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Guinovart, I. Bielsa, G. Pintos-Morell, C. Ferrándiz" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R.M." "apellidos" => "Guinovart" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Bielsa" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Pintos-Morell" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Ferrándiz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0001731012003419" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2012.03.014" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731012003419?idApp=UINPBA000044" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219013000474?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/15782190/0000010400000003/v1_201304241622/S1578219013000474/v1_201304241622/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Case and Research Letters</span>" "titulo" => "Macular Arteritis: A Pole of the Spectrum of Cutaneous Polyarteritis Nodosa?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">To the Editor:</span>" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "263" "paginaFinal" => "265" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "R. Valverde, C. Garrido, V. Leis, E. Ruiz-Bravo" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Valverde" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ricardo.valverdega@salud.madrid.org" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Garrido" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Leis" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Bravo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Arteritis macular: ¿en el espectro de la poliarteritis nudosa cutánea?" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1250 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 406462 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lymphocytic vasculitis with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, endothelial swelling, luminal stenosis, and a concentric fibrin structure in the lumen (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×100).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Macular arteritis was first described in 2003 by Fein et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Since then, fewer than 15 cases have been reported. The disease mainly affects women with a mean age of 40 years<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and usually presents as vaguely oval and pigmented macules on the legs.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Macular arteritis is confirmed by microscopy, which shows lymphocytic vasculitis selectively affecting the arterioles at the dermal subcutaneous junction. Macular arteritis is also known as lymphocytic thrombophilic arteritis because of the induction of endothelial swelling, luminal stenosis, and, occasionally, concentric fibrin deposition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> Laboratory analyses reveal antinuclear antibodies in 30% of cases and anticardiolipin antibodies in up to 60%, although no apparent correlation with other manifestations of antiphospholid syndrome has been found.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 61-year-old woman with no past history of interest who consulted for slowly progressive pigmented macules with poorly defined borders that had begun to appear 3 years earlier (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Biopsy revealed lymphocytic vasculitis selectively affecting the arterioles at the dermal subcutaneous junction (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>), with very noticeable lymphocytic cuffing, marked endothelial swelling, and narrowing of the vascular lumen, in which concentric fibrin deposition was visible (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). The workup comprised a complete coagulation study, serology for autoimmune diseases, hepatotropic viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, and syphilis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody, and protein electrophoresis, all of which yielded normal or negative results. These findings led us to make a diagnosis of macular arteritis. The lesions stabilized or abated very slightly without treatment during the summer months, and no other cutaneous or systemic manifestations were observed after 1 year of follow-up.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Macular arteritis may be considered a minor form of antiphospholipid syndrome, although its only aspect in common with this condition is the occasional slight increase in anticardiolipin antibody titer, since the patient does not present the characteristic manifestations of thrombophilia or underlying thrombotic vasculopathy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It seems that increased anticardiolipin antibody titer is associated with the vascular insult, although it has also been recorded in 7% of healthy patients and after episodes of infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Potentially associated conditions include thrombophilic and lymphocytic vasculitis with systemic involvement, such as Degos disease and livedo vasculitis, or Sneddon syndrome<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a>; however, none of the reported cases of macular arteritis involved extracutaneous manifestations, and the lesions observed in this condition are completely different from the porcelain-like atrophic or livedoid lesions that are characteristic of the first 2 conditions. The fibrin ring observed under microscopy seems to be a focal phenomenon<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and is in no way comparable to the intense multisystem thrombosis observed in Degos disease and Sneddon syndrome.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differentiation of macular arteritis from cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is more complicated. Despite its name, cutaneous PAN does not include the multisystem manifestations of classic or microscopic PAN. In addition, the disease selectively affects the arterioles of the dermal subcutaneous junction, as was the case in our patient.