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producing a large&#44; very painful ulcer with a blood-stained watery discharge from the base&#46; The patient was admitted because of the poor response to outpatient treatment over the previous 40 days&#46; Antibiotic therapy&#44; initially intravenous and subsequently oral&#44; combined with local antiseptic and antibiotic treatment and use of a hyperbaric chamber achieved no response&#46; On discharge&#44; the patient was seen in the dermatology department&#46; There was a large&#44; very painful ulcer measuring approximately 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the perianal region&#44; predominantly affecting the left side&#46; The ulcer had erythematous-violaceous geographic borders and a shiny erythematous base&#44; and there was a small volume of yellowish secretion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; In the right perianal region there were 2 small lesions of similar characteristics&#46; There was a large&#44; pale erythematous macule affecting the left gluteal region and posterior aspect of the left thigh&#44; extending down to the popliteal fossa&#46; This macule had a reticular pattern that did not blanch and fine telangiectasias &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The external genitalia and lower limbs were normal&#46; With a provisional diagnosis of ulcers due to H-MAG or infectious ulcers&#44; the lesion was biopsied for histology and culture&#46; On histology there was a proliferation of small vessels with a prominent endothelium in the superficial dermis&#46; Immune staining for glucose transporter-1 &#40;GLUT-1&#41; was positive&#44; indicating a lesion compatible with infantile hemangioma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Culture was negative&#46; Cerebral&#44; abdominal&#44; and lumbosacral ultrasound studies were performed to exclude associated abnormalities&#59; the results were normal&#46; After pediatric cardiology evaluation including electrocardiography and echocardiography&#44; treatment was started with propanolol at a dosage of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#44; with adjustment to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d a week later&#46; Jointly with the palliative care department&#44; paracetamol and morphine syrup were prescribed to control the pain&#46; Local wound care was performed with soap and water lavage&#44; drying with cold air&#44; and the application of a silver sulfadiazine&#44; vitamin A&#44; and lidocaine cream 3 times a day&#46; The response was favorable&#44; and complete re-epithelialization was achieved after 4 weeks &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#59; the treatment was continued for a total of 2 months&#46; At the time of writing&#44; the patient continued on follow-up with no evidence of new lesions&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infantile hemangiomas are the most common childhood tumors&#46; They arise from the endothelial cells and have a unique biological behavior&#58; rapid growth followed by slow regression and no recurrences&#46; There are 3 phases in the natural history of hemangiomas&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> proliferative phase &#40;from 0 to 1 year&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> involution phase &#40;from 1 to 5 years&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#41;</span> the involuted phase &#40;after 5 years&#41;&#46; Histopathology in all phases of infantile hemangioma is positive for a specific marker&#44; GLUT-1&#44; an erythrocyte-type glucose transport protein that is expressed in the vascular endothelia of hemangiomas and of the human placenta&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Histology study is not usually required for diagnosis as these hemangiomas have highly characteristic features on clinical examination and routine imaging studies&#46; In 30&#37; to 50&#37; of cases the appearance of these tumors is preceded by a precursor or herald lesion&#44; which can present as a blanched&#44; telangiectatic&#44; or pink-red macule or a pseudoecchymotic lesion&#46; Although the growth characteristics are the most salient features of hemangiomas and an important key to diagnosis&#44; in recent years attention has been drawn to a minority of infantile hemangiomas that present slow or arrested growth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Various terms have been used to refer to these hemangiomas in the literature&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">frustrated</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">abortive</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">with minimal growth</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">precursor</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">macular with port-wine stain appearance</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">infantile reticular</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">telangiectatic plaque</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Recent publications by Corella et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and Suh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> have helped to clarify this type of hemangioma&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">H-MAGs very often present as a pale&#44; erythematous macule with a reticular pattern on which there may be fine or coarse telangiectasias&#46; In some cases there is a pale peripheral halo&#46; On other occasions&#44; the lesions have small&#44; peripheral erythematous-reddish papules&#44; which are a sign of the minimal growth of the hemangioma&#46; The article by Suh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> defined