2020 October	29	16	45
2020 September	52	13	65
2020 August	49	17	66
2020 July	57	18	75
2020 June	36	22	58
2020 May	37	24	61
2020 April	50	19	69
2020 March	23	25	48
2020 February	11	7	18
2020 January	4	9	13
2019 December	8	8	16
2019 November	2	2	4
2019 October	0	1	1
2019 September	10	0	10
2019 August	4	1	5
2019 July	4	9	13
2019 June	4	10	14
2019 May	5	24	29
2019 April	2	15	17
2019 March	0	10	10
2019 February	6	2	8
2018 December	0	2	2
2018 November	3	0	3
2018 October	1	3	4
2018 September	1	0	1
2018 March	3	1	4
2018 February	41	13	54
2018 January	57	4	61
2017 December	53	4	57
2017 November	64	6	70
2017 October	51	4	55
2017 September	36	7	43
2017 August	57	12	69
2017 July	44	8	52
2017 June	69	11	80
2017 May	77	8	85
2017 April	59	7	66
2017 March	41	20	61
2017 February	97	6	103
2017 January	37	5	42
2016 December	76	11	87
2016 November	88	16	104
2016 October	125	13	138
2016 September	201	18	219
2016 August	128	6	134
2016 July	86	5	91
2016 June	12	8	20
2016 May	3	7	10
2016 April	4	4	8
2016 March	4	1	5
2016 February	5	14	19
2016 January	11	2	13
2015 December	7	6	13
2015 November	2	2	4
2015 October	8	2	10
2015 September	5	13	18
2015 August	8	1	9
2015 July	90	7	97
2015 June	61	4	65
2015 May	67	7	74
2015 April	47	5	52
2015 March	45	0	45
2015 February	71	3	74
2015 January	52	4	56
2014 December	49	3	52
2014 November	39	6	45
2014 October	52	6	58
2014 September	42	3	45
2014 August	43	5	48
2014 July	30	4	34
2014 June	24	5	29
2014 May	28	6	34
2014 April	23	10	33
2014 March	11	9	20

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