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> There are characteristic features that help to differentiate macular arteritis from cutaneous PAN, namely, the clinical manifestations, with the presence of livedo reticularis, nodules, and ulceration in PAN. The changes in the microscopic findings over time also appear to differ between macular arteritis and PAN. The initial infiltrate in PAN has abundant polymorphonuclear cells, but this changes to a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, and there are also differences in the sites of the lesions, which are localized to the vascular bifurcations in PAN, with intense focal necrosis that can manifest as a rosette pattern with the formation of microaneurysms. None of these findings have been reported in macular arteritis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However, there have been cases reported as lymphocytic thrombophilic arteritis that, despite presenting clinical features (livedo rash) and histological features (residual nuclear dust together with a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate and a vascular rosette pattern) of PAN, were very probably genuine cutaneous PAN.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case we report, the cutaneous manifestation, namely, pigmented macules on the thighs, suggests a diagnosis of macular arteritis. These lesions are characteristic of macular arteritis and clearly differ from the habitual manifestations of PAN. In addition, histopathology in our patient revealed the absence of an acute phase with abundant polymorphonuclear cells. It is questionable whether macular arteritis has sufficient defining features to be considered a separate entity from cutaneous PAN; however, given our currently limited knowledge of the pathogenic and immunologic mechanisms underlying these conditions, we cannot rule out the possibility that macular arteritis is at one end of the spectrum<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> that includes systemic PAN as its most relevant disease. The range of potential manifestations is affected by immune complex size, localization to venous/arterial endothelium, selectivity for skin or other organs, chemotactic potential for different types of cells, and persistence of the antigen (eg, drugs, hepatitis B or C virus, and neoplasms),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> as well as the ability to eliminate it.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as: Valverde R, et al. Arteritis macular: ¿en el espectro de la poliarteritis nudosa cutánea? Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104:263–5.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2303 "Ancho" => 1335 "Tamanyo" => 411955 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Oval, pigmented macules with poorly defined margins on the anteromedial aspect of the thigh.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1250 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 307177 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prominent lymphocytic cuffs around the arterioles of the reticular dermis and dermal subcutaneous junction, with no abnormalities in the superficial dermis or epidermis (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×20).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1250 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 406462 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lymphocytic vasculitis with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, endothelial swelling, luminal stenosis, and a concentric fibrin structure in the lumen (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×100).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cutaneous arteritis presenting with hyperpigmented macules: macular arteritis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "H. 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2021 August | 61 | 28 | 89 |
2021 July | 52 | 42 | 94 |
2021 June | 89 | 39 | 128 |
2021 May | 59 | 27 | 86 |
2021 April | 123 | 48 | 171 |
2021 March | 79 | 21 | 100 |
2021 February | 65 | 12 | 77 |
2021 January | 45 | 16 | 61 |
2020 December | 43 | 9 | 52 |
2020 November | 33 | 8 | 41 |
2020 October | 30 | 13 | 43 |
2020 September | 33 | 14 | 47 |
2020 August | 35 | 14 | 49 |
2020 July | 29 | 20 | 49 |
2020 June | 33 | 17 | 50 |
2020 May | 26 | 17 | 43 |
2020 April | 25 | 23 | 48 |
2020 March | 39 | 15 | 54 |
2020 February | 8 | 15 | 23 |
2019 December | 4 | 5 | 9 |
2019 November | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2019 October | 0 | 4 | 4 |
2019 September | 8 | 4 | 12 |
2019 August | 0 | 8 | 8 |
2019 July | 0 | 7 | 7 |
2019 June | 6 | 12 | 18 |
2019 May | 3 | 16 | 19 |
2019 April | 12 | 22 | 34 |
2019 March | 0 | 9 | 9 |
2019 February | 3 | 0 | 3 |
2018 December | 6 | 0 | 6 |
2018 November | 3 | 0 | 3 |
2018 October | 2 | 0 | 2 |
2018 September | 2 | 0 | 2 |
2018 May | 0 | 3 | 3 |
2018 April | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2018 March | 6 | 5 | 11 |
2018 February | 41 | 5 | 46 |
2018 January | 42 | 8 | 50 |
2017 December | 56 | 5 | 61 |
2017 November | 45 | 9 | 54 |
2017 October | 48 | 5 | 53 |
2017 September | 24 | 8 | 32 |
2017 August | 34 | 22 | 56 |
2017 July | 29 | 7 | 36 |
2017 June | 57 | 55 | 112 |
2017 May | 45 | 14 | 59 |
2017 April | 51 | 13 | 64 |
2017 March | 33 | 33 | 66 |
2017 February | 47 | 3 | 50 |
2017 January | 30 | 4 | 34 |
2016 December | 64 | 7 | 71 |
2016 November | 56 | 7 | 63 |
2016 October | 81 | 9 | 90 |
2016 September | 81 | 15 | 96 |
2016 August | 58 | 9 | 67 |
2016 July | 37 | 12 | 49 |
2016 June | 5 | 10 | 15 |
2016 May | 8 | 5 | 13 |
2016 April | 8 | 8 | 16 |
2016 March | 3 | 10 | 13 |
2016 February | 6 | 7 | 13 |
2016 January | 11 | 3 | 14 |
2015 December | 5 | 5 | 10 |
2015 November | 4 | 2 | 6 |
2015 October | 8 | 5 | 13 |
2015 September | 4 | 4 | 8 |
2015 August | 9 | 1 | 10 |
2015 July | 94 | 114 | 208 |
2015 June | 69 | 13 | 82 |
2015 May | 79 | 23 | 102 |
2015 April | 75 | 13 | 88 |
2015 March | 27 | 4 | 31 |
2015 February | 27 | 29 | 56 |
2015 January | 27 | 5 | 32 |
2014 December | 33 | 8 | 41 |
2014 November | 20 | 6 | 26 |
2014 October | 49 | 4 | 53 |
2014 September | 33 | 7 | 40 |
2014 August | 26 | 8 | 34 |
2014 July | 21 | 7 | 28 |
2014 June | 29 | 9 | 38 |
2014 May | 54 | 13 | 67 |
2014 April | 49 | 5 | 54 |
2014 March | 50 | 9 | 59 |
2014 February | 35 | 7 | 42 |
2014 January | 28 | 8 | 36 |
2013 December | 34 | 9 | 43 |
2013 November | 30 | 6 | 36 |
2013 October | 18 | 2 | 20 |
2013 September | 19 | 4 | 23 |
2013 August | 30 | 17 | 47 |
2013 July | 3 | 2 | 5 |
2013 June | 4 | 6 | 10 |
2013 May | 1 | 3 | 4 |
2013 April | 2 | 1 | 3 |