this latter type of lesion as a hemangioma in which the proliferative component accounts for up to 25&#37; of the surface area of the lesion&#44; and they described H-MAGs as resembling the precursor lesions of typical proliferative hemangiomas&#46; Corella et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> in their study of 4 patients with clinically diagnosed H-MAG&#44; reported that histopathology was positive for GLUT-1&#44; confirming that the lesions were true hemangiomas&#46; The pathogenesis of infantile hemangiomas is still unknown&#44; as is the reason why H-MAGs arrest in their early stages&#44; without proliferating&#46; There are several theories about the origin of hemangiomas&#46; Some authors have suggested that they may be due to local hypoxemia&#44; which would act as the trigger leading to the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells and activation of a vasculogenesis process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Following this line&#44; Suh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> speculated that the absence of sufficient recruitment of these endothelial progenitor cells could give rise to the formation of H-MAGs&#46; This would explain why the majority of these hemangiomas are situated on the lower half of the body&#44; in contrast to typical infantile hemangiomas&#44; which are mainly located on the head and neck&#46; Those authors suggested that this anatomical distribution was due to the presence of local factors&#44; such as the density of the underlying blood vessels&#44; which is lower in the lower half of the body&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cases have been described in the literature in which typical infantile hemangiomas coexist with H-MAG&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ulceration is a common and recognized complication of infantile hemangiomas&#44; occurring in 15&#37; to 23&#37; of cases&#59; it has been described less commonly &#40;9&#37;&#41; in H-MAGs&#46; Both infantile hemangiomas and H-MAGs have a higher risk of ulceration when located in the anogenital region &#40;50&#37; in both cases&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7</span></a> Ulceration in infantile hemangioma is more common during the late proliferative stage&#44; and it was always considered to be associated with proliferation of the hemangioma&#46; Now that it is known that H-MAGs also ulcerate&#44; Suh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> suggested that other factors apart from proliferation are involved in the pathophysiology&#44; including hypoxemia or local factors such as friction or the presence of a specific microbial flora &#40;as is the case in perianal hemangiomas&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7</span></a> Just like in infantile hemangioma&#44; segmental H-MAGs &#40;large hemangiomas&#41; can be associated with different syndromes&#44; depending on their location<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a>&#58; PHACES syndrome &#40;posterior fossa malformations&#44; hemangiomas&#44; arterial anomalies&#44; coarctation of the aorta and cardiac defects&#44; and eye abnormalities&#41;&#59; PELVIS syndrome &#40;perineal hemangioma&#44; external genitalia malformations&#44; lipomyelomeningocele&#44; vesicorenal abnormalities&#44; imperforate anus&#44; and skin tag&#41;&#59; and SACRAL syndrome &#40;spinal dysraphism&#44; anogenital anomalies&#44; cutaneous anomalies&#44; and renal and urologic anomalies&#41;&#46; In patients with segmental H-MAGs it is therefore very important to screen for associated abnormalities&#46; Recommended tests&#44; even in the absence of external malformations&#44; include imaging studies of the lumbosacral column to look for spinal dysraphism and of the pelvis and perineal area to exclude occult urogenital malformations and the presence of visceral hemangiomatosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2007&#44; Mulliken et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> published a series of 6 newborn infants &#40;5 girls and 1 boy&#41; with H-MAG of the lower limbs that they called <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">reticular infantile hemangioma</span>&#46; All the patients presented perianal ulcers that were difficult to manage&#46; In 5 of those cases&#44; the authors observed anogenital&#44; urinary&#44; and sacral abnormalities including anal atresia&#44; rectovaginal fistulas&#44; genital ambiguity&#44; omphalocele&#44; solitary or duplex kidney&#44; vaginal and uterine duplication&#44; tethered spinal cord&#44; and hypoplastic iliofemoral arterial system&#46; Two of the children presented hepatic hemangiomas and one of them also had heart failure that required inotropes&#46; One of the girls had no associated abnormalities&#46; Systemic corticosteroid therapy was selected as the treatment of choice in 5 of those patients and the lesions started to involute after the first year of life in all 6 children&#46; We believe it is important to note that the majority of children with associated anogenital&#44; urinary&#44; and&#47;or sacral abnormalities had large H-MAGs affecting the lumbosacral region&#46; In our patient&#44; in whom no associated alterations were detected&#44; the hemangioma did not affect that region&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is believed that the natural course of H-MAG is probably the same as that of infantile hemangioma&#44; and that involution would occur after a certain time&#59; however&#44; confirmation of this has not been possible as there have been no long-term studies of these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We believe it is important to be aware of H-MAG in order to avoid incorrect diagnoses&#46; The majority of children do not usually have significant complications&#44; but as in the case we present&#44; a missed diagnosis can lead to unnecessary investigations and&#47;or incorrect treatments&#46; It is also important to note that large&#44; segmental H-MAGs can be associated with internal abnormalities&#44; and careful screening of these patients is therefore recommended&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Minimal or arrested growth hemangioma"
