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Epidemiology of Contact Dermatitis: Prevalence of Sensitization to Different Allergens and Associated Factors
Epidemiología de la dermatitis de contacto: prevalencia de sensibilización a diferentes alérgenos y factores asociados
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"apellidos" => "Cruces" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219010705801?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/15782190/0000010100000001/v1_201304241512/S1578219010705801/v1_201304241512/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Epidemiology of Contact Dermatitis: Prevalence of Sensitization to Different Allergens and Associated Factors" "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0 "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "59" "paginaFinal" => "75" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>.T. Bordel-Gómez, A. Miranda-Romero, J. Castrodeza-Sanz" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>.T." "apellidos" => "Bordel-Gómez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "maitebordel@aedv.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Miranda-Romero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Castrodeza-Sanz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Asistencial de Zamora, Zamora, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Epidemiología de la dermatitis de contacto: prevalencia de sensibilización a diferentes alérgenos y factores asociados" ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2008-12-01" "fechaAceptado" => "2009-07-31" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec84656" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Contact dermatitis" 1 => "Allergic contact dermatitis" 2 => "Contact allergens" 3 => "Epidemiology" 4 => "Standard battery" 5 => "Patch tests" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec84657" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Eccema de contacto" 1 => "Dermatitis alérgica de contacto" 2 => "Alérgenos de contacto" 3 => "Epidemiología" 4 => "Serie de pruebas estándar" 5 => "Pruebas epicutáneas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In clinical practice, contact dermatitis is a relatively common skin complaint, whose prevalence has increased in recent years. Study by patch testing is essential for diagnosis of contact sensitization.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectives</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To study the prevalence of sensitization to different allergens in a standard battery and observe the influence of different epidemiological and clinical variables on contact sensitization. A large number of allergens were included in our battery in order to detect new sensitizations whose prevalence might justify further study.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a retrospective, observational, epidemiological study of 1092 patients, conducted in our skin allergy unit between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2005. All patients were studied with a battery of 51 allergens. We assessed the following variables: sex, age, type of referral, occupation, site and course of skin lesions, personal and family history of atopy, positive patch tests, clinical significance, diagnosis, source of sensitization, and occupational relationship.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">At least 1 positive result was found in 55% of the patients, and 55.7% presented contact dermatitis in one of its clinical variants: allergic contact dermatitis (28.2%), irritant contact dermatitis (20.1%), photoallergic contact dermatitis (2.2%), and phototoxic contact dermatitis (1.2%). The most prevalent allergens were nickel sulfate (29.3%), palladium chloride (11.7%), cobalt chloride (10.8%), potassium dichromate (7.5%), fragrance blends (6.3%), and p-phenylenediamine (6.1%).</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A positive occupational relationship was found in 41.1%, and 21.3% of the patients studied were diagnosed with occupational contact dermatitis. Metalworkers, construction workers, and professional hairdressers were the most strongly represented groups. The most common source of sensitization was contact with metallic objects, followed by drugs, cosmetics, and rubber items. Female sex was the only independent variable that had a significant influence on the risk of contact sensitization in general.