            1 => "Abortive hemangioma"
            2 => "Perianal ulcers"
            3 => "Children"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Hemangioma con crecimiento m&#237;nimo o detenido"
            1 => "Hemangioma abortivo"
            2 => "&#218;lceras perianales"
            3 => "Ni&#241;os"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemangiomas with minimal or arrested growth are a type of infantile hemangioma in which the proliferative component characteristic of such lesions is not observed or accounts for less than 25&#37; of the surface area of the hemangioma&#46; For this reason&#44; these lesions are frequently confused with capillary vascular malformations or may even go undetected&#46; Awareness of these lesions is&#44; however&#44; important because they can become ulcerated&#44; as occurs with typical infantile hemangiomas&#46; A proper diagnosis is therefore important to enable administration of appropriate treatment&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 3-month-old girl with slowly progressing perianal ulcers first detected when she was 20 days old&#46; She had received many different therapies without any response&#46; A pathology study of the ulcer showed a GLUT-1&#8211;positive infantile hemangioma&#46; Response to treatment with propranolol 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d and local wound care was excellent&#46;</p>"
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      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los hemangiomas con crecimiento m&#237;nimo o detenido son un tipo de hemangioma infantil en donde no se observa la fase proliferativa caracter&#237;stica de los mismos o esta es menor o igual al 25&#37; de la superficie del hemangioma&#46; Esto lleva a que muchas veces sean confundidos con malformaciones vasculares capilares o incluso que pasen inadvertidos&#46; Es importante conocerlos ya que pueden ulcerarse como lo hacen los hemangiomas infantiles t&#237;picos y por lo tanto merecen ser tenidos en cuenta para poder tratarlos en forma adecuada&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Presentamos una ni&#241;a de 3 meses de edad con &#250;lceras perianales de evoluci&#243;n t&#243;rpida desde los 20 d&#237;as de vida&#46; Hab&#237;a recibido m&#250;ltiples esquemas terap&#233;uticos sin respuesta&#46; En el estudio histopatol&#243;gico de la &#250;lcera se constat&#243; la presencia de un hemangioma infantil&#44; GLUT-1 positivo&#46; Realiz&#243; tratamiento con propranolol a 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a y cuidados locales con excelente respuesta&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; Lanoel A&#44; et al&#46; &#218;lceras perianales sobre hemangioma con crecimiento m&#237;nimo o detenido segmentario&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2012&#59;103&#58;820-3&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ulcer with erythematous-violaceous borders and a shiny base in the left perianal region&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemangioma with minimal or arrested growth&#46; There is a pale&#44; erythematous macule with multiple fine telangiectasias&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#44; There is a proliferation of blood vessels with a prominent endothelium in the superficial dermis &#40;hematoxylin-eosin&#44; original magnification &#215;10&#41;&#46; B&#44; Immune staining&#58; endothelial cells positive for glucose transporter-1&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Healed ulcer&#46; In the center there is a more erythematous area corresponding to the minimal growth of the hemangioma&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Hemangioma Investigator Group"
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46;C&#46; Chang"
                            1 => "A&#46;N&#46; Haggstrom"
                            2 => "B&#46;A&#46; Drolet"
                            3 => "E&#46; Baselga"
                            4 => "S&#46;L&#46; Chamlin"
                            5 => "M&#46;C&#46; Garzon"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1542/peds.2007-2767"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                0 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Infantile hemangiomas with minimal or arrested growth&#58; a retrospective case series"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "K&#46;Y&#46; Suh"
                            1 => "I&#46;J&#46; Frieden"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/archdermatol.2010.197"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855695"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
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              "identificador" => "bib0015"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Abortive or minimal-growth hemangiomas&#58; Immunohistochemical evidence that they represent true infantile hemangiomas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Corella"
                            1 => "X&#46; Garcia-Navarro"
                            2 => "A&#46; Ribe"
                            3 => "A&#46; Alomar"
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                          ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Reticular infantile hemangioma of the limb can be associated with ventral-caudal anomalies&#44; refractory ulceration&#44; and cardiac overload"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;B&#46; Mulliken"
                            1 => "J&#46;J&#46; Marler"
                            2 => "P&#46;E&#46; Burrows"
                            3 => "H&#46;P&#46; Kozakewich"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00496.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "24"
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Case report
Perianal Ulcers on a Segmental Hemangioma With Minimal or Arrested Growth
Úlceras perianales sobre hemangioma con crecimiento mínimo o detenido segmentario
A. Lanoela, V. Tosia,
Corresponding author
verotosi@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M. Bociana, F. Lubienieckib, S.B. Pobletec, H.O. Garcíad, A.M. Pierinia
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
b Servicio Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
c Servicio Cirugía Plástica, Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
d Servicio Cuidados Paliativos, Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemangioma with minimal or arrested growth&#46; There is a pale&#44; erythematous macule with multiple fine telangiectasias&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infantile hemangiomas have a characteristic natural history&#44; with rapid growth during the first weeks of life followed by slow&#44; spontaneous involution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In 30&#37; to 50&#37; of cases&#44; the appearance of the hemangioma is preceded by a precursor or herald lesion&#44; which can present as a blanched&#44; telangiectatic&#44; or pink-red macule or a pseudoecchymotic lesion&#46; In hemangiomas with minimal or arrested growth &#40;H-MAG&#41;&#44; these precursor lesions are congenital and grow slowly or not at all&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Because of this they are frequently confused with capillary vascular malformations or may even remain undetected&#46; It is important to be aware of these lesions as they can develop complications or have associations similar to those of typical infantile hemangiomas&#59; they must therefore be recognized in order to provide appropriate management&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Case Description</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 3-month-old infant who had been seen in Hospital de Pediatr&#237;a J&#46;P&#46; Garrahan&#44; Buenos Aires&#44; Argentina&#44; for perianal ulcers since 20 days of life&#46; According to the mother&#44; the condition had started with perianal erythema&#46; The health area pediatrician had prescribed usual skincare and the application of a paste containing vitamin A&#44; zinc oxide&#44; and boric acid&#46; Seven days later&#44; 2 small erosions with erythematous borders were observed in the left perianal region&#59; these lesions increased in size and depth&#44; producing a large&#44; very painful ulcer with a blood-stained watery discharge from the base&#46; The patient was admitted because of the poor response to outpatient treatment over the previous 40 days&#46; Antibiotic therapy&#44; initially intravenous and subsequently oral&#44; combined with local antiseptic and antibiotic treatment and use of a hyperbaric chamber achieved no response&#46; On discharge&#44; the patient was seen in the dermatology department&#46; There was a large&#44; very painful ulcer measuring approximately 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the perianal region&#44; predominantly affecting the left side&#46; The ulcer had erythematous-violaceous geographic borders and a shiny erythematous base&#44; and there was a small volume of yellowish secretion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; In the right perianal region there were 2 small lesions of similar characteristics&#46; There was a large&#44; pale erythematous macule affecting the left gluteal region and posterior aspect of the left thigh&#44; extending down to the popliteal fossa&#46; This macule had a reticular pattern that did not blanch and fine telangiectasias &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The external genitalia and lower limbs were normal&#46; With a provisional diagnosis of ulcers due to H-MAG or infectious ulcers&#44; the lesion was biopsied for histology and culture&#46; On histology there was a proliferation of small vessels with a prominent endothelium in the superficial dermis&#46; Immune staining for glucose transporter-1 &#40;GLUT-1&#41; was positive&#44; indicating a lesion compatible with infantile hemangioma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Culture was negative&#46; Cerebral&#44; abdominal&#44; and lumbosacral ultrasound studies were performed to exclude associated abnormalities&#59; the results were normal&#46; After pediatric cardiology evaluation including electrocardiography and echocardiography&#44; treatment was started with propanolol at a dosage of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#44; with adjustment to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d a week later&#46; Jointly with the palliative care department&#44; paracetamol and morphine syrup were prescribed to control the pain&#46; Local wound care was performed with soap and water lavage&#44; drying with cold air&#44; and the application of a silver sulfadiazine&#44; vitamin A&#44; and lidocaine cream 3 times a day&#46; The response was favorable&#44; and complete re-epithelialization was achieved after 4 weeks &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#59; the treatment was continued for a total of 2 months&#46; At the time of writing&#44; the