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Women became sensitized at a younger age than men, and the frequency of positive results in the patch tests increased with age, reaching a maximum at between 60 and 69 years of age, when the greatest rate of sensitization occurred. Comparison of our results with other Spanish data showed a progressive and constant increase in sensitization to nickel sulfate, fragrance blends, balsam of Peru, and Colophonium, and a decrease in sensitization to potassium dichromate. The inclusion of new allergens such as palladium chloride, diallyl disulfide, and p-toluene sulfonamide formaldehyde improved the sensitivity of the standard battery in the detection of contact sensitization. We therefore recommend further studies of these allergens.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introducción</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El eccema de contacto (EC) constituye una enfermedad cutánea relativamente frecuente en la práctica clínica, cuya prevalencia ha aumentado en los últimos años. El estudio mediante pruebas epicutáneas (PE) es fundamental e imprescindible en el diagnóstico de la sensibilización de contacto.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudiar la prevalencia de sensibilización a diferentes alérgenos de la serie de pruebas estándar y observar la influencia de diferentes variables epidemiológicas y clínicas en la sensibilización de contacto. Introducimos un amplio número de alérgenos en nuestra serie de pruebas con la finalidad de detectar nuevas sensibilizaciones, cuya prevalencia justifique un estudio más detallado de éstos.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y métodos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, observacional y retrospectivo de 1.092 pacientes, llevado a cabo en nuestra unidad de alergia cutánea desde el 1 de enero de 2000 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2005. Se estudió a todos los pacientes con una serie de pruebas compuesta por 51 alérgenos. Valoramos las siguientes variables: sexo, edad, procedencia, profesión, localización y evolución de las lesiones cutáneas, antecedentes personales y familiares de atopia, positividad de las PE, relevancia clínica, diagnóstico, origen de la sensibilización y su relación profesional.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El 55% de los pacientes estudiados tuvo alguna positividad y el 55,7% presentó EC en alguna de sus variedades clínicas: eccema alérgico de contacto (28,2%), eccema irritativo de contacto (20,1%), fotodermatitis alérgica de contacto (2,2%) y fotodermatitis tóxica de contacto (1,2%). Los alérgenos más prevalentes fueron sulfato de níquel (29,3%), cloruro de paladio (11,7%), cloruro de cobalto (10,8%), dicromato potásico (7,5%), mezcla de perfumes (6,3%) y parafenilendiamina (6,1%). El 41,1% de los pacientes con EC tuvo una relación profesional positiva y el 21,3% del total de los pacientes estudiados se diagnosticó de dermatitis de contacto profesional; los metalúrgicos, los trabajadores de la construcción y los peluqueros fueron los profesionales más representativos.</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El origen más frecuente de las sensibilizaciones fue el contacto con objetos metálicos, seguido de los medicamentos, los cosméticos y los objetos de goma.</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El sexo femenino fue la única variable independiente que influyó de forma significativa en la sensibilización de contacto en general.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las mujeres se sensibilizaron más precozmente que los hombres, y la prevalencia de positividad de las PE aumentó con la edad, y alcanzó el máximo a los 60-69 años, intervalo en el que también se encontró el mayor índice de sensibilización. Al comparar nuestros resultados con los nacionales, observamos un aumento progresivo y constante de la sensibilización al sulfato de níquel, a la mezcla de perfumes, al bálsamo del Perú y a la colofonia y un descenso en la sensibilización al dicromato potásico.</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La introducción de nuevos alérgenos, como el cloruro de paladio, el dialil disulfuro y la resina de paratolueno sulfonamida formaldehído, mejoró la sensibilidad de la serie de pruebas estándar en la detección de la sensibilización de contacto. Por esto, aconsejamos más estudios sobre estos alérgenos.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:78 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1." 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 8 | 5 | 13 |
| 2024 October | 101 | 62 | 163 |
| 2024 September | 117 | 46 | 163 |
| 2024 August | 131 | 82 | 213 |
| 2024 July | 125 | 50 | 175 |
| 2024 June | 121 | 43 | 164 |
| 2024 May | 93 | 50 | 143 |
| 2024 April | 79 | 42 | 121 |