patient continued on follow-up with no evidence of new lesions&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infantile hemangiomas are the most common childhood tumors&#46; They arise from the endothelial cells and have a unique biological behavior&#58; rapid growth followed by slow regression and no recurrences&#46; There are 3 phases in the natural history of hemangiomas&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> proliferative phase &#40;from 0 to 1 year&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> involution phase &#40;from 1 to 5 years&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#41;</span> the involuted phase &#40;after 5 years&#41;&#46; Histopathology in all phases of infantile hemangioma is positive for a specific marker&#44; GLUT-1&#44; an erythrocyte-type glucose transport protein that is expressed in the vascular endothelia of hemangiomas and of the human placenta&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Histology study is not usually required for diagnosis as these hemangiomas have highly characteristic features on clinical examination and routine imaging studies&#46; In 30&#37; to 50&#37; of cases the appearance of these tumors is preceded by a precursor or herald lesion&#44; which can present as a blanched&#44; telangiectatic&#44; or pink-red macule or a pseudoecchymotic lesion&#46; Although the growth characteristics are the most salient features of hemangiomas and an important key to diagnosis&#44; in recent years attention has been drawn to a minority of infantile hemangiomas that present slow or arrested growth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Various terms have been used to refer to these hemangiomas in the literature&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">frustrated</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">abortive</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">with minimal growth</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">precursor</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">macular with port-wine stain appearance</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">infantile reticular</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">telangiectatic plaque</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Recent publications by Corella et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and Suh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> have helped to clarify this type of hemangioma&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">H-MAGs very often present as a pale&#44; erythematous macule with a reticular pattern on which there may be fine or coarse telangiectasias&#46; In some cases there is a pale peripheral halo&#46; On other occasions&#44; the lesions have small&#44; peripheral erythematous-reddish papules&#44; which are a sign of the minimal growth of the hemangioma&#46; The article by Suh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> defined this latter type of lesion as a hemangioma in which the proliferative component accounts for up to 25&#37; of the surface area of the lesion&#44; and they described H-MAGs as resembling the precursor lesions of typical proliferative hemangiomas&#46; Corella et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> in their study of 4 patients with clinically diagnosed H-MAG&#44; reported that histopathology was positive for GLUT-1&#44; confirming that the lesions were true hemangiomas&#46; The pathogenesis of infantile hemangiomas is still unknown&#44; as is the reason why H-MAGs arrest in their early stages&#44; without proliferating&#46; There are several theories about the origin of hemangiomas&#46; Some authors have suggested that they may be due to local hypoxemia&#44; which would act as the trigger leading to the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells and activation of a vasculogenesis process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Following this line&#44; Suh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> speculated that the absence of sufficient recruitment of these endothelial progenitor cells could give rise to the formation of H-MAGs&#46; This would explain why the majority of these hemangiomas are situated on the lower half of the body&#44; in contrast to typical infantile hemangiomas&#44; which are mainly located on the head and neck&#46; Those authors suggested that this anatomical distribution was due to the presence of local factors&#44; such as the density of the underlying blood vessels&#44; which is lower in the lower half of the body&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cases have been described in the literature in which typical infantile hemangiomas coexist with H-MAG&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ulceration is a common and recognized complication of infantile hemangiomas&#44; occurring in 15&#37; to 23&#37; of cases&#59; it has been described less commonly &#40;9&#37;&#41; in H-MAGs&#46; Both infantile hemangiomas and H-MAGs have a higher risk of ulceration when located in the anogenital region &#40;50&#37; in both cases&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7</span></a> Ulceration in infantile hemangioma is more common during the late proliferative stage&#44; and it was always considered to be associated with proliferation of the hemangioma&#46; Now that it is known that H-MAGs also ulcerate&#44; Suh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> suggested that other factors apart from proliferation are involved in the pathophysiology&#44; including hypoxemia or local factors such as friction or the presence of a specific microbial flora &#40;as is the case in perianal hemangiomas&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7</span></a> Just like in infantile hemangioma&#44; segmental H-MAGs &#40;large hemangiomas&#41; can be associated with different syndromes&#44; depending on their location<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a>&#58; PHACES syndrome &#40;posterior fossa malformations&#44; hemangiomas&#44; arterial anomalies&#44; coarctation of the aorta and cardiac defects&#44; and eye abnormalities&#41;&#59; PELVIS syndrome &#40;perineal hemangioma&#44; external genitalia malformations&#44; lipomyelomeningocele&#44; vesicorenal abnormalities&#44; imperforate anus&#44; and skin tag&#41;&#59; and SACRAL syndrome &#40;spinal dysraphism&#44; anogenital anomalies&#44; cutaneous anomalies&#44; and renal and urologic anomalies&#41;&#46; In patients with segmental H-MAGs it is therefore very important to screen for associated abnormalities&#46; Recommended tests&#44; even in the absence of external malformations&#44; include imaging studies of the lumbosacral column to look for spinal dysraphism and of the pelvis and perineal area to exclude occult urogenital malformations and the presence of visceral hemangiomatosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2007&#44; Mulliken et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> published a series of 6 newborn infants &#40;5 girls and 1 boy&#41; with H-MAG of the lower limbs that they called <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">reticular infantile hemangioma</span>&#46; All the patients presented perianal ulcers that were difficult to manage&#46; In 5 of those cases&#44; the authors observed anogenital&#44; urinary&#44; and sacral abnormalities including anal atresia&#44; rectovaginal fistulas&#44; genital ambiguity&#44; omphalocele&#44; solitary or duplex kidney&#44; vaginal and uterine duplication&#44; tethered spinal cord&#44; and hypoplastic iliofemoral arterial system&#46; Two of the children presented hepatic hemangiomas and one of them also had heart failure that required inotropes&#46; One of the girls had no associated abnormalities&#46; Systemic corticosteroid therapy was selected as the treatment of choice in 5 of those patients and the lesions started to involute after the first year of life in all 6 children&#46; We believe it is important to note that the majority of children with associated anogenital&#44; urinary&#44; and&#47;or sacral abnormalities had large H-MAGs affecting the lumbosacral region&#46; In our patient&#44; in whom no associated alterations were detected&#44; the hemangioma did not affect that region&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is believed that the natural course of H-MAG is probably the same as that of infantile hemangioma&#44; and that involution would occur after a certain time&#59; however&#44; confirmation of this has not been possible as there have been no long-term studies of these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We believe it is important to be aware of H-MAG in order to avoid incorrect diagnoses&#46; The majority of children do not usually have significant complications&#44; but as in the case we present&#44; a missed diagnosis can lead to unnecessary investigations and&#47;or incorrect treatments&#46; It is also important to note that large&#44; segmental H-MAGs can be associated with internal abnormalities&#44; and careful screening of these patients is therefore recommended&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemangiomas with minimal or arrested growth are a type of infantile hemangioma in which the proliferative component characteristic of such lesions is not observed or accounts for less than 25&#37; of the surface area of the hemangioma&#46; For this reason&#44; these lesions are frequently confused with capillary vascular malformations or may even go undetected&#46; Awareness of these lesions is&#44; however&#44; important because they can become ulcerated&#44; as occurs with typical infantile hemangiomas&#46; A proper diagnosis is therefore important to enable administration of appropriate treatment&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 3-month-old girl with slowly progressing perianal ulcers first detected when she was 20 days old&#46; She had received many different therapies without any response&#46; A pathology study of the ulcer showed a GLUT-1&#8211;positive infantile hemangioma&#46; Response to treatment with propranolol 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d and local wound care was excellent&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los hemangiomas con crecimiento m&#237;nimo o detenido son un tipo de hemangioma infantil en donde no se observa la fase proliferativa caracter&#237;stica de los mismos o esta es menor o igual al 25&#37; de la superficie del hemangioma&#46; Esto lleva a que muchas veces sean confundidos con malformaciones vasculares capilares o incluso que pasen inadvertidos&#46; Es importante conocerlos ya que pueden ulcerarse como lo hacen los hemangiomas infantiles t&#237;picos y por lo tanto merecen ser tenidos en cuenta para poder tratarlos en forma adecuada&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Presentamos una ni&#241;a de 3 meses de edad con &#250;lceras perianales de evoluci&#243;n t&#243;rpida desde los 20 d&#237;as de vida&#46; Hab&#237;a recibido m&#250;ltiples esquemas terap&#233;uticos sin respuesta&#46; En el estudio histopatol&#243;gico de la &#250;lcera se constat&#243; la presencia de un hemangioma infantil&#44; GLUT-1 positivo&#46; Realiz&#243; tratamiento con propranolol a 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a y cuidados locales con excelente respuesta&#46;</p>"
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ISSN: 15782190
Original language: English
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