| 2024 March | 93 | 33 | 126 |
| 2024 February | 90 | 39 | 129 |
| 2024 January | 95 | 51 | 146 |
| 2023 December | 78 | 30 | 108 |
| 2023 November | 51 | 32 | 83 |
| 2023 October | 51 | 36 | 87 |
| 2023 September | 36 | 33 | 69 |
| 2023 August | 32 | 29 | 61 |
| 2023 July | 38 | 47 | 85 |
| 2023 June | 32 | 22 | 54 |
| 2023 May | 56 | 29 | 85 |
| 2023 April | 31 | 23 | 54 |
| 2023 March | 50 | 28 | 78 |
| 2023 February | 30 | 17 | 47 |
| 2023 January | 26 | 39 | 65 |
| 2022 December | 32 | 36 | 68 |
| 2022 November | 27 | 39 | 66 |
| 2022 October | 22 | 22 | 44 |
| 2022 September | 22 | 35 | 57 |
| 2022 August | 20 | 44 | 64 |
| 2022 July | 13 | 34 | 47 |
| 2022 June | 18 | 29 | 47 |
| 2022 May | 51 | 49 | 100 |
| 2022 April | 47 | 53 | 100 |
| 2022 March | 45 | 62 | 107 |
| 2022 February | 32 | 42 | 74 |
| 2022 January | 23 | 39 | 62 |
| 2021 December | 37 | 57 | 94 |
| 2021 November | 41 | 59 | 100 |
| 2021 October | 57 | 65 | 122 |
| 2021 September | 50 | 48 | 98 |
| 2021 August | 52 | 40 | 92 |
| 2021 July | 38 | 27 | 65 |
| 2021 June | 32 | 25 | 57 |
| 2021 May | 51 | 16 | 67 |
| 2021 April | 102 | 51 | 153 |
| 2021 March | 111 | 29 | 140 |
| 2021 February | 64 | 40 | 104 |
| 2021 January | 56 | 19 | 75 |
| 2020 December | 54 | 27 | 81 |
| 2020 November | 33 | 25 | 58 |
| 2020 October | 31 | 16 | 47 |
| 2020 September | 28 | 18 | 46 |
| 2020 August | 48 | 23 | 71 |
| 2020 July | 45 | 22 | 67 |
| 2020 June | 27 | 18 | 45 |
| 2020 May | 44 | 30 | 74 |
| 2020 April | 27 | 21 | 48 |
| 2020 March | 19 | 15 | 34 |
| 2020 February | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2020 January | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| 2019 December | 0 | 13 | 13 |
| 2019 November | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2019 October | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2019 September | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2019 August | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2019 July | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2019 June | 0 | 6 | 6 |
| 2019 May | 0 | 44 | 44 |
| 2019 April | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2019 February | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2018 June | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 May | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 March | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2018 February | 27 | 3 | 30 |
| 2018 January | 29 | 5 | 34 |
| 2017 December | 44 | 8 | 52 |
| 2017 November | 35 | 4 | 39 |
| 2017 October | 43 | 2 | 45 |
| 2017 September | 53 | 14 | 67 |
| 2017 August | 44 | 7 | 51 |
| 2017 July | 37 | 3 | 40 |
| 2017 June | 69 | 10 | 79 |
| 2017 May | 73 | 14 | 87 |
| 2017 April | 65 | 8 | 73 |
| 2017 March | 64 | 7 | 71 |
| 2017 February | 49 | 13 | 62 |
| 2017 January | 33 | 14 | 47 |
| 2016 December | 42 | 13 | 55 |
| 2016 November | 54 | 6 | 60 |
| 2016 October | 47 | 14 | 61 |
| 2016 September | 55 | 14 | 69 |
| 2016 August | 63 | 20 | 83 |
| 2016 July | 52 | 6 | 58 |
| 2016 June | 5 | 14 | 19 |
| 2016 May | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| 2016 April | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2016 March | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2016 February | 10 | 9 | 19 |
| 2016 January | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2015 December | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2015 November | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2015 October | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2015 September | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2015 August | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2015 July | 44 | 7 | 51 |
| 2015 June | 32 | 13 | 45 |
| 2015 May | 81 | 20 | 101 |
| 2015 April | 72 | 20 | 92 |
| 2015 March | 46 | 17 | 63 |
| 2015 February | 36 | 9 | 45 |
| 2015 January | 39 | 19 | 58 |
| 2014 December | 50 | 15 | 65 |
| 2014 November | 33 | 19 | 52 |
| 2014 October | 38 | 16 | 54 |
| 2014 September | 43 | 13 | 56 |
| 2014 August | 45 | 15 | 60 |
| 2014 July | 59 | 26 | 85 |
| 2014 June | 52 | 8 | 60 |
| 2014 May | 77 | 21 | 98 |
| 2014 April | 56 | 12 | 68 |
| 2014 March | 58 | 14 | 72 |
| 2014 February | 45 | 24 | 69 |
| 2014 January | 45 | 18 | 63 |
| 2013 December | 50 | 20 | 70 |
| 2013 November | 33 | 25 | 58 |
| 2013 October | 25 | 26 | 51 |
| 2013 September | 28 | 35 | 63 |
| 2013 August | 20 | 34 | 54 |
| 2013 July | 36 | 45 | 81 |
| 2013 June | 33 | 43 | 76 |
| 2013 May | 33 | 31 | 64 |
| 2013 April | 32 | 34 | 66 |
| 2013 March | 33 | 32 | 65 |
| 2013 February | 14 | 11 | 